Multiple Access Protocols

Chapter 12
Multiple Access
12.1
Figure 12.1 Data link layer divided into two functionality-oriented sublayers
12.2
Figure 12.2 Taxonomy of multiple-access protocols discussed in this chapter
12.3
12-1 RANDOM ACCESS
In random access or contention methods, no station is

superior to another station and none is assigned the
control over another. No station permits, or does not
permit, another station to send. At each instance, a
station that has data to send uses a procedure defined
by the protocol to make a decision on whether or not to
send.
Topics discussed in this section:
ALOHA
Carrier Sense Multiple Access
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance
12.4
Figure 12.3 Frames in a pure ALOHA network
12.5
Figure 12.4 Procedure for pure ALOHA protocol
12.6
Example 12.1
The stations on a wireless ALOHA network are a

maximum of 600 km apart. If we assume that signals
propagate at 3 × 108 m/s, we find
Tp = (600 × 103 ) / (3 × 108 ) = 2 ms.
Now we can find the value of TB for different values of
K.
a. For K = 1, the range is {0, 1}. The station needs to|

generate a random number with a value of 0 or 1. This
means that TB is either 0 ms (0 × 2) or 2 ms (1 × 2),
based on the outcome of the random variable.
12.7
Example 12.1 (continued)
b. For K = 2, the range is {0, 1, 2, 3}. This means that TB

can be 0, 2, 4, or 6 ms, based on the outcome of the
random variable.
c. For K = 3, the range is {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. This

means that TB can be 0, 2, 4, . . . , 14 ms, based on the
outcome of the random variable.
d. We need to mention that if K > 10, it is normally set to

10.
12.8
Figure 12.5 Vulnerable time for pure ALOHA protocol
Vulnerable:- Length of time in which there is possibility of collision

12.9
Example 12.2
A pure ALOHA network transmits 200-bit frames on a

shared channel of 200 kbps. What is the requirement to
make this frame collision-free?
Solution
Average frame transmission time Tfr is 200 bits/200 kbps or
1 ms. The vulnerable time is 2 × 1 ms = 2 ms. This means
no station should send later than 1 ms before this station
starts transmission and no station should start sending
during the one 1-ms period that this station is sending.
12.10
Note
The throughput for pure ALOHA is

S = G × e −2G .
The maximum throughput
Smax = 0.184 when G= (1/2).
Where G = the average number of frames generated
during one frame transmission time.
12.11
Example 12.3
A pure ALOHA network transmits 200-bit frames on a
shared channel of 200 kbps. What is the throughput if the
system (all stations together) produces
a. 1000 frames per second b. 500 frames per second
c. 250 frames per second.
Solution
The frame transmission time is 200/200 kbps or 1 ms.
a. If the system creates 1000 frames per second, this is 1
frame per millisecond. The load is 1. In this case
S = G× e−2 G or S = 0.135 (13.5 percent). This means
that the throughput is 1000 × 0.135 = 135 frames. Only
135 frames out of 1000 will probably survive.
12.12
b. If the system creates 500 frames per second, this is
(1/2) frame per millisecond. The load is (1/2). In this
case S = G × e −2G or S = 0.184 (18.4 percent). This
means that the throughput is 500 × 0.184 = 92 and that
only 92 frames out of 500 will probably survive. Note
that this is the maximum throughput case,
percentagewise.
c. If the system creates 250 frames per second, this is (1/4)

frame per millisecond. The load is (1/4). In this case
S = G × e −2G or S = 0.152 (15.2 percent). This means
that the throughput is 250 × 0.152 = 38. Only 38
frames out of 250 will probably survive.
12.13
Figure 12.6 Frames in a slotted ALOHA network
The time divided into slots of Tfr secs and force the station to send only at the beginning of the time slot.
12.14
Note
The throughput for slotted ALOHA is

S = G × e−G .
The maximum throughput
Smax = 0.368 when G = 1.
Where G = the average number of frames generated

during one frame transmission time.
12.15
Figure 12.7 Vulnerable time for slotted ALOHA protocol
12.16
Example 12.4
A slotted ALOHA network transmits 200-bit frames on a
shared channel of 200 kbps. What is the throughput if the
system (all stations together) produces
a. 1000 frames per second b. 500 frames per second
c. 250 frames per second.
Solution
The frame transmission time is 200/200 kbps or 1 ms.
a. If the system creates 1000 frames per second, this is 1
frame per millisecond. The load is 1. In this case
S = G× e−G or S = 0.368 (36.8 percent). This means
that the throughput is 1000 × 0.0368 = 368 frames.
Only 386 frames out of 1000 will probably survive.
12.17
b. If the system creates 500 frames per second, this is
(1/2) frame per millisecond. The load is (1/2). In this
case S = G × e−G or S = 0.303 (30.3 percent). This
means that the throughput is 500 × 0.0303 = 151.
Only 151 frames out of 500 will probably survive.
c. If the system creates 250 frames per second, this is (1/4)

frame per millisecond. The load is (1/4). In this case
S = G × e −G or S = 0.195 (19.5 percent). This means
that the throughput is 250 × 0.195 = 49. Only 49
frames out of 250 will probably survive.
12.18
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
➢ The CSMA method was developed, to minimize the

chance of collision and, increase the performance.
➢ CSMA can reduce the possibility of collision, but it
cannot eliminate it.
➢ The possibility of collision still exists because of
propagation delay,
➢ It still takes time (although very short) for the first bit
to reach every station
12.19
Figure 12.8 Space/time model of the collision in CSMA
12.20
Figure 12.9 Vulnerable time in CSMA
12.21
Persistence Methods
➢ What should a station do if the channel is busy?

➢ What should a station do if the channel is idle?
Three methods have been devised to answer these

questions:
▪ the I-persistent method
▪ the nonpersistent method
▪ the p-persistent method.
12.22
Figure 12.10 Behavior of three persistence methods
12.23
Figure 12.11 Flow diagram for three persistence methods
12.24
Figure 12.12 Collision of the first bit in CSMA/CD
12.25
Figure 12.13 Collision and abortion in CSMA/CD
12.26
Example 12.5
A network using CSMA/CD has a bandwidth of 10 Mbps.

If the maximum propagation time (including the delays in
the devices and ignoring the time needed to send a
jamming signal, as we see later) is 25.6 μs, what is the
minimum size of the frame?
Solution
The frame transmission time is Tfr = 2 × Tp = 51.2 μs.
This means, in the worst case, a station needs to transmit
for a period of 51.2 μs to detect the collision. The
minimum size of the frame is 10 Mbps × 51.2 μs = 512
bits or 64 bytes. This is actually the minimum size of the
frame for Standard Ethernet.
12.27
Figure 12.14 Flow diagram for the CSMA/CD
12.28
Figure 12.15 Energy level during transmission, idleness, or collision
12.29
Figure 12.16 Timing in CSMA/CA
12.30
Note
In CSMA/CA, the IFS can also be used to

define the priority of a station or a frame.
12.31
Note
In CSMA/CA, if the station finds the

channel busy, it does not restart the
timer of the contention window;
it stops the timer and restarts it when
the channel becomes idle.
12.32
Figure 12.17 Flow diagram for CSMA/CA
12.33

Multiple Access Protocols

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Multiple Access Protocols

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Multiple Access Protocols

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 12

In random access or contention methods, no station is

The stations on a wireless ALOHA network are a

a. For K = 1, the range is {0, 1}. The station needs to|

b. For K = 2, the range is {0, 1, 2, 3}. This means that TB

c. For K = 3, the range is {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. This

d. We need to mention that if K > 10, it is normally set to

Vulnerable:- Length of time in which there is possibility of collision

A pure ALOHA network transmits 200-bit frames on a

The throughput for pure ALOHA is

c. If the system creates 250 frames per second, this is (1/4)

The throughput for slotted ALOHA is

Where G = the average number of frames generated

c. If the system creates 250 frames per second, this is (1/4)

➢ The CSMA method was developed, to minimize the

➢ What should a station do if the channel is busy?

Three methods have been devised to answer these

A network using CSMA/CD has a bandwidth of 10 Mbps.

In CSMA/CA, the IFS can also be used to

In CSMA/CA, if the station finds the

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.