SCI 1

Teaching Science in the Elementary Grades

Zeta M. Cabili
Faculty, College of Education

3 Biology (Living Things and their Environment)

Parts and Functions of Human Beings
Overview
Human beings are arguably the most complex organisms on this planet, thus,
our bodies. Our body is a complex, highly organized structure made up of unique
cells that work together to accomplish the specific functions necessary for sustaining
life.
What do you expect to know about the human body? Answer to the question
will be tackled as your will read the topics discussed in the module.
As pre-service teachers, it is a must for you to understand how the human
body works so that you can teach the concept clearly and correctly.
This module will introduce you to the human body, the sense organs, major
body organs and how will the different organs systems work together to keep you
alive. Moreover, you will also learn about the structure of male and female human
reproductive system and the human organ systems at work.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. describe the parts and functions of the sense organs of the human body;
2. enumerate healthful habits to protect the sense organs;
3. describe the parts and the main functions of the major organs of the
human body;
4. share concepts that major organs work together to make the body function
properly;
5. identify the causes and treatment of diseases of the major organs and
practiced habits to maintain a healthy body;
6. identify the parts of the male and female human reproductive system;
7. describe the structure and function of the male and female reproductive
system;
8. explain how the organs of the different organ system work together;
9. explain how the different organ system work together;
10. create a chart showing healthful habits that promote proper functioning of
the different organ systems.

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Lesson 1: Human Sense Organs (Grade 3)
A. SENSE ORGANS OF THE HUMAN BODY
1. The Eye
The eye is the sense organ that allows one to see. It has receptors that
receive light as stimulus from our surroundings. Light enters the cornea of the eye.
Behind the cornea is a ring of muscle, the iris which expands or contracts in
response to light. The pupil changes its size to control the amount of light that enters
the eye.
When would a pupil become wide? Light passes the pupil into the lens. Here,
the muscles of the lens change in shape and direct light into the retina. There are
two kinds of receptor in the retina; the rods that detect the presence or absence of
light and the cones that detect color of objects that you see.
What receptors are active at night? How do you identify images of objects
around you? The rods and cones are parts of the sensory neuron that form the optic
nerve. The optic nerve connects to the brain. When the light stimulates the retina,
the message is sent to the brain by the optic nerve. The brain interprets and forms
an image that you see.
How do you take care of your eye? Eyes should be used and taken cares of
properly. Here are some ways.
 Eat Vitamin A rich food to make our eyes healthy
 Limit viewing time to television, cell phones, tablets and other gadgets
that strain the eyes.
 Use eye glasses to reduce glare and present dust from entering the
eyes.
 Do not rub the eyes.
 Visit a doctor when your vision becomes blurred.
 Have an eye check-up when necessary for diagnosing eye defects like
nearsightedness and astigmatism.
 When given corrective lenses, use these as directed by an
ophthalmologist, or eye specialist.

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2. The Ear
The ear makes us identify sounds around as. It is the body organ that makes
us hear. We hear because the outer ear collects sound waves that travel in the
air to the ear canal. The eardrum vibrates and moves the three small bones
(hammer, anvil, stirrup) of the middle ear. From there, the sound receptors in the
fluid filled cochlea produce vibration as the sound waves travel into the inner
ear. The nerve transmits the stimulus to the brain and is interpreted. Then we can
distinguish what we hear. The ear also helps us maintain balance.
What are the ways by which we can take care of ours ears?
Being deaf can be inherited but some people become deaf because of
diseases and poor ways of taking care of the ear. We can prevent some forms of
deafness.

3. The Nose

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 The nose makes us smell. There are receptors in the nose that are stimulated
by perfume, coffee brew, decaying trash, burning paper, or chicken stew. How
does odor reach your nose? Odor or smell produced by perfume, for example,
diffuses or moves in the air and once it reaches the two openings of the nose or
nostrils, it stimulates the smell receptors along the nasal cavity. The stimulus is
carried to the brain by the olfactory nerve and is interpreted.
Can you recognize sliced garlic from onion with your eyes closed?
Why do you sniff when you want to make sure of the smell of burnt food?
Can we detect poisonous food by its smell?
Why do you need to clean your nostrils regularly?
There are two body sense organs that have special features. These are the
tongue and the skin. The tongue is a muscular organ located inside the mouth. It
is covered by moist pink tissue called mucosa. All over the surface of the tongue
are tiny bumps called papillae where the taste buds are located.

4. The Tongue
Taste is usually associated with smell. When you have stuffy nose, you say
that the food is of bad taste. The taste receptors can detect chemicals in
substances just like the smell receptors. The receptors are located in the taste
buds of the tongue. There are four primary types of tastes-sweet, bitter, sour and
salty. Some are combinations of several primary tastes.
Give examples of food dishes with two or more tastes combined.
How can we taste food? Food must first be dissolved by our saliva when we
eat. This will be detected by the taste receptors and interpreted by our brain, then
we can distinguish one taste from another.
How do we take care of our tongue? Enumerate ways to care and protect our
tongue.

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 5. The Skin
The skin is all over the human body. It protects the inner body parts from
exposure to harmful substances and even germs. The skin enables us to detect
sensation, temperature, pressure and pain. There are receptors in the skin that
detect stimuli. For example, when you are wounded, you feel pain because the
pain receptors react to the injury and feeling the pain will tell us that something
has to be done with the wound. Hot and cold air or water can be detected by
temperature receptors. Our skin is also sensitive to touch. A light comforting
touch by your mother makes you smile even when you are sick.
Study the diagram below and identify the location of the skin receptors.

Activity 1. Answer the following:

1. Why do we blink? Can we control blinking of our eye?

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 Because it is necessary for our eyes, we blink. Because of a reflex, we
blink. Our tears lubricate and wash out our eyes. Our eyes are shielded
from direct contact with dirt and other things by the reflexive action of
blinking.
Because our reflexes create our blinking, which means it is voluntary, we
are unable to regulate it. But if we choose to, we may force ourselves to
blink.

2. Why do workers need to wear protective gears in construction sites?

In order to be safe in any circumstance that may arise, workers, particularly
those who work in the construction industry, etc., wear protective gear. Being
on a construction site entail being surrounded by hazardous items, and
protective gear may prevent injuries, major injuries, or disease.

3. You wish to eat leftover food like pasta. How can you tell if it is still good to eat
it?
If a food changes abruptly in look or smells unpleasant, it is not good to eat.
To determine whether the food is bad and should not be consumed, we can
utilize our nose and sight.

4. Your ears seem to be very itchy. What is the best way to handle this?

- If the outside of our ears starts to itch a little, we can gently rub that area with
our palms and fingers. However, the best course of action is to visit a doctor
to get it inspected if the irritation persists.

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Lesson 2: Human Major Body Organs (Grade 4)
1. The Human Brain
The brain is located in the head of our body. The head is covered by hair and
the brain is protected by the skull. The brain is the control center of the vital
activities for survival including responses to stimuli, emotions, learning abilities
and talents. The brain is divided into three parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum and
brainstem.
The cerebrum is the largest part and has the brain centers that control
thought processes, speech, motor, touch, pressure, smell, hearing, vision, and
facial recognition. Generally, the right half of the cerebrum controls the left side of
the body while the left side of the cerebrum controls the right side of the body.
The second largest part of the brain, the cerebellum controls muscle
coordination, balance and normal body posture. When mountain climbing, the
cerebellum receives signal that are transmitted to the cerebrum and direct
movements of the arms, hands, legs and other parts of the body.
The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord. It has several parts: the
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata. The midbrain contains relay stations of
neurons and reflex centers for involuntary actions. The hypothalamus in the
midbrain maintains internal balance such as water and blood pressure. The pons
connects the two halves of the cerebellum and links the cerebral cortex to the
medulla. Functions like heartbeat, breathing, and sneezing are regulated by the
medulla. We can keep our brain healthy by eating balanced diet and avoiding
concussion from fall or blow in the head. A blood clot or narrowing of blood
vessels may result in stroke. Brain parts may be damaged resulting in
Alzheimer’s disease, with symptoms like losing memory. The drawing shows you
the brain and its parts.

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2. The Heart
The heart is located at the center of the chest cavity below the bone called
sternum. It is a hollow muscular organ about the size of your fist, yet a powerful
part of your body in the circulation of blood that carries nutrients from small
intestines to body cells as well as in the transport and exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide. It is an organ covered by a double walled sac called the
pericardium.
The heart has four chambers, the ventricles are the lower chambers and the
atria (or auricles) are the upper chambers. The two sides, left and right are
divided by a septum. A valve separates the chambers so that there will be no
backflow of the blood. Blood vessels such as the superior and inferior vena
cava, aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein are connected to the heart
chambers. The right atrium receives blood from the large blood vessels, the veins
from the upper parts of the body (superior vena cava) and from the lower parts
(inferior vena cava). The ventricles are involved in pushing the blood to the lungs
through the pulmonary vein and other parts of the body through the aorta.
Remember that blood in the heart flows in one-way direction only.
One of the major causes of death in modern times is heart attack. Avoiding
tobacco smoking and choosing food with good cholesterol can help reduce cases
of heart disorders.

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3. The Lungs
The lungs are organs involved in breathing which fill most of the chest cavity.
The two lobes, right and left are protected by the rib cage. The bronchus that
connects to the trachea or windpipe branches into each lobe of the lung. Inside
each lobe, the bronchioles end in numerous tiny air sacs, the alveoli. Inside the
alveoli are tiny blood vessels, the capillaries where actual exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide takes place. An adult lung can hold up to 6 liters of air but
during quiet breathing only 0.5 liters is exchanged. During strenuous exercise,
more air is involved in the exchange but the lungs always hold about a liter of air
keeping the lungs partially inflated. The lungs do not have muscles to support its
breathing function. A sheet of muscle, the diaphragm works in breathing. What
happens when a person gets one of the lungs punctured?
The lungs may be affected by severe smoking, and germs such as those that
cause tuberculosis, and pneumonia among others. We can take care of our lungs
by limiting exposure to pollutants in the air by using face mask, avoiding the area
where there is smoking, and exercising regularly to allow the lungs to work
efficiently.

4. The liver, stomach and small intestines

The liver, stomach and small intestines are important body organs in making
food that we eat available to the different parts of the body. These organs are
found in our abdominal cavity. The liver is a lobed, large internal body organ. Its
principle function is to produce bile that is important in breaking fats into droplets.
Bile is not enzyme. From the liver, the bile is stored in gall bladder before it is
released in small intestine. The stomach is an enlarged, muscular sac with thick
walls that can expand when full or contract when almost empty. Food chewed in
the mouth moves through the esophagus and reaches the stomach through
contraction. When chewed food enters the stomach, a valve closes to stop the

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backward flow of food. What happens to the food inside the stomach? Muscles in
the walls of the stomach contracts to mix the partially digested food. The inner
walls of stomach secrete gastric juices such as pepsin that acts on protein and
hydrochloric acid that provides an acidic content. Mechanical and chemical
digestion occur for about four hours producing chyme. The small intestine is
connected to the stomach and chyme is completely digested as it moves in the
long tube. The nutrients from the digested food are absorbed by the inner
fingerlike projections called villi along the walls of the small intestine. Capillaries
or small blood vessels transport the nutrients to different body parts.

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5. The Kidneys
We have a pair of kidneys, located at the back of the body cavity above the
hipbones. The kidneys look like a pair of bean seeds on each side of the body.
Each kidney has millions of nephrons, with highly coiled tubes and capillaries
that filters the blood and forms urine. Kidneys not only excrete substances in
oversupply but also regulate the presence of substances in the blood. Some
disorders of kidneys are formed stones or crystals of minerals that block the
movement of urine. Surgical removal of kidney stones may be needed to allow
the kidneys to function well. Kidney failure results from unfiltered blood which
may require dialysis. Bacterial infection may result swelling of nephrons, a
condition known as nephritis.

6. The Bones and Muscles

If human have no bones and muscles can we stand, walk, run or climb?
Bones are part of our skeleton. The major bones are the skull (bones of the
head and face), the backbones or the spinal column, the 12 pairs of ribs, the
hipbones and bones in our arms and legs. Bones have water, protein and
minerals. The living tissues of the bones are the bone cells, blood vessels, blood
cells, cartilages, fatty tissues and nerves. Name the different types of bones. A
person who slipped of fell from the stairs may be asked by a doctor to have a
bone x-ray to make sure there are no fractures.

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 The white areas in the film are bones and the doctor may be able to tell us if
there was damage due to accidents in climbing, extreme running and even in
sports. We can make our bones strong by taking foods and drinks rich in
phosphorus, calcium and Vitamin D. Regular exercise, exposure to early morning
sunlight, and maintaining good posture make our bones healthy. What are some
of the disorders of the bones?
Muscles are either attached to the bones (skeletal muscles), found in walls of
many internal organs (smooth), and muscle that makes up the heart (cardiac).
The muscles of the legs and arms are voluntary muscles because you can
control their movements as when you swim, walk, write or pick up things.
However, your heart muscles are involuntary, because the heart beats without
conscious effort. The major human muscles are also those found in your face that
moves the jaw, muscles of the neck that allow you to turn or lower your head;
muscles that pull your arms toward the chest, muscles of the abdomen, and
muscles that allow you to rotate your thigh. Where else do you find the major
muscles? Some disorders of the muscles are the painful muscle cramps usually
in the legs, the reason why players have to warm up before the game. Too much
exercise or prolonged swimming may also bring pain. Athletes prevent muscle
injury by wearing proper shoes, clothes and protective equipment. Muscles and
bones enable us to move from one place to another

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Activity 2.
a. Make a model of the body organ as an alternative instructional material. A
good model must show how the organ works.
b. Research on “Breakthroughs in organ transplants and bionic parts.” Choose
one organ only. Discuss how such technology has made the lives of some
people better. Write a short-term paper and submit to your instructor.

use of artificial knees, legs, arms, and ankles; bones and muscles. This helped many
individuals who could afford prosthetic components. According to research, accident
victims are the ones who utilize prosthetics the most, and the majority of them seem
to relish their second chance at normalcy. They still work well after minor
modifications, even though what they currently possess isn't their original flesh.

Lesson 3: Male and Female Reproductive Systems (Grade 5)

A. Human Reproductive System
Male Parts What It Is and What It Does
Testis (also called testicles) The main organ of the male
reproductive system is the testis. A
male has two testis or testes. At
puberty, the testes produce sperm
cells and the male sex hormones
(testosterone and androgens). Each is
made of 500-1200 feet of tightly coiled
tubes called seminiferous tubules.
Immature sperms are produced in the
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 seminiferous tubules. Testosterone is
responsible for the development of the
male secondary sex characteristics
such as body hair, muscle
development, and deep voice. These
traits usually appear during
adolescence.
Scrotum It is a muscular sac which is shorter
when cold, and longer when warm. It
holds the testes and keeps the
temperature of the testes slightly lower
than that of the rest of the body. The
lower temperature is needed for the
production and storage of sperm.
Cowper’s Gland It is a pair of glands also known as
bulbourethral gland that produces pre-
ejaculatory fluid that cleans the urethra
to protect the sperm.
Seminal Vesicles It is a pair of simple tubular glands
located within the pelvis that secrete
fluid which partly composes the
semen.
Prostate Glands It is a muscular gland that is found just
in front of the rectum and below the
bladder which produces most of the
fluid that makes up the semen.
Semen Fluids secreted by Cowper’s glands,
prostate glands and seminal vesicles
and the sperm.
Epididymis Coiled tube where sperms undergo
maturation and provide storage of the
sperm.
Vas Deferens The tube that leads upward from each
of the testis into the lower part of the
abdomen. The two vas deferens join
at the urethra, which is the
passageway for the elimination of
urine and sperm that leave the male’s
body.
Sperm Sperm is a male reproductive cell. It
fertilizes an egg cell from the female

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Female Parts What It Is and What It Does
Ovaries Ovaries are the main organs of the
female reproductive system. The
ovaries are oval and are in the lower
part of the abdomen. They produce,
allow for the maturation and provide
storage for egg cells. Ovaries also
produce female sex hormones
(estrogen, progesterone and
androgens). Estrogens are
responsible for the development of
female sex characteristics, such as
development of breasts, broadened
pelvis, and play a large role in the
menstrual cycle.
Egg Cell (also known as ovum) An egg cell is fertilized by a sperm to
produce fertilized egg called zygote.

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 An egg cell dissolves in Fallopian tube
after about 24 hours if not fertilized.
Vagina or Birth Canal It is 3 to 4-inch passageway or canal
inside the female. This is a place
where a sperm may be deposited by
the male. It also allows passage of
shed endometrium during menstrual
period and the baby during birth. It
produces fluid to cleanse and lubricate
itself and help sperm travel. The
vagina opens between legs where it is
protected by folds of skin known as
vulva.
Cervix Cervix is a short canal that leads to
the uterus. It is the bottom section of
the uterus. It produces fluids to help
sperm cell travel. It also produces
mucus plug to keep out germs during
pregnancy.
Uterus (also called “womb”) The uterus is made up of muscular
walls, a lining called endometrium, and
a cervix. It houses and protects
embryo/fetus/baby and allows
nutrients and wastes exchange with
placenta during pregnancy. It also
nourishes the embryo before a
placenta grows.
Fallopian Tubes (also known as A fallopian tube is a passageway that
oviduct) conveys the ovum to the uterus. As
the ovum moves along the fallopian
tube, the union of egg cell and sperm
cell can happen.

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Activity 3.
 If you were to teach any topic on reproductive system, how will you go about
it?
If I were to educate kids about the reproductive system, I'd make sure they knew
how both genders' reproductive systems worked. I'd also make sure to get their
minds open to this kind of conversation and information. To help children understand
and accept the reproductive system's lesson, I can use analogies similar to
illustrations of components.

Lesson 4: The Human Organ Systems at Work (Grade 6)

The human organ system is complex. You have learned that the human body
is made of trillions of cells, with different sizes, shapes and functions. A group of
cells with similar structure and function form tissues. Tissues comprise organs, and
several organs comprise the organ systems.
Integumentary System
The integumentary system includes the skin, hair and nails. The outside of the
human body is covered by skin. The skin may feel smooth and its outermost layer
is continually removed when we take a bath or when we scrub it. What you
remove are dead cells. The skin is our first layer of defense from dirt and germs.
It also prevents leakage of body fluids such as blood unless you get wounded.
The skin prevents our internal organs from being exposed. It is also our sense of
touch. The skin keeps the body temperature the same by releasing sweat

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through the pores. The hair and nails are made of dead cells but the growing
area of the hair is the living root in the skin. The small white crescent at the base
of your nail makes your nail grow. Nails are cut regularly without hurting us. The
skin diseases include acne, athletes’ foot and scabies due to germs. It could
become itchy when you are exposed to substances that you are allergic to. Skin
cancer is associated with too much exposure to sunlight. Burns and bruises are
painful skin injuries. Regular bath and healthy diet make our skin clean and
healthy. Using sunscreen when exposed to strong sunlight protects your skin.
Take note of sores, lumps, moles and warts that are not normally on your skin
and visit your doctor. New technology to repair severely damaged skin as in
burns through test-tube skin is now available.

The Skeletal System

The skeletal system consists of bones, joints and connective tissues. The
skeleton provides the basic shape of the human body and supports the different
internal organs like the brain which is protected by the skull. It also works with
muscles to enables us to stand, walk and do other manual tasks. Some bones
enclose the marrow, the blood forming tissues. Calcium and phosphorus are
stored in bones to keep them strong. There are 206 bones in the human body.
They differ in size, shape and length. The connective tissues, mainly of cartilage
are found in the tip of the nose, outer ears and between vertebrae of the spinal
column. Cartilage cushions the area where two or more bones usually meet.
There are joints that do not allow movement such as those in the skull and pelvis.
There are joints that allow full movement of bones which are found in your knees,

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wrists, ankles and shoulders. The bones are held together by a tough tissue
called ligaments.
How do we take care of our skeletal system? Bones are supposed to last a
lifetime but sometimes they are injured like when we fall or slide causing bone
fracture or sprain of ligaments and tendons. How does a bone heal? Arthritis and
osteoporosis are diseases that affect our skeletal system among the elderly.

The Muscular System

The muscular system enables us to move our body parts to perform various
tasks. Moving our legs, arms, neck and head requires muscles working with our
bones. The heart beats because of the muscle in it. Muscles vary in length,
shape, size and thickness. Muscles and bones are attached to each other by
tendons. Muscles help food move through our digestive tract, flow of blood
through blood vessels and breathing. These are due to muscles that are not
under conscious control. For us to use our arms, our skeletal muscles contract to
move a bone and when the muscle relaxes, the bones returns to its original
position and the muscles to their shape and form. Some muscle disorders may
be due to action of nerves like in muscle spasms and progressive weakening and
frequent tiring of muscles. Regular exercise, healthy diet rich in minerals and
proteins, avoiding overstressing of muscles will help us make our muscles
healthy.
The Digestive System
The food that our body needs must be broken down before it can be used by
our cells. The digestive organs shown in the diagram earlier will help you learn
how food is digested. For example, a biscuit which is a carbohydrate that you eat
has to be chewed (mechanical digestion) in the mouth. The teeth and tongue are
involved. The biscuit is moistened by our saliva that contains a substance to start
chemical digestion. The tongue pushes the broken bits of biscuits to the back of
the mouth and is swallowed. The food goes down to the digestive tract
esophagus, stomach and small intestine. Further breakdown of the biscuit occurs
in the stomach, chemical digestion continues and ends in the small intestine
where nutrients are absorbed. Foods that are not broken down in the small
intestine move to the large intestine and after a while are released as solid
wastes. The liver, gall bladder and pancreas also are involved in digestion but are
not part of the digestive tract. Bile from the liver breaks down fat particles in the
small intestine. Digestive enzymes are produced by the stomach, pancreas, and
small intestines to complete digestion not only of carbohydrates but also fats and
proteins that we eat. Our digestive system may be infected by germs that cause
diarrhea, vomiting and cholera. We must clean and cook properly the food that
we take. Washing of hands with soap and water before and after eating must be
a habit. The water that we drink must be free of germs and parasites. Do not eat
spoiled foods. Drink plenty of water.

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The Circulatory System
The major parts of the circulatory system are the heart, blood and blood
vessels. The heart is the most active part of the body. It is as big as your own
clenched fist. The heart is pumping organ. It has four chambers, left ventricle, left
auricle, right ventricle and right auricle. The ventricles pump blood out of the
heart while the auricles receive blood coming from the lungs. Valves prevent the
backward flow of blood in the heart, allowing movement in one direction.
Have you ever had a CBC or complete blood count? This is routine test to
determine the composition of your blood cells when you are suspected to have
infection like dengue. The main components of the blood are (a) plasma (liquid-
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90% water, proteins such as albumin, clotting factors, antibodies, dissolved
nutrient and electrolytes) and (b) formed elements which are the white blood
cells, red blood cells and platelets. White blood cells help the body fight
diseases. Red blood cells are most numerous in our body and they are involved
in transport of gases and wastes. Platelets are involved in blood clots to stop
blood flow in case of wounds.
The blood vessels are the arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry
blood away from the heart and you can feel the pressure of blood flowing in pulse
points like your wrist. The major artery from the heart branches to smaller ones
until they reach the different body organs where exchange of gases and nutrients
occur. From the organs, very small veins merge to become veins where blood
flows to the heart.
There are two pathways or circuits where blood flow in the vessels –
pulmonary and systemic circulation. Pulmonary circulation involves the heart
and the lungs. The capillaries of the lungs remove the carbon dioxide from the
circulating blood and takes in oxygen. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated
blood to the heart. The pulmonary artery in the heart transports blood to the
lungs. Systemic circulation supplies nutrients and oxygen to all body tissues at
the same time collects waste materials for discharge. Exchange of materials
occur in the capillaries of body tissues.
One of the blood diseases is anemia, where too little oxygen flows resulting in
weakness. Leukemia (cancer of the blood), results from the release of immature
cells by the bone marrow. Cardiovascular diseases include hypertension and
atherosclerosis which are prevalent among the elderly. There is a relationship of
cardio-respiratory high-risk factors such as smoking, obesity, poor diet, lack of
physical exercise, stressful activities, drinking alcohol to poor health. Habits that
lead to healthy body systems are regular exercise, eating balanced diet, no
prohibited drugs and smoking. Having regular medical and dental check-up is
also necessary.

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Nervous System
Every day we do different tasks from the time we wake up until we sleep. Our
ability to do things is coordinated functions of the different organ systems that are
controlled and monitored by the nervous systems. The central and peripheral
nervous system comprise the human nervous system. The central nervous
system includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull.
The brain is the control center of the vital activities for survival including
emotions, learning, abilities and talents. The brain is divided into three parts: the
cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. The cerebrum is the largest part and
has the brain centers that control thought processes, speech, motor, touch,
pressure, smell, hearing, vision, facial recognition. Generally, the right half of the

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 cerebrum controls the left side of the body while the left side controls the right
side of the body. The second largest part of the brain, the cerebellum controls
muscle coordination, balance and normal body posture. When mountain climbing,
the cerebellum receives signals that it transmits to the cerebrum and direct
movements of the arms, hands, legs and other parts of the body. The brainstem
connects the brain to the spinal cord. It has several parts: the midbrain, pons and
medulla oblongata. The midbrain contains relay stations of neurons and reflex
centers for involuntary actions. The hypothalamus in the midbrain maintains
internal balance such as water and blood pressure. The pons connects the two
halves of the cerebellum and links the cerebral cortex to the medulla. Functions
like heartbeat, breathing and sneezing are regulated by the medulla. The spinal
cord inside your bony vertebral column connects the brain to all parts of the body
via the different nerves. When the sensory nerves from the skin for example,
receive a signal from the outside when you dip your fingers in cold water, the
impulse is transmitted to the spinal cord to the brain for processing or
interpretation. The message travels from the brain center to the hand that will
respond. The nerve carries an electrical signal like a telephone cable. The
peripheral nervous system includes the network of nerves throughout the body.
These include the sensory neurons from the sense organs and the motor
neurons in muscles or glands for action or response.
The nervous system may be affected by germs as in the case of meningitis,
an acute inflammation of the meninges or the covering of the membranes of the
brain and spinal cord. It could result in loss of hearing, vision and changes in the
child’s thinking and doing tasks. Poliomyelitis due to viral infection affecting the
spinal cord may result in paralysis. A nerve maybe inflamed due to injury.
Migraine, a severe headache is common when a person is under stress or with
hormonal imbalance during menstrual period among women. Epilepsy brings
about seizures when one cannot control the muscles. Among the elderly,
Alzheimer’s disease brings about progressive loss of memory and intellectual
disabilities. Head injuries from accidents can cause fracture of the skull,
concussion and bleeding. Tumors may also originate in the brain bringing
disturbances in various functions. Wearing seatbelt when in motor vehicles
reduces risk of injury to the body in case of accidents. Wearing helmet for
motorbike riders must be followed, especially in national roads. Avoiding
prohibited drugs, tobacco, alcoholic drinks and stress, washing hands properly
and having vaccinations for poliomyelitis and eating balanced diet make us
healthy.

Activity 4. Part A. Answer the following questions:

1. Why does it take you longer time to read and understand what you reading
than when you remove your fingers from hot objects?
It takes longer to comprehend what we are reading than to remove your finger when
you feel a rapid shift in temperature. It takes time for us to process what we are
reading since understanding is dependent on our left hemisphere of the brain. The

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act of withdrawing our fingers from hot things is referred to as a reflex, although most
reflexes don't arise in the brain, reflex is automatic.

2. What is the relationship of balance diet, exercise and diseases?

Your heart's health is greatly influenced by your diet and exercise regimen. You have a higher chance
of getting sick if you don't maintain a healthy diet and get regular exercise. Everyone needs to eat a
balanced diet and get regular exercise. They are necessary for our health and for preventing chronic
illnesses or diseases

3. Trace the pathway of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the human body.
- Oxygen travels from the lungs to the bloodstream during gas exchange.
Carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs at the same moment. This
occurs in the lungs between the capillaries, which are a network of
microscopic blood arteries found in the walls of the alveoli, and the alveoli
themselves.

4. How do muscles and bones work together to effect movement of the arms?
Tendons join muscle to bone, bridging the gap between the skeletal and
muscular systems. The tendon engages with the bone when a muscle
contracts, moving it. The locations where two or more bones link, called joints,
can move freely or just minimally.

5. Almost all people are careful of the condition of their skin. Why should you be
concerned of the health of your skin?
You should maintain your skin in the best possible health because it plays such a
crucial function in preserving your body. This will aid in preventing illness and harm
to your internal organs, bones, and muscles.

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Part B. Let’s Reflect!
As future science teachers, what insights have you learned from this lesson?
Look into the coverage of the topics included, as well as the other parts of the
lesson.
as a potential educator. I was able to better grasp what is occurring to our body
thanks to these courses. It is crucial that students comprehend what the reproductive
system is and the type of reproductive system they have, and this lesson has
enabled me as a teacher to further provide them with necessary information. The
lesson focuses on the human major organ system, which is made up of a number of
major organs that make up the human body. These major organs include the brain,
which serves as the control center for all bodily functions, the heart, lungs, liver,
stomach, small intestine, kidneys, bones, and muscles. I was able to brush up on my
understanding of this subject thanks to these classes, which will be useful when I'm a
teacher in the future.

SUMMARY

In this module, you have realized that we are able to see and appreciate the
beauty of nature, hear various sounds, taste food, smell the pleasant odor of flowers
and find comfort in the touch of our mothers because of our senses.

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 The human anatomy was studied as early as the 16 th century by physicians
like Andreas Vesalius. Knowledge of the human anatomy and physiology is
important in the treatment of ailments that affect our body, and how to maintain a
healthy and strong body. The major body organs that were discussed are parts of
the complex body systems of a human being. An organ is a group of two or more
different tissues that work together and perform a certain functions. In the study of
sense organs, the skin for example is composed of different tissues to perform its
function as a sense of touch.
As pre-service teachers, it is a must for you to understand how the human
reproductive system works so that you can teach this concept clearly and correctly.
The third lesson helped you learn the difference between the human male and
female reproductive systems.
The human body you have learned actually are not isolated from other parts.
The human body is highly organized. Inside your skin are many organs that
comprise organ systems to perform body functions. Why can you seen, swim and do
your daily tasks? Why are you able to interact with you teacher and classmates in
your class? Your body is an incredible machine but may not have parts for
replacement. You have learned these human organ systems and how a particular
organ system works.

SUGGESTED READINGS

Internet
www.youtube.com: Mixtures and Their Characteristics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7N2JVzCLnuc
www.natgeo.org: The Amazing Journey of Matter

REFERENCES/SOURCES

Bilbao, P. et. al. (2019). Teaching science elementary grades. Quezon City: Lorimar
Publsiing Co., Inc.
DepEd K to 12 Curriculum Guide Science (2013)

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