Artificial Intelligence in Pharmacy
Artificial Intelligence in Pharmacy
Artificial Intelligence in Pharmacy
ISSN 0975-5071
USA CODEN: DPLEB4
ABSTRACT
Definition: AI the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent
beings.
Artificial intelligence use in pharmaceutical technology has increased over the years, and the use of technology can save time and money
while providing a better understanding of the relationships between different formulations and processes parameters.
History of AI
Devices worked on AI
AI in science
AI in pharmacy
Applications of AI
Application of AI in Pharmacy
Future scope of AI
Conclusion: AI is at the center of a new enterprise to build computational models of intelligence.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Pharmacy, Machines.
INTRODUCTION
Designed by Newell and Simon in 1995, it may be considered the first AI program.
The person who finally coined the term artificial intelligence and is regarded as father of AI is John McCarthy.
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HISTORY OF AI
Maturation of AI (1943-1952)
Year 1943-The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943.They proposed
model of artificial neurons.
Year 1949-Donald Hebb demonstrate an updating rule for modifying the connection strength between neurons. His rule is now
called Hebbian learning.
Year 1950-The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes
“Computing machinery and intelligence “In which he proposed at a test. The test can check the machine ability to exhibit
intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.
A boom of AI (1980-1987)
Year 1980-After AI winter duration, AI came back with “Expert system “. Expert system was programed that emulate the
decision-making ability of human expert.
In the year 1980, the first national conference of the American association of AI was held at Stanford University.
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Year 2012 – Google has launched an Android app feature “Google now “, which was able to provide information to the user as a
prediction.
Year 2014 – In the year 2014, Chatbot “Eugene Goostman” won a competition in the infamous “Turing test”.
Year 2018 – The “Project Debater” from IBM debated on complex topics with two master debaters and also performed extremely
well.
Google has demonstrated an AI program “Duplex” which a virtual assistant was and which has hairdresser appointment on call,
and lady on other side didn’t notice that she was talking with the machine [6] (Figure 1).
TYPES OF AI
There are 4 types of artificial intelligence:
Reactive machines.
Limited memory.
Theory of mind.
Self-awareness.
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in Japan in 1972 [7,8].
AI IN SCIENCE
AI technologies are now used in a variety of scientific research fields.
For example:
Using genomic data to predict protein structure understanding the role it plays in the body...machine learning can p bridge the gap
between these two types information.
AI is wide ranging branch of computer sciences concerned with building smart machine capable of performing tasks that typically
required human intelligence.
It is the endeavor to replicate or simulate human intelligence in machines [9,10].
AI IN PHARMACY
AI mainly used in pharmaceutical industries for:
1. Drug discovery
2. Clinical research
3. Disease diagnosis
4. Novel medication
5. Prediction
6. Data analysis
AI in pharma refers to use of automated algorithms to perform tasks which traditionally rely on human intelligence.
Over the last five years the use of AI in pharma and biotech industries have redefined how scientists develop new drugs,
tackle disease and more [11,12].
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APPLICATIONS
Following are some sectors which have the applications of artificial intelligence, (LIINK 13) [13-16]:
1. Astronomy
2. Healthcare
3. Transport
4. Agriculture
5. Education
6. E-commerce
7. Entertainment
8. Robotics
9. Automotive
10. Social media
11. Data security
12. Finance.
13. Chatbots.
14. AI to improve workplace communication.
15. Human resource management.
16. Gaming.
17. Law (Figure 2).
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APPLICATION OF AI IN PHARMACY
R&D
Pharma companies around the world are leveraging advanced ML Algorithms and AI-powered tools to streamline the drug discovery
process. These intelligent tools are designed to identify intricate patterns in large datasets, and hence, they can be used to solve challenges
associated with complicated biological networks [17].
Drug development
AI holds the potential to improve the R&D process. From designing and identifying new molecules to target-based drug validation and
discoveries AI can do it all [18].
Diagnosis
Doctors can use advanced machine learning system to collect,process, and analyze vast volumes of patients’ healthcare data. Healthcare
providers around the world are using ML technology to store sensitive patient data securely in the cloud or a centralized storage system.
This is known as electronic medical records (EMRs) [19].
Disease prevention
Pharma companies can use AI to develop cures for both known diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s and rare diseases. Generally,
pharmaceutical companies do not spend their time and resources on finding treatments for rare diseases since the ROI is very low compared
to the time and cost it takes to develop drugs for treating rare diseases [20].
Epidemic prediction
AI and ML are already used by many pharma companies and healthcare providers to monitor and forecast epidemic outbreaks across the
globe. These technologies feed on the data gathered from disparate sources in the web, study the connection of various geological,
environmental and biological factors on the health of the population of different geographical locations, and try to connect the dots between
these factors and previous epidemic outbreaks. Such AI/ML models become especially useful for underdeveloped economies that lack the
medical infrastructure and financial framework to deal with an epidemic outbreak.
Remote monitoring
It is a breakthrough in the pharma and healthcare sectors. Many pharma companies have already developed variables powered by AI
algorithms that remotely monitor patients suffering from life-threatening diseases.
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Manufacturing
Pharma companies can implement AI in manufacturing process for higher productivity, improved efficiency, and faster production of life-
saving drugs. AI can be used to manage and improve all aspects of the manufacturing process, including:
Quality control.
Predictive maintenance.
Waste reduction.
Design optimization.
Process automation.
Marketing
Given the fact that the pharmaceutical industry is a sales-driven sector, AI can be a handy tool in pharma marketing. With AI, pharma
companies explore and develop unique marketing strategies that promise high revenues and brand awareness.
AI in cyber security
Cyber security is another field that’s benefitting from AI. As organizations are transferring their data to IT networks and cloud, the threat of
hackers is becoming more significant.
AI in data analysis
Data analysis can benefit largely from AI and ML. AI algorithms are capable of improving with iteration, and this way, their accuracy, and
precision increase accordingly. AI can help data analysts with handling and processing large datasets.
AI in transport
The transport sector has been using AI for decades. Airplanes have been using autopilot to steer them in the air since 1912. An autopilot
system controls the trajectory of a plane, but it isn’t restricted to aircraft alone. Ships and spacecraft also use autopilot to help them maintain
the correct course.
AI in home
AI has found a special place in people’s homes in the form of Smart Home Assistants. Amazon Echo and Google Home are popularsmart
home devices that let you perform various tasks with just voice commands.
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AI in healthcare
The medical sector is also using this technology for its advantages. AI is helping medical researchers and professionals in numerous way
[22] (Figure 3).
CONCLUSION
AI is at the center of a new enterprise to build computational models of intelligence. The main assumption is that intelligence (human or
otherwise) can be represented in the terms of symbol structures and symbolic operations which can be programed in a digital computer.
There is much debates as to whether such an appropriately programmed computer would be a mind, or would merely simulate one, but AI
researchers need not wait for the conclusion to that debate, nor for the hypothetical computer that could model all of human intelligence.
Aspects of human intelligent behavior, such as solving problems, making references, learning, and understanding language, have already
been coded as computer programs, within very limited domains, such as identifying diseases of soybean plants, AI programs can outperform
human experts. Now the great challenge of AI is to find ways of representing the commonsense knowledge and experience that enables
people to carry out every day activities such as holding a wide-ranging conversation, or finding their way along a busy street.
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