CELL DIVISION: A PROCESS OF

Start, Stop, Continue

a comparative summary of mitosis and meiosis
 Cell Division
the two types of cell division are:

category MITOSIS MEIOSIS

number of times the parent
once twice (meiosis l & meiosis ll)
cell divides
for multicellular organisms: growth, maintenance, & repair for multicellular organisms: production and recombination
primary function
for unicellular organisms: asexual reproduction of gametes required in sexual reproduction
outcome for number of
double the number of chromosomes of parent cell maintains number of chromosomes of parent cell
chromosomes (overall)
for multicellular organisms: somatic cell (diploid) for multicellular organisms: germ cell (diploid)
type of parent cell
for unicellular organisms: itself (diploid) (primary oocyte or primary spermatocyte)
number of phases it undergoes before
cell division itself (interphase)
one two (interphase l & ll)
number of stages of cell division
(karyokinesis to cytokinesis)
six twelve
4 haploid cells (containing chromosomes of 1
cells produced per cycle 2 diploid daughter cells
chromatid or single chromosomes)
number of chromosomes
same number of chromosomes as parent cell half the number of chromosomes of parent cell
(per daughter cell)
genetic variability of
genetically identical to parent cell genetically varies from parent cell
cells produced
 advantages and disavantages of each type of cell division

category MITOSIS MEIOSIS

characteristics of
genetically identical to parent (no variability) genetically varies from parents
offspring/product

duration takes a shorter amount of time to divide takes a longer amount of time

energy used uses less energy energy costly

adaptability of offspring
(regarding asexual and sexual adaptation to environment is difficult easier facilitation of adaptation
reproduction)

legend advantage disadvantage

 a deeper look at the processes

LET'S PLAY SNAKES AND LADDERS!

cell division edition
find out how mitosis and meiosis work in a race to
making their daughter cells!
PLAY
 a deeper look at the processes
MITOSIS

G1 PHASE S PHASE G2 PHASE PROPHASE I

START

accumulation of DNA replication dismantling of COMPOSED OF 5 STAGES:

chromosomes start to condense
building blocks of DNA cytoskeleton 1. leptotene - chromosomes
synaptonemal complex formsstartwhich
to condense
holds homologous pairs tightly
centrosome replication 2. zygotene
together - synaptonemal complex forms which holds
preparation of duplication of cell homologous pairs tightly together
sufficient energy for organelles crossing over, wherein exchange of chromosomal segments of non-
chromosome 3. pachytene - crossing
sister chromatids over, wherein exchange of chromosomal
happens
replication additional cell segments
chiasmata becomes of non-sister
visible chromatids
(holds together pairshappens
of chromosomes)
growth 4. diplotene - chiasmata becomes visible (segment of DNA exchange
cell growth tetrads have formed; nuclear membrane disintegrates
5. diakinesis - tetrads have formed; nuclear membrane disintegrates
interphase karyokinesis
karyokinesis

G1 PHASE S PHASE G2 PHASE PROPHASE I

START

accumulation of DNA replication dismantling of chromosomes start to condense

building blocks of DNA cytoskeleton synaptonemal complex forms which holds homologous pairs tightly
centrosome replication together
preparation of duplication of cell
sufficient energy for organelles crossing over, wherein exchange of chromosomal segments of non-
chromosome sister chromatids happens
replication additional cell chiasmata becomes visible (holds together pairs of chromosomes)
growth
cell growth tetrads have formed; nuclear membrane disintegrates

interphase karyokinesis

MEIOSIS
 a deeper look at the processes
MITOSIS

PROMETAPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I TELOPHASE I CYTOKINESIS I INTERPH

finalization of events in prophase l attached spindle fibers attached spindle fibers separated chromosomes cytoplasm is divided into (INTERKIN
pull fused kinetochores pull kinetochores of each arrive at opposite poles 2 equal parts by a haploid cel
moving away of centromeres to towards the centrosomes chromosome, pulling the cleavage furrow for meiosis
opposite sides of cell at the opposite sides of homologous pairs apart chromosomes start to
cell decondense nuclear end product: absence of
attachment of spindle fibers to sister chromatids of each envelope starts to form 2 identical haploid cells chromosom
fused kinetochores of sister homologous pairs of chromosome remain around each developing duplicated
nge chromatids of homologous pairs chromosomes align at the attached at the nucleus maintain th
metaphase plate centromere number of
es 2 nuclei form as parent c
karyokinesis cytokinesis interph

PROMETAPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I TELOPHASE I CYTOKINESIS I INTERPH

finalization of events in prophase l attached spindle attached spindle fibers chromosomes at cytoplasm is divided (INTERKIN
fibers pull fused pull kinetochores of each opposite sides start to into 2 parts by a haploid cel
moving away of centromeres to kinetochores towards chromosome, pulling the decondense cleavage furrow for meiosis
opposite sides of cell the centrosomes homologous pairs apart
nuclear envelope starts absence of
attachment of spindle fibers to sister chromatids of each to form around each end product: chromosom
fused kinetochores of sister homologous pairs of chromosome remain developing nucleus 2 genetically unique duplicated
nge chromatids of homologous pairs chromosomes align at attached at the maintain th
the metaphase plate centromere 2 nuclei form haploid cells number of
es as parent c
karyokinesis cytokinesis interph

there are instances where spindle fibers do not

MEIOSIS get to hold the kinetochores securely. this
leads to an error later in the anaphase; this is
what we call nondisjunction
 a deeper look at the processes
MITOSIS

INTERPHASE II PROPHASE PROMETAPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHA

into (INTERKINESIS) centrosomes move towards kinetochores appear at the attached spindle fibers attached spindle fibers separated sister
haploid cells get ready for opposite poles for the first centromeres pull kinetochores towards pull kinetochore of each arrive at opposi
meiosis ll time and form spindle fibers the centrosomes at the chromosome, pulling the
centrosomes are already at the opposite sides of cell sister chromatids apart chromatids star
absence of S phase; nuclear envelope of cell opposite sides of cell decondense as
chromosomes are not breaks down
ells duplicated as it tries to chromosomes align at the envelope starts
maintain the same number of attachment of spindle fibers to metaphase plate around each de
chromosomes as parent cell chromosomes condense; the kinetochore of sister nucleus
does not involve crossing chromatids of each
centrosomess duplicate again over chromosome 2 nuclei form in
interphase ll karyokinesis

I INTERPHASE II PROPHASE II PROMETAPHASE II METAPHASE II ANAPHASE II TELOPHA

(INTERKINESIS) centrosomes move finalization of events in
into towards opposite poles prophase ll attached spindle fibers attached spindle fibers separated sister
absence of S phase; and form spindle fibers pull kinetochores towards pull kinetochore of each arrive at opposi
chromosomes are not centrosomes are already at the the centrosomes at the chromosome, pulling the
duplicated (tries to nuclear envelope of cell opposite sides of cell opposite sides of cell sister chromatids apart chromatids star
maintain the same number breaks down decondense as
ells of chromosomes) chromosomes align at the envelope starts
attachment of spindle fibers to metaphase plate around each de
chromosomes condense individual kinetochores of
centrosomes duplicate but do not crossover nucleus
sister chromatids of each
again anymore chromosome 4 nuclei form in
interphase ll karyokinesis

MEIOSIS
 a deeper look at the processes
the number of chromosomes per stage is important to take note of to
understand how 2 haploid cells from mitosis differ from 4 of meiosis
MITOSIS chromosomes
phase chromosome chromatid
"single chromosome"
TELOPHASE CYTOKINESIS

finish
prophase/prometaphase 46 92
separated sister chromatids
bers
each
arrive at opposite poles cytoplasm is divided into 2 metaphase 46 92
g the chromatids start to
equal parts by a cleavage
part decondense as nuclear furrow anaphase 92 92
envelope starts to form telophase 92 92
around each developing end product: cytokinesis (each of 2 diploid) 46 46
nucleus 2 identical haploid cells
2 nuclei form in total prophase l/prometaphase l 46 92
karyokinesis cytokinesis metaphase l 46 92
anaphase l 46 92
telophase l 46 92
I TELOPHASE I CYTOKINESIS II cytokinesis l (each of 2 haploid) 23 46

finish
bers separated sister chromatids each cytoplasm is divided

each arrive at opposite poles into 2 parts by a cleavage prophase ll/prometaphase ll 23 46

g the
chromatids start to furrow
part metaphase ll 23 46
decondense as nuclear
envelope starts to form end product: anaphase ll 46 46
around each developing 4 genetically unique
nucleus telophase ll 46 46
4 nuclei form in total
haploid cells cytokinesis ll (each of 4 haploid) 23 23
karyokinesis cytokinesis
4 sperm cells or 1 egg + 3 polar bodies

MEIOSIS they may either be: