Getting Started with openEuler

Foreword

⚫ This document describes the following:

 GNU Free Software Foundation
 Origin of Linux
 openEuler operating system (OS)
 How to install and log in to the openEuler OS

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 Objectives

⚫ After completing this course, you will understand:

 Open source and GNU
 Origin of Linux
 Linux principles
 How to install openEuler
 How to log in to openEuler

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 Contents

1. Introduction to the Linux OS

2. Installing the Open Source openEuler OS

3. Using the openEuler OS

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OS Overview
⚫ An OS is a set of programs that controls and manages the hardware and
software resources of an entire computer system, providing a convenient
interface and environment for users and other software. A computer‘s OS is its
most basic system software, and it gradually evolves in line with the
development of computer research and application.

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Unix Development History
⚫ Unix development
 In the 1960s, Bell Labs, MIT, and GE jointly developed a multiprogramming information computing system
named Multics.
 In 1970, Ken Thompson developed Unix.
 In 1974, Bell Labs released Unix, which became widely used in universities.
 After the breakup of AT&T in 1982, Unix began to charge for commercial use.
 Some large hardware companies have developed different versions of Unix based on their own computer
systems.
◼ AIX
◼ HP-UX
◼ Digital Unix
◼ …

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GNU and Open Source
⚫ In 1984, Richard Stallman launched the Free Software Campaign, established the Free Software Foundation,
and achieved the following:
 Created an open source version of the Unix utility

 Released the general public license (GPL)

⚫ Open source, also known as open source code, laid the foundations for the rapid development of IT
technologies.
⚫ There are many open source licenses, each with different rules. Some common open source licenses are as
follows:
 Mulan

 GPL

 Lesser GPL (LGPL)

 Berkeley Source Distribution (BSD)

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Birth of Linux
⚫ Birth of Minix
 In 1987, Andrew S. Tanenbaum, a professor of Vrije University in Amsterdam, wrote Minix. Similar to
Unix, this OS was instead dedicated to teaching.

⚫ Birth of Linux
 On September 17, 1991, Linus Torvalds released his own Linux OS on the Internet and claimed that it was
free of charge. In addition, he hoped to improve the Linux OS through the efforts of developers.
 In 1994, Linux kernel 1.0 was officially released.
 More accurately, the full name of Linux is GNU/Linux.

⚫ Today's Linux
 Today, Linux has many derivatives, such as Red Hat, openSUSE, Ubuntu, and Deepin.
 Linux distribution = Linux kernel + utility software

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Introduction to Linux Releases
⚫ Kernel versions
 You can visit kernel.org to view or download all Linux kernel versions.
 The Linux kernel version number is composed of three digits:
◼ The first digit indicates the current major release.
◼ An even second digit indicates a stable version, while an odd second digit indicates a version under development.
◼ The third digit indicates the number of revisions.

 The kernel version of openEuler 20.03 LTS is 4.19.90.

⚫ Linux distributions
 Commercial distros: maintained by companies and provides charged services, such as patch upgrades.
 Community distros: maintained by the community organization and free of charge.

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openEuler OS
⚫ openEuler is a free, open source OS operated by the openEuler community. The current openEuler
kernel is based on Linux and supports Kunpeng and other processors, fully unleashing the
potential of computing chips. As an efficient, stable, and sustainable open source OS built by
global open source contributors, openEuler applies to database, big data, cloud computing, and
artificial intelligence (AI) scenarios.
⚫ openEuler has two kinds of releases:
 Innovation release
◼ Supports the technical innovation and content innovation of Linux enthusiasts, such as openEuler 20.09.
◼ Generally, a new version is released every half a year.

 Long-term support (LTS) release

◼ A stable version of openEuler, such as openEuler LTS 20.03.
◼ Usually a new version is released every two years.

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 Contents

1. Introduction to the Linux OS

2. Installing the Open Source openEuler OS

3. Using the openEuler OS

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openEuler OS Installation Process

1 2 3 4
Prepare the installation Select an Configure system Installation
environment. installation mode. settings. complete.

• openEuler can be • openEuler supports • When installing

installed on the Arm- various installation openEuler, you need to
and x86-based modes. If only a few set the system
computing platforms. devices need to be parameters, such as the
The ISO files of the two installed, use a USB installation language,
platforms are flash drive, CD-ROM, or installation location,
incompatible. virtual CD-ROM drive. software version, host
• You can obtain the ISO During batch name, and network
image from the installation, use the PXE configuration.
openEuler community . boot mode.

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openEuler Installation and Configuration - Selecting
Installation Options

Install openEuler 20.03 LTS Directly install the system.

Test
Test this
this media
media &
& install
install openEuler
openEuler 20.03
20.03 LTS
LTS Check the software package
and install the system.
Troubleshooting --> Troubleshooting

Use the ▲ and ▼ keys to change the selection.

Press 'e' to edit the selected item, or 'c' for a command prompt.

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openEuler Installation and Configuration - Selecting an
Installation Language

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openEuler Installation and Configuration - System
Settings

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openEuler Installation and Configuration - Setting the
Installation Location
⚫ Set the system installation location and system partitions.
 Select the disk where the OS is to be installed.
 Choose how to partition your disk.
◼ In manual mode, you can set partitions, including common partitions, logical volumes, and thin-provisioning logical
volumes.
◼ You are advised to set the following partitions for the openEuler system startup:

− swap: swap partition, which is used to swap dirty data in the memory when space is insufficient. If the memory
is small, you are advised to set the swap partition size to twice the memory size. If the memory is large, you can
reduce the swap partition size.

− /boot: booting

− /boot/efi: boot device and application program to be started by the extensible firmware interface (EFI).

− /: root partition. In Linux, everything starts from the root partition.

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openEuler Installation and Configuration - Selecting
Software to Be Installed
⚫ openEuler 20.03 LTS supports the following software installation options:
 Minimum installation
◼ Minimum Linux installation: Most software is not installed. This mode is applicable to
scholars who have background in Linux and want to further understand the Linux
architecture. Other software is also available on the right.
 Server
◼ Install the software involved in the server scenario. Other software is also available on the
right.
 Hypervisor
◼ Install the software involved in the virtualization scenario. Other software is also available
on the right.
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openEuler Installation and Configuration - Setting the
Password of the Root User and Creating a User

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 Contents

1. Introduction to the Linux OS

2. Installing the Open Source openEuler OS

3. Using the openEuler OS

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Linux GUI and CLI
⚫ GUI stands for graphical user interface. All elements of this user interface are
graphical. The mouse is used as the input tool, and buttons, menus, and dialog
boxes are used for interaction, enhancing ease of use.
⚫ CLI is short for command line interface. All elements of a CLI are character-
based. The keyboard is used as the input tool to enter commands, options, and
parameters to execute programs, achieving high efficiency.
⚫ No GUI is available for openEuler 20.03 LTS.

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How to Log In to the Linux OS
⚫ You can log in to the Linux OS through either of the following methods:
 Local login
◼ This method is similar to starting up your own computer or directly connecting the server
to the monitor.
◼ A typical Linux system runs six virtual consoles and one graphical console. Currently,
openEuler does not support the GUI.
◼ You can press Ctrl+Alt+F[1,6] to switch between the six virtual consoles.
 Remote login
◼ The openEuler OS supports remote login by default. You can also change the login mode.
◼ You can use PuTTY or Xshell to remotely log in to the openEuler OS.

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Introduction to Shell
⚫ Shell, a program compiled in C language, serves as a bridge for those who wish to use Linux. Users control
the Linux system through shells, which are also used by the Linux system to display system information.
⚫ Common shells include bash, sh, csh, and ksh. You can specify a login shell when creating a user, or enter a
shell name to open a shell. For example:

[root@openEuler ~]# sh
sh: openEuler_history: command not find
sh-5.0# # The interaction modes varies with different shells.
sh-5.0# exit # Enter exit to exit the current shell.
[root@openEuler ~]#

⚫ The default login shell for openEuler users is bash.

⚫ The default system prompt is [Current login user@Host name Current location]$.
 Generally, the last prompt of the root user and common users is #.

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Changing Passwords
⚫ The password is directly related to the security of the system and its data.
⚫ To ensure system security, perform the following operations:
 Change the password upon the first login.
 Change passwords periodically.
 Set a password with high complexity. For example, set a password containing more than eight characters
and three or more of the following types of characters: uppercase letters, lowercase letters, digits, and
special characters.

⚫ You can run the passwd command to change your password.

[root@openEuler ~]# passwd
Changing password for user root.
New password: # Enter the new password.
Retype new password: # Enter the new password again.
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully

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Linux Users
⚫ The root user is a special administrator in the Linux OS.
 This super administrator is similar to the administrator in the Windows OS.
 The root user has the highest permissions, and can cause infinite damage.
 Do not use the root user unless necessary.

⚫ You can run the su - username command to switch users.

⚫ You can check whether the current user is the root user or a common user through the
command prompt. In the Unix or Linux OS, the command prompt of the root user
generally ends with #, while that of a common user generally ends with $.
⚫ You can also run the id command to view the current username.

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Shortcut Operations with the Bash Shell
⚫ tab
 You can use the tab key to supplement functions and quickly enter commands or parameters.

⚫ history
 The history tool records historical commands. You can run the history command to view historical
commands, or run the history n command to execute the historical command numbered n.

⚫ ↑ and ↓
 You can press the ↑ and ↓ arrow keys to quickly view historical commands.

⚫ home and end

 To move the cursor to the beginning or end of the current line, press home or end, respectively.

⚫ clear and Ctrl+L

 When the page is full of characters, you can enter clear or press Ctrl+L to quickly clear the screen.

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 Quiz

1. You do not need to specify the password of the root user during the openEuler
OS installation. However, you must specify the password of the root user when
logging in to the OS after the installation. ( )

2. Which of the following keys can be used to quickly supplement commands and
parameters? ( )
A. Ctrl+L

B. ↑ and ↓

C. tab

D. Space

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 Summary

⚫ This document describes the development of the Linux OS, introduces the
openEuler OS, and describes how to install openEuler and related shortcut
operations.

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 More Information

⚫ For more information about Linux shortcut keys, please visit

https://linuxtoy.org/archives/bash-shortcuts.html.

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每个组织，构建万物互联的智能世界。
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intelligent world.

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All Rights Reserved.

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