Quick Guide To Vibration Diagnostics

마스터 제목 스타일 편집
A Quick Guide to Vibration Diagnostics

of Rotating Machinery
1st Step : Defining the Problem
Ask different peoples:

 The maintenance peoples
 The operators
not just the plant engineer!
♣ Please gathers more information

from various sources.
Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab 3

2nd Step : The Machine History
 When did the problem start?

 Was there a sudden or gradual increase in vibration?
 Has the machine always been running rough?
 Does it only run rough under certain conditions?
 Have there been any recent changes?
New piping, structural changes, repairs, electrical changes,
speed/load changes, performance changes.
When?
When?

3rd Step : The Machine Details
 Make a sketch of the machine, showing the measurement points

 Try to get following data:
• Bearing details (type, number of elements, bearing frequencies etc.)
• Coupling maker and type
• Input/output speed, rated power
• Number of blades/vanes, gear details
• Critical speeds
• Background vibration sources

4th Step : Visual Inspection of the Machine
 Look for worn, loose, changed color or broken parts

 Leaking seals
 Foundation cracks
 Build up of deposits (e.g. on fan blades)
 Remember to use a stroboscope
See it, Feel it, Hear it!

5th Step : Quick Machine Assessment
 Collect overall velocity levels at bearings

Assume that the bearing with the highest level is nearest the
area where the problem exists
 Collect overall velocity at foundation
 Check the following areas:
 Mounting feet and mounting bolts, piping, background vibration
sources, across mounting interfaces
 Use phase, make a clock-face drawing

6th Step : Examine the Right Measurements
 Always take an 1~ 5X velocity spectrum

at measurement points in the area of interest
 Take care of the 1X imbalance syndrome
 Look at waveform routinely
 Use high frequency acceleration spectra

7th Step : Make the Diagnosis
 Low Frequencies
Unbalance, misalignment, bent shaft, eccentricity, looseness,
cracks, shaft instabilities
 Medium Frequencies
Gear faults, blade faults
 High Frequencies
Impacts, rubs, inadequate lubrication, flow turbulence, poor
mechanical seal conditions, incipient bearing failures, high
pressure leaks, pre-loads / improper interference fits

마스터 제목 스타일
Vibration 편집
Analysis
Fault Analysis
• The main advantage of making vibration measurements on rotating machinery,
is the possibility to detect faults, before they make the machine break-down.
• Thereby reduce economical losses, such as damaged equipment and production loss.
• The constant percentage band width spectrum has shown to be the most efficient.
• When a fault is detected, vibration analysis can be used to diagnose the fault.
• Making diagnosis using vibration analysis requires skill and experience.
• Additional measurements of FFT spectra and phase measurements is often required.
• In the following some simple rules for the

most common machine faults are drawn up
giving the fault type and a characteristic
vibration measurements.
• The spectra in the examples are all made
as drawings, in order to emphasize the
typical feature of each fault.
Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab11

Fault Analysis Type
 Unbalance (imbalance)
 Misalignment
 Eccentricity
 Bent Shaft
 Shaft Crack
 Mechanical Looseness
 Journal Bearing Faults
 Rolling Element Bearing Faults
 Rotor Rub
 Cavitation
 Electrical Motor Problems
 Gear Faults
 Belt Faults

Fault Detection
• Constant percentage bandwidth spectra (CBP) is most efficient tool for

fault detection
• The CBP spectra with its wide frequency range and adequate resolution
in any frequency range, has proven to be the best tool there is for fault
detection.

마스터
Mass제목 스타일 편집
Unbalance
Unbalance (Imbalance)
• Unbalance is the most common fault associated with rotating shaft.

• Unbalance vibration is mainly radial.
• On overhung rotor axial components may be present as well.
• High 1X is often believed to be unbalance, however it can be
misalignment, bent rotor or cracked shaft, and further investigation
of what may cause the defect is often necessary.
• Often static unbalance and dynamic unbalance are seen together.
• The phase difference across the shaft therefore may vary.
• The tangential and radial 1X levels should be compared.
• The more nearly equal they are, the more likely that imbalance is
the cause.
• In any case, the direction in which the machine has the least
stiffness will be the direction of the highest 1X level.

♣ Imbalance in Vertically Mounted Machines
• Vertical machines, such as pumps, are usually cantilevered from their
foundation, and they usually show maximum 1X levels at the free
end of the motor regardless of where the vibration source is.
• To isolate motor imbalance from pump

imbalance, it may be necessary to break
the coupling and run the motor solo
while measuring 1X.
• If the 1X level is still high the problem is
the motor; otherwise it is the pump.

♣ Imbalance in Overhung Machines
• In a machine with an out of balance overhung, or cantilevered, rotor
such as a fan will produce 1X vibration in the axial direction as well
as some radial and tangential at the nearest bearing to the rotor.
• This is because the imbalance creates a bending moment on the shaft,
causing the bearing housing to move axially.
• Examples of overhung rotors are close-coupled pumps, axial flow fans,
and small turbines.
• The bearing closest to the overhung rotor will usually show the highest
radial 1X-vibration levels.

Case History : Unbalance (Imbalance)
Unbalance vibration in electric motor

Definition of Unbalance
 Unbalance
• That condition which exists in a rotor when vibratory forces or motion is
imparted to its bearings as a result of centrifugal forces
• U = m x r (g·mm)
m : unbalance mass (g)
r : distance from unbalance mass to shaft/rotor centerline (mm)

Types of Unbalance
Static Unbalance
• Equal phase on Typical
each bearing Unbalance
• Mainly radial vibration Spectrum
RPM
Coupled Unbalance Radial
• Phase changes 180 ° Please Note: Strong
across bearing unbalance cause
• Mainly radial vibration harmonics
Overhung Rotor Unbalance

• Both radial and horizontal vibration
• Often both static and dynamic unbalance
are seen together

Types of Unbalance
• Static unbalance
• Couple unbalance
• Dynamic unbalance
Static Couple Dynamic

Unbalance Unbalance Unbalance
F1 F1
Cg
e e
Cg
F
F2 F2

Sources of Unbalance
 Manufacturing & Assembly Errors
• Form error produced by welding and casting
• Clamping errors during machining, e.g. journal eccentric, inclined
• Permanent deformation caused by manufacturing, e.g. release of residual stresses, distortion
during machining, deformation due to soldering, welding, shrink fits
• Deformation due to unequal tightening of bolts
• Variations in assembly components, e.g. different bolt length, different types of washers and nuts
 Material Faults
• Blow holes in castings
• Unequal material densities
• Unequal material thickness in welded assembly
• Run-out and clearance in ball bearings
 Design & Drawing Errors

• Parts do not have rotational symmetry
• Unmachined surfaces on rotor
• Run-out errors due to poor fits
• Key shorter than keyway
• Moving parts not mounted with rotational symmetry and without play
 Operation
• Corrosion, • Particle attachment

Sources of Unbalance
The following machine problems are among the conditions that will
create imbalance:
 Uneven dirt accumulation on fan rotors
 Lack of homogeneity in cast parts, such as bubbles,
blow-holes, porous sections
 Rotor eccentricity
 Roller deflection, especially in paper machines
 Machining errors
 Uneven mass distribution in electric motor rotor bars or windings
 Uneven erosion and corrosion of pump impellers
 Missing balance weights
 Bowed shaft

Severity of Imbalance
• The severity of imbalance depends on both the type and size of the machine
as well as the vibration level.
• To assess imbalance severity, average 1X levels for healthy machines
of the same type should be used as a comparison (reference level).
• If the second order peak is as large as the first order, you should suspect
misalignment.
• The following levels are guidelines for general use in diagnosing
imbalance for machines running at 1800 or 3600 RPM.
• Very high-speed machines have lower tolerance levels.
1X Vibration Level Diagnosis Repair Priority

< 3.58 mm/s Slight Imbalance No recommendation
3.58 ~ 7.16 mm/s Moderate imbalance Desirable
7.16 ~ 22.4 mm/s Severe Imbalance Important
> 22.4 mm/s Extreme Imbalance Mandatory

Severity of Imbalance
• The measured vibration level at 1X depends on the stiffness of the

machine mounting as well as the amount of imbalance, with spring-
mounted machines showing more 1X than solidly mounted machines
for the same degree of imbalance.
• The overall size of the machine also affects the allowable 1X level as
follows:
1X Vibration Level Machine Type Repair Priority

4.01mm/s Small Single-stage Pump Desirable
11.35 mm/s Large Hydraulic Pump Desirable
9.02 mm/s Medium Sized Fan Desirable

Balance Quality Grade
 Balance Quality Grade for Rigid Rotor

ISO 1940

Permissible Residual Specific Unbalance
 Balance Quality Grade for Rigid Rotor

 ISO 1940
eper N = constant
eper : permissible residual specific unbalance
N : maximum speed (rpm)
 API
Umax = 6350 W/N (g·mm)
W : journal static load (kg)
N : maximum speed (rpm)
Example: N = 3000rpm, quality grade G 6.3

eper ?
eper = Vper / ω ≈ 6.3 / 300 = 21 µm

Permissible Residual Unbalance
 Example for Turbine Rotor

 Rotor Weight 400 kg
 Max. Speed 10,000 rpm
 ISO 1940 G 2.5

Umax = 2.4 µm × 400 kg
= 960.0 g·mm
 API
Umax = 6,350 × 200 kg/ 10,000 rpm
= 127.0 g·mm
(W = 400 kg/ 2 = 200kg)

Balancing Machine
Balancing
Shop Balancing Field Balancing
Low Speed High Speed

Balancing Machine Balancing Machine
Soft Mount Type Soft Mount Type
Hard Mount Type Hard Mount Type

Definition of Rotors
 Rotor : A body, capable of rotation, with journals which are supported by bearings
 Rigid Rotor
• Condition of unbalance up to the service speed of the rotor does not change
noticeably or at least by only an insignificant amount.
• Can be corrected in any two (arbitrarily selected) planes
 Flexible Rotor
• A rotor not satisfying the definition of a “rigid rotor”
1st Critical Speed for Flexible Mode

Amplitude
Rigid Rotor Flexible Rotor
Speed (N)

Static Unbalance
• Static unbalance (force unbalance) will be in-phase and steady.
• Amplitude due to unbalance will increase by the square of speed(Ω)
(3 x speed increase = 9 x higher vibration). F = meΩ2
• 1x RPM always present and normally dominates the spectrum.
• Can be corrected by placement of only one balance weight in one plane
at rotor center of gravity (CG).
1X
Amplitude
Radial
Frequency

Couple Unbalance
• Couple unbalance tends toward 180° out-of-phase on same shaft.

• 1x always present and normally dominates the spectrum.
• Amplitude varies with square of increasing speed.
• May cause high axial vibrations as well as radial.
• Correction requires placement of balance weights in at least 2 planes.
• Note that approx. 180° phase difference should exist between outboard
and inboard horizontals as well as outboard and Inboard verticals.
1X
Amplitude
Radial
Frequency

Overhung Rotor Unbalance
• Eccentricity occurs when the centre of rotation is offset from the geometric
center line of a sheave, gear, bearing, motor armature, etc.
• The largest vibration occurs at 1x RPM of eccentric component in a direction
through the centers of the two rotors.
• Comparative horizontal and vertical phase readings usually differ either by 0°
or by 180° (each of which indicate straight line motion).
• Attempts to balance an eccentric rotor often results in reducing the vibration
in one direction, but increasing it in the other radial direction (depending on the
amount of eccentricity).
1X
Amplitude
Axial & Radial
Frequency

Bent Shaft
• Bent shaft problems cause high axial vibration with axial phase differences
tending toward 180° on the same machine component.
• The dominant vibration ins normally at 1x if bent near the shaft centre,
but at 2x if bent near the coupling.
• Be careful to account for the transducer orientation for each axial measurement
if you reverse probe direction.
Amplitude
1X Axial
2X
Frequency

마스터 제목 스타일 편집
Misalignment
Definition of Misalignment
• Misalignment is a condition where the centerlines of coupled shafts do

not coincide.
• If the misaligned shaft centerlines are parallel but not coincident,
then the misalignment is said to be parallel misalignment.
• If the misaligned shafts meet at a point but are not parallel,
then the misalignment is called angular misalignment.
• Almost all misalignment conditions of machines seen in practice are
a combination of these two basic types.

Characteristics of Misalignment
• Misalignment is traditionally associated with a 2nd harmonic component,

which according to some sources is due to to 2 times the stress reversal
during one rotation.
• More probably the harmonic occurs due to distortion of the ideal
sinusoidal vibration signal.
• It is quite common that misalignment occurs on the 1st harmonic only
in the spectrum.
• An investigation of the phase relationship across the rotor and across
the coupling should therefore always be carried out for distinguishing
misalignment from unbalance.
• A misaligned rotor tend to wear in. That is after a while the bearing will
get deformed after the misalignment.
• In the spectrum this is seen as the 2nd order component will decrease
and the 3rd order will increase as wear develops.

Misalignment Wear Process
The 1X goes up
The 1X and 2X goes up
The 1X goes up, and the 2X goes down
The 1X stays steady, 2X stays steady and the 3X goes up
If rolling element bearings or gears are involved, the gear mesh

and the bearing frequencies go up

Type of Misalignment
 Parallel Misalignment
 Vertical & Horizontal offset
 Angular Misalignment
 Vertical & Horizontal Angularity
 Combined Misalignment
 Parallel Misalignment + Angular Misalignment

Parallel Misalignment
• Radial vibration approximately 180° phase shifted 2X often highest peak
• If the machine speed can be varied, the vibration due to imbalance will vary
as the square of the speed.
• If the speed is doubled, the imbalance component will rise by a factor of four,
while misalignment-induced vibration will not change in level
• Following is a typical vibration spectrum from a misaligned machine.
2X
Amplitude
1X Radial
3X
4X
Frequency

Parallel Misalignment
• Offset misalignment has similar vibration symptoms to angular, but shows
high radial vibration which approaches 180° out-of-phase across the coupling
• 2x often larger than 1x, but its height relative to 1x is often dictated by coupling
type and construction.
• When either angular or radial misalignment becomes sever, it can generate
either high amplitude peaks at much higher harmonics (4x ~ 8x) or even a
whole series of high frequency harmonics similar in appearance to mechanical
looseness.
• Coupling construction will often greatly influence the shape of the spectrum
when misalignment is severe.

Angular Misalignment
• Axial vibration approximately 0° phase shifted 1X, 2X or 3X highest
• Angular misalignment produces a bending moment on each shaft, and
this generates a strong vibration at 1X and some vibration at 2X
in the axial direction at both bearings, and of the opposite phase.
• There will also be fairly strong radial and/or transverse 1X and 2X levels,
but in phase.
• Misaligned couplings will usually produce fairly high axial 1X levels
at the bearings on the other ends of the shafts as well!
1X
Amplitude
2X Axial
3X
4X
Please Note: Frequency

Misalignment often appears on 1X component only

Angular Misalignment
• Angular misalignment is characterized by high axial vibration, 180° out-of-phase

across the coupling
• Typically will have high axial vibration with both 1x and 2x rpm.
However, not unusual for either 1x, 2x or 3x to dominate.
• These symptoms may also indicate coupling problems as well.
2X
Amplitude
1X Axial
3X
4X
Frequency

General Misalignment
• Most cases of misalignment are a combination of the two types
• Diagnosis is based on stronger 2X peaks than 1X peaks and the existence
of 1X and 2X axial peaks.
• Take care that high axial 1X levels are not caused by imbalance in overhung
rotors.
• Misalignment produces a variety of symptoms on different types of machines,
and the average vibration signatures for healthy machines should be consulted
to determine allowable 1X and 2X levels.
Severe
Orbit & spectrum

Temperature Effects on Alignment
• The best alignment of any machine will always occur at only

one operating temperature
• Hopefully this will be its normal operating temperature.
• It is imperative that the vibration measurements for misalignment
diagnosis be made with the machine at normal operating temperature.

Causes of Misalignment
Misalignment is typically caused by the following conditions:
• Inaccurate assembly of components, such as motors, pumps, etc.

• Relative position of components shifting after assembly
• Distortion due to forces exerted by piping
• Distortion of flexible supports due to torque
• Temperature induced growth of machine structure
• Coupling face not perpendicular to the shaft axis
• Soft foot, where the machine shifts when hold down bolts are torqued

Misaligned Bearing Cocked On Shaft
• Cocked bearing will generate considerable axial vibration.

• Will cause twisting motion with approximately 180° phase shift top to bottom
and/or side to side as measured in the axial direction of the same bearing
housing.
• Attempts to align the coupling or balance the rotor will not alleviate the problem.
• The bearing must be removed and correctly installed.
2X
Amplitude
1X Axial
3X
4X
Frequency

Case History : Misalignment
1X
2X
Misalignment vibration between generator and exciter

Alignment Procedure
 Soft Foot Checks

Dial Gage
Feeler Gage

Alignment Procedure
 Indicator Readings
 Amount of offset = TIR/ 2, TIR : Total Indicator Readings
0
“A” +20 “B” +20

α 1/100 mm
0.20 mm
α
“B”
+40
 Top + Bottom = Right + Left

Alignment Procedure
 Bar SAG
TURBOLINK
SAG = TIR/ 2
0.05 mm
TURBOLINK
TURBOLINK
0.05 mm
Mandrel Amount
TURBOLINK
of SAG
(-)
TURBOLINK

Alignment Procedure
 Alignment Methods Using Indicator

 Rim & Face Shaft Alignment
 Reverse Shaft Alignment
 Applications
• Rim & Face Shaft Alignment
Trains where one shaft can’t be rotated during the alignment process.
• Machines with coupling hubs that are axially close to each other.
Machines that have large diameter couplings.
Small general purpose machines
• Reverse Shaft Alignment

Long span machines
Machines that require precision alignment.

Rim & Face Shaft Alignment
 Typical Set-up
View from Fixed to Moveable
Rim Indicator
Face Indicator
Diameter at Face
Indicator [ A ]
Fixed Moveable
Machine Machine
Near Far
Foot Foot
Distance to
Near Foot [ B ]
Distance to Far Foot [ C ]

Rim & Face Shaft Alignment
 Offset Misalignment
Vertical
Rim Readings Rim Readings 0 0
0
0 0 Horizontal 0
+7 -4 -2 +5 -3 0 0 -3 +10 -4 -2 +8
-6 0 -6
+12 -6 +18
Measured SAG Corrected

Readings Readings Readings
Moveable Machine
0.09 mm
Fixed Machine
Vertical Offset (Side View)

Reverse Shaft Alignment
 Typical Set-up
View from Fixed to Moveable

Distance of face to face
[D]
Fixed Moveable
Machine Machine
Near Far
Foot Foot
Distance to
Near Foot [ B ]
Distance to Far Foot [ C ]

마스터 제목Shaft
Bent 스타일 편집
Bent Shaft
• A bent shaft is looking like a misalignment in the spectrum.
• A phase measurement for axial vibration across the shaft will distinguish
between misalignment and bent shaft as the bent shaft will produce a
180 degrees phase shift.
• Axial and radial vibration
• 180° phase shift in axial vibration, 0° phase shift in radial vibration
1X
Amplitude
2X Axial & Radial
Frequency

마스터 제목 Problems
Resonance 스타일 편집
Resonance
• Resonance occurs when a forcing frequency coincides with a system natural
frequency, and can cause dramatic amplitude amplification which can result in
premature or even catastrophic failure.
• This may be a natural frequency of the rotor but can often originate from a
support frame, foundation, gearbox or even drive belts.
• If a rotor is at or near resonance, it will be almost impossible to balance due to
the great phase shift it experiences (90° at resonance; nearly 180° when it
passes through).
• Often requires changing natural frequency location.
• Natural frequencies do not change with a change in speed, this helps facilitate
their identification.

마스터 제목
Beat 스타일 편집
Problems
Beat Vibration
• A beat frequency is the result of two closely spaced frequencies going into
and out of synchronization with one another.
• The wideband spectrum normally will show one peak pulsating up and down.
• When you zoom into this peak (lower spectrum), it actually shows two closely
spaced peaks.
• The difference in these two peaks (f2 - f1) is the beat frequency which itself
appears in the wideband spectrum.
• The beat frequency is not commonly seen in normal frequency range
measurements since it is inherently low frequency.
F1 F2 Radial
Amplitude
Beat frequency
= F2 – F1
Frequency

Beat Vibration
• Usually ranging from only approximately 5 ~100 CPM.
• Maximum vibration will result when the time waveform of one frequency (f1)
comes into phase with other frequency (f2).
• Minimum vibration occurs when waveforms of these two frequencies line up
180° out of phase.

Case History : Beat Vibration
Operating speed (55Hz) & natural frequency
Beat vibration in boiler feed water pump

Looseness 편집
Problems
Mechanical Looseness
• Mechanical looseness produce a strongly distorted signal.

• The subharmonics (1/2X, 1/3X etc.) are attributable to the fact that the
loose part bounces and thus does get excited every 2nd or 3rd revolution
of the shaft.
• Mechanical looseness is indicated by either type A, B or C spectra.
• Mechanical looseness is often highly directional and may cause

noticeably different readings if you compare levels at 30° increments
in the radial direction all the way around one bearing housing.
• Also note that looseness will often cause subharmonic multiples at

exactly 1/2 or 1/3x rpm (0.5x, 1.5x, 2.5x etc.)

Looseness Problem
• Loose Foundation mm/s
2X often high sub-harmonics
10
3.1
0.31
.5X 1X 1.5X 2X 3X
• Loose shaft
Often series of sub harmonic components 1/2, 1/3, ... 1/n
mm/s
10
3.1
0.31
.5X 1X 1.5X 2X 3X

• Type A is caused by structural looseness/ weakness of machine feet,

base plate or foundation, also by deteriorated grouting, loose hold-down
bolts at the base and distortion of the frame or base (i.e. soft foot).
• Phase analysis may reveal approximately 180° phase difference

between vertical measurements on the machine foot, base plate and
base itself.
1X
Amplitude
Radial
Frequency

• Type 'B' is generally caused by loose pillow block bolts, cracks in the
frame structure or bearing pedestal.
2X
Amplitude
Radial
1X
1/2X 3X
Frequency

• Type C is normally generated by improper fit between component parts which will
cause many harmonics due to non linear response of loose parts to dynamic
forces from the rotor. Causes a truncation of time waveform.
• Type C is often caused by a bearing liner loose in its cap, excessive clearance in
either a sleeve or rolling element bearing or a loose impeller on a shaft.
• Type C phase is often unstable and may vary widely from one measurement to
the next, particularly if the rotor shifts position on the shaft from one start-up to
the next.
Radial
2X
1X
Amplitude
3X 4X 6X
5X
0.5X 1.5X
Frequency

Case History : Mechanical Looseness
Mechanical looseness in fan journal bearing

Rotor Rubs편집
Rotor Rub
• Rotor rub produces similar spectra to mechanical looseness when rotating parts
contact stationary components.
• Rub is either partial or throughout the whole revolution. Usually generates a
series of frequencies, often exciting one or more resonance’s.
Often excites integer fraction subharmonics of running speed (1/2, 1/3, 1/4,
1/5, ....1/n), depending on location of rotor natural frequencies.
• Rotor rub can excite many higher frequencies (similar to wide-band noise when
chalk is drug along a blackboard). It can be very serious and of short duration
if caused by shaft contacting bearing babbitt; but less serious when the shaft is
rubbing a seal, an agitator blade rubbing the wall of a vessel, or a coupling guard
pressing against a shaft.
Resonance
2X Radial
1X
Amplitude
3X 4X 6X
5X
0.5X 1.5X 2.5X 3.5X 4.5X 5.5X
Frequency

Rotor Rub
• Symptoms same as Mechanical Looseness

• Subharmonics 1/2X ,1/3X etc.
• Strong harmonic pattern caused by truncation
Resonance
2X Radial
1X
Amplitude
3X 4X 6X
5X
0.5X 1.5X 2.5X 3.5X 4.5X 5.5X
Frequency
Truncated Wave form

Quick Guide To Vibration Diagnostics

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마스터 제목 스타일 편집

A Quick Guide to Vibration Diagnostics

Ask different peoples:

not just the plant engineer!

♣ Please gathers more information

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab 3

 When did the problem start?

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab 4

 Make a sketch of the machine, showing the measurement points

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab 5

 Look for worn, loose, changed color or broken parts

See it, Feel it, Hear it!

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab 6

 Collect overall velocity levels at bearings

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab 7

 Always take an 1~ 5X velocity spectrum

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab 8

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab 9

• In the following some simple rules for the

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab11

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab12

• Constant percentage bandwidth spectra (CBP) is most efficient tool for

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab13

• Unbalance is the most common fault associated with rotating shaft.

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab15

• To isolate motor imbalance from pump

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab16

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab17

Unbalance vibration in electric motor

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab18

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab19

Overhung Rotor Unbalance

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab20

Static Couple Dynamic

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab21

 Design & Drawing Errors

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab22

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab23

1X Vibration Level Diagnosis Repair Priority

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab24

• The measured vibration level at 1X depends on the stiffness of the

1X Vibration Level Machine Type Repair Priority

9.02 mm/s Medium Sized Fan Desirable

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab25

 Balance Quality Grade for Rigid Rotor

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab26

 Balance Quality Grade for Rigid Rotor

Example: N = 3000rpm, quality grade G 6.3

eper = Vper / ω ≈ 6.3 / 300 = 21 µm

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab27

 Example for Turbine Rotor

 ISO 1940 G 2.5

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab28

Shop Balancing Field Balancing

Low Speed High Speed

Soft Mount Type Soft Mount Type

Hard Mount Type Hard Mount Type

Pukyong National University Intelligent Mechanics Lab29