EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY

CHAPTER -3[13M] Current Electricity 𝑵𝑨𝑮𝑬𝑺𝑯 𝑫

Current electricity: At any time the velocity of an electron is given by,

It is the branch of physics that deals with the study v= u +at .
of charges in motion is called current electricity. ∴ The average velocity of electrons is given by
Electric current: vav = uav + atav
 The rate of flow of charges is called electric current. But uav = 0 and tav = τ
𝐪 𝐝𝐪
 It is given by I = 𝐭 or I = 𝐝𝐭 ∴ vav = aτ
−𝐞𝐄
Where, dq is the net charge flowing through a cross vav = ( )𝛕
𝐦
section of a conductor in a time interval dt. Where τ is relaxation time
 SI unit of electric current is ampere (A) Relaxation time:
 Dimensions of current is [A] or [I]. the average time elapsed between two successive
 Electric current is a scalar quantity collisions of an electron is called relaxation time.
 Though Electric current represent the direction of Drift velocity (vd):
motion of positive charges The average velocity with which electrons drift
 By convention, the direction opposite to motion of towards the +ve end of the conductor under the effect of
electrons is taken as direction of current. applied electric field is called drift velocity.
⃗
−𝐞𝐄
Definition of 1 ampere:  It is given by 𝐯⃗d = ( 𝐦 )𝛕
Electric current is said to be 1A if 1C of charge Mobility (μ):
flows per second through any cross-section. The magnitude of drift velocity per unit electric field
1 coulomb
i.e. 1 Ampere = 1 second is called mobility of electrons or protons.
𝐯𝐝
Current carriers in solids: i.e. 𝛍 =
(i) Conductors → free electrons 𝐄
eE
(ii) Semiconductors → free electrons and holes ∴ μ=
(
m
)τ
W.K.T vd =
eE
τ we have
(iii) Insulators → no charge carriers E m
𝐞𝛕
Current carriers in liquids: 𝛍=𝐦
In liquids, positive and negative ions are the current
 SI unit Mobility is m2/Vs.
carriers.
Current carriers in gases:  Mobility is a scalar quantity
Expression for electric current or relation between I & vd:
Ordinarily gases are insulators. But an ionized gas
contains electrons and positive ions. Thus, positive ions
and electrons are the current carriers in gases.
Drift of electrons:

Consider a conductor of length l and uniform cross

sectional area A. Let the conductor be connected to a
battery as shown in the figure.
 In a metal, due to the random motion of electrons  Let V be the p.d. across the ends of the conductor. This
the net flow of electrons in any particular direction will set up an electric field E in the conductor.
is zero.  Let Volume of the conductor =A.l
i.e average initial velocity of electrons is zero.  No. of free electrons in the conductor = nAl
i.e. uav = 0 Where n → number of electrons per unit volume
 When conductor is subjected to some p.d. an  If e→ be the charge of each electron, then total charge
electric in the conductor is, q = nAle
field is established in the conductor from +ve to –ve end Let t be the time taken by the charge to travel the
of the conductor. 𝑙
length l of the conductor. Then t = v
Now every free electron experience a force, F = -eE d
q
opposite to the direction of E . If m is the mass of an w.k.t I = t
electron, then the acceleration of the electron is given by, nAle
−eE ∴ I = (𝑙/ v
a= m d)
I = nAevd
 Due to this acceleration, the electrons acquire the This is the expression for electric current. From the
velocity in a direction opposite to the direction of E .
above relation we get, I vd

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Ohm’s Law (1828): Ohmic devices:
In 1828 George Simon Ohm gave basic law about The devices which obey Ohm’s law are called Ohmic
electric current through conductors. It states that, “At devices. e.g.: conductors.
constant temperature, the current flowing through the Non-ohmic devices:
conductor is directly proportional to p.d. across the The devices which do not obey Ohm’s law are called
ends of the conductor”. non-ohmic devices. e.g.: semiconductors.
i.e. V ∝ I Resistivity or specific resistance (ρ):
1
V = IR W.K.T R l & R
A
Where, R is proportionality constant called 𝐼
∴ R∝𝐴
resistance of the conductor. 𝑙
Resistance: R=ρ𝐴
The opposition offered by the conductor for the Where, ρ is the proportionality constant known as
flow of electrons is called resistance of a conductor. resistivity or specific resistance.
V
 It is given by R= I If l = 1m and A = 1 𝑚 2, then
 S.I. unit of resistance is ohm (Ω). R=ρ
 It is a scalar quantity.  the resistance per unit length per unit area of cross-
 Resistance is independent of V and I. section is called the resistivity or specific resistance
Cause of resistance: of the material.
Collisions are the basic cause of resistance. When a  S.I. unit ohm meter (Ωm).
p.d. is applied across the conductor, its free electrons get  It is a scalar quantity.
accelerated. During the motion, they frequently collide  It is constant for a given material.
with the positive ions and slowed down. Thus, resistance  It is independent of dimensions of material (i.e. it
to the flow of electrons increases. won’t change as length and area of given material
Definition of 1 ohm: changes). It only changes with temperature.
V
w.k.t From Ohm’s law, R = Resistivity of various materials:
I
1V Material Resistivity
1 Ω = 1A
Conductors:
Thus, resistance is said to be 1 ohm if 1 ampere of Silver 1.6×10-8 Ωm
current flows through the conductor when 1 volt of p.d. Copper 1.7×10-8Ωm
is applied across the ends of conductor. Aluminium 2.7×10-8Ωm
Dimensions of resistance: Tungsten 5.6×10-8Ωm
𝑉
R= 𝐼 Iron 10×10-8 Ωm
𝑊⁄
𝑞 Platinum 11×10-8Ωm
= 𝐼 Mercury 98×10-8Ωm
𝑊
= 𝐼𝑞 Nichrome ~100×10-8 Ωm
[𝑀𝐿2𝑇2 ]
Manganin (alloy) 48×10-8 Ωm
= [𝐴][𝐴𝑇] Semiconductors:
= [𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 3 𝐴−2 ] Carbon (graphite) 3.5×10-5 Ωm
i.e. R = [𝑀𝐿2 𝑇 3 𝐴−2 ] Germanium 0.46
Factors on which resistance depends: Silicon 2300
Resistance of a conductor depends on nature of the Insulators:
material. Pure water 2.5×105 Ωm
e.g.: Copper has less resistance than iron and Glass 1010 - 1014 Ωm
aluminium. Rubber 1013- 1016 Ωm
Resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to the NaCl ~1014 Ωm
length of conductor (l). i.e. R l . Deduction of Ohm’s law:
Resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to 𝑒𝐸
Let Vd = ( 𝑚 ) 𝜏 and I = nAevd
1
area of cross-section of the conductor (A). i.e. R 𝐴 ∴ I = nAevd
Resistance directly proportional to temperature of the 𝑒𝐸
= nAe ( 𝑚 ) 𝜏
conductor (T). i.e. RT. nA𝑒 2𝜏 V
Limitations of Ohm’s law: = 𝑚
xE w.k.t E = 𝑙
It is not applicable at very low and high temperatures. =
nA𝑒 2𝜏
x
V
It is not applicable for devices like vacuum tubes, 𝑚 𝑙
n𝑒 2 𝜏 A
semiconductors, thermistors etc. I= x xV
𝑚 𝑙
It is applicable only if all the physical conditions 𝑚 𝑙
remain constant. ( )( )I=V
𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏 𝐴

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 𝑚 𝑙 Variation of resistivity/resistance with temperature:
∴ V = (𝑛𝑒 2𝜏) (𝐴) I w.k.t V = IR
For conductors:
𝑚 𝑙 𝑙
Where, R = (𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏) (𝐴) w.k. R = ρ(𝐴)
𝒎
∴ ρ = 𝒏𝒆𝟐 𝝉 is resistivity or specific resistance of
conductor.
Note
 Resistivity of conductors is, inversely proportional to The resistivity of a conductor is given by,
𝟏 ρ = ρ [ 1 + α (T – To)]
o

electron density n i.e ρ ∝ 𝒏 Where, ρ → resistivity at temperature T

 Resistivity of conductors is, inversely proportional ρo → resistivity at temperature T o
𝟏
to to relaxation time τ i.e ρ ∝ 𝝉 α → temperature coefficient of resistivity
Thus, resistivity of a conductor is directly
Conductance (G): proportional to temperature.
The reciprocal of resistance is called conductance. i.e. ρ ∝ T
𝟏
 It is given by G = . * α is positive for conductors.
𝑹
𝟏
 Its SI unit is per ohm( Ω ) or siemen (S). The graph of ρ v/s T is as shown.
Since ρ v/s T is as shown.
Conductivity (σ): 𝑚 𝑚
The reciprocal of the resistivity is called Since ρ = 𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏 we have 𝑛𝑒 2𝜏 ∝ T
conductivity. 𝟏
i.e. 𝝉 ∝
𝟏 𝒏𝒆𝟐 𝝉 𝑻
 It is given by 𝝈 = =
𝛒 𝒎 Thus, relaxation time is inversely proportional
𝟏
 SI unit of conductivity is or S/m (siemen per totemperature.
Ωm 𝑙
meter). Since R = ρ(𝐴). we have
Derivation of electrical conductivity (σ): R = Rₒ[𝟏 + 𝒂(𝑻 − 𝑻ₒ)]
According to Ohm’s law, V = IR …..1
𝑙 Where, R → resistance at temperature T
w.k.t R = ρ (𝐴) and I = nAevd
Ro → resistance at temperature T o
𝑙
from eqn1 ∴ V = (neAvd ) ρ ( )
𝐴
α → temperature coefficient of resistance
eE The temperature coefficient of resistance is given by
V = nevd ρ 𝑙 …. w.k.t vd = 𝝉 𝑹−𝑹ₒ
m
𝑒𝐸 α = 𝑹ₒ(𝑻−𝑻ₒ)
V = ne( ) 𝜏ρ𝑙
𝑚
n𝑒 2 𝜏 V 1
SI unit of temperature coefficient of resistance
V= 𝐸 ρ𝑙 … w.k.t E = and ρ = (or resistivity) is K-1 or C-1.
m 𝑙 𝜎
n𝑒 2 𝜏 V 1 For alloys:
V= 𝑙
m 𝑙 𝜎
n𝑒 2 𝜏 V 1
V= m 𝑙 𝜎
𝑙
n𝑒 2 𝜏 1
1= m 𝜎
𝒏𝒆𝟐 𝝉 In case of alloys (like nichrome, manganin,
∴ 𝝈=
𝒎 constantan), the resistivity is very large and not much
Current density (J): depends on temperature. Thus, these materials are used
The amount of current flowing per unit area of widely in wire bound standard resistors.
conductor is called current density. The graph of ρ v/s T is as shown below
I I
 It is given by J = A or 𝐽 = A For semiconductors and insulators:
 S.I. unit is A/m2
 Current density is a vector quantity.
 Dimensions of Current density is [AL-2].
Ohm’s law in vector form or relation between J, σ and E:
𝐼
w.k.t I = nAevd and J = 𝑚
𝐴 Let the resistivity is given by, p = 𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏
𝐼
∴J= As temperature increases, the number of current
𝐴
nAev
J= A d carriers n increases. Thus resistivity ρ decreases.
J = ne𝑣𝑑 Thus resistivity of a semiconductor and an
eE eE insulator decreases with increase in temperature.
J = ne( ) τ ….. w.k.t vd = ( ) τ we get The graph of ρ v/s T is as shown below.
m m
𝑛𝑒 2𝜏 𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏 At T = 0 K, ρ = ∞ for both semiconductors and
J=( )E ….. w.k.t 𝜎 =
𝑚 𝑚 insulators.
⃗⃗
∴ J = 𝝈E or J= 𝝈𝑬 *α is negative for semiconductors.

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Resistors: Superconductivity:
Wire bound resistors: The state of the material (metals or alloys) at which
Wire bound resistors are made by winding the wires the resistance becomes zero is called superconductivity.
of an alloy like manganin, constantan, nichrome etc. The materials are called superconductors.
The resistance of these resistors will not change with The low temperature at which resistance of the
temperature. materials becomes zero is called critical temperature
The resistivity of these resistors is in the range of (TC).
few hundreds of ohms. Uses of superconductivity:
These resistors are large in size and expensive. Superconductors are used in M.R.I. scanners.
Carbon resistors: Used to produce high speed computers.
These resistors are made of carbon. Used for transmission of electric power.
Resistivity of these resistors is very large in the Electric energy:
order of thousands of ohms. The amount of heat energy produced in a conductor,
Carbon resistors are compact, inexpensive and thus when a current flows through it for a given time interval
find extensive use in electronic circuits. iscalled electric energy.
Colour code of resistors: Consider a conductor with end points A and B, in
which a current I is flowing from A to B. The electric
potential at A and B are denoted by VA and VB
respectively.

Work done to move charge dq from A to B is

Resistors are having fixed value and are very small dW = V.dq
in size. The value of resistance is indicated by colour 𝑑𝑞
i.e. dW = V(Idt) (∵ I = )
bands round the resistor. In the colour code system, 𝑑𝑡

generally a resistor has four bands. First band indicates For total work done integrating both sides
first digit of the resistance. Second band indicates the dW =V(Idt)
second digit and third band indicates the number of zeros
that should follow the first two digits or decimal ∴ W= VIdt …..(∵dx = x & dt = t )
multiplier. Fourth band indicates the tolerance of the W = VIt …….W.KT From Ohm’s law, V = IR
resistor. W = I2Rt
NOTE This work done will be dissipated as heat energy
General formula: ∴Work done = Heat energy
“B B ROY Goes to Bombay Via Gate Way” or H = I2Rt or E = I2Rt
“B B ROY of Great Brittain have a Very Good Wife”. Electric power or power dissipated:
Colour Code Multiplier Colour Toler The energy dissipated per unit time is called
ance electric power or power dissipated.
𝑊
Black 0 100 Gold ±5%  It is given by p = 𝑇
1
Brown 1 10 Silver ±10% I2Rt
p=
Red 2 102 No colour ±20% t
Orange 3 103  p = I2R
Yellow 4 104 Using Ohm’s law V = IR we get
Green 5 105 𝑽𝟐
p = 𝑹 and p = VI
Blue 6 106
Combination of resistors:
Violet 7 107
Series combination:
Grey 8 108
Resistors are said to be in series if they are
White 9 109
connected end-to-end. On applying p.d. across the
Gold - 10-1
combination same current flows through each of them.
Silver - 10-2
e.g.:
(1) Colour sequence on a resistor is Orange, Yellow,
Brown and gold then the resistance is
Orange Yellow Brown Gold
3 4 101 ±5%
Consider two resistors R1 and R2 connected in
i.e. R = (340 ± 5%) Ω
series. Let V be the p.d. across the combination and I be
(2) A resistor has a resistance of 120Ω. The colour
the current through the resistors.
sequence is
If V1 and V2 are the p.d. across R1 and R2 respectively,
120 Ω = 12 × 101 Ω
then
1 2 101
V = V1 + V2 ---- (1)
Brown Red Brown Gold
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According to Ohm’s law, If R1 = R2 = R3 = …………..= Rn = R, then
V = IR 1 𝑛
𝑅
= 𝑅 or
∴ V1 = IR1 and 𝑝
𝑅
V2 = IR2 Rp = 𝑛
From eq (1) we get Cells, emf and internal resistance:
V = IR1 + IR2 Cells:-
V = I (R1 + R2) ---- (2) A device used to maintain constant current in an
Let the combination of resistors is replaced by an electric circuit is called a cell. It has +ve and –ve
equivalent resistance RS. For equivalent resistor, terminals referred as positive electrode and negative
V = I RS ---- (3) electrode.
From eq (2) and (3) we get Emf (electromotive force):-
I RS = I (R1 + R2) or The p.d. between the two ends of a cell in an
RS = R1 + R2 open circuit (when there is no current flowing) is called
Thus, the equivalent resistance of two resistors emf.
connected in series is equal to the sum of individual  It is denoted by ε or E or e.
resistances.  Its S.I. unit of emf is volt (V) or J/C.
For n resistors connected in series, Internal resistance:-
RS = R1 + R2 + R3 + …………..+ Rn The resistance offered by the electrolyte of the
If R1 = R2 = R3 = …………..= Rn = R, then cell is called internal resistance of the cell.
RS = nR  It is denoted by r
Equivalent resistance:  Its S.I unit is ohm (Ω).
Equivalent resistance is the single resistance which Terminal potential difference:
produces the same effect as that of the combination of The p.d. between the two ends of a cell in a
resistances. closed circuit is called the terminal potential difference.
Parallel combination:  It is denoted by V.
Resistors are said to be connected in parallel if the  Its S.I. unit is volt (V).
yare connected to the same pair of terminals such that The terminal p.d. of a cell is always less than its
p.d. across each of them is same and is equal to the emf (i.e. V < ε).
applied p.d. Relation between ε, V and r:

Consider two resistors R1 and R2 connected in

parallel as shown in the figure.
If I be the main current and I 1 and I2 be the currents Consider a resistor R connected across the cell as
shown in the figure.
through resistors R1 and R2 respectively, then
A current I flows across R from B to A. A steady
I = I1 + I2 ---- (1)
According to Ohm’s law, current is maintained because current flows from N to P
𝑉 through the cell. Thus, across the cell and resistor same
V = IR or I = current flows but in opposite directions.
𝑅
𝑉 𝑉
∴ I1 = 𝑅 and I2 = 𝑅 …..(2) If R = ∞, then no current is flowing through the
1 2
circuit i.e. I = V/R = 0. Now p.d. across the cell is,
From eq (1) and (2) we have
𝑉 𝑉 V = ε.
∴ I= 𝑅 + 𝑅 If R is finite, then current is not zero i.e. I ≠ 0. In
1 2

I = V (𝑅 +
1 1
)….(3) this case p.d. across the cell is,
1 𝑅2 V = ε – Ir.
Let the combination of resistors is replaced by an Where, Ir → potential drop through the cell
equivalent resistance RP. For equivalent resistor, The negative sign in the expression for (Ir)
𝑉
I = 𝑅 …….(4) shows that current flows from N to P within the cell.
𝑝
Thus, due to potential drop within the cell, V is
From eq (3) and (4) we get
𝑉 1 1 always less than ε.
𝑅
= V (𝑅 + 𝑅 ) or Expression for current through external resistance:
𝑝 1 2
1 1 1
𝑅𝑝
=𝑅 + 𝑅2
1
Thus, the reciprocal of equivalent resistance of two
resistors in parallel is equal to the sum of reciprocals of
individual resistances.
For n resistors connected in parallel, Consider a resistor R connected across the cell as
1 1 1 1 1 shown in the figure.
= + + + …….+ A current I flows through resistor R. As resistor
𝑅𝑝 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑛
and cell are in parallel, p.d. across them remains same.
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 i.e. p.d across cell = p.d. across resistor The equivalent emf is equal to the sum of the emf’s
i.e. ε – Ir = IR of individual cells.
ε = IR– Ir The equivalent internal resistance is equal to the
ε = I (R + r) sum of the individual internal resistances.
𝜺
I= 𝑹+𝒓 If the two same terminals of cells are connected,
This is the expression for current through then εs = ε1 – ε2 and rs = r1 + r2 ∵𝜀1 > ε2)
𝜺𝒔 𝒏𝜺
external resistance. Current in the circuit is, I= 𝑹+𝒓 = 𝑹+𝒏𝒓 .
𝒔
Maximum current will be drawn from the cell If R << nr, then I =.𝑟 and if R >> nr, then I=
𝜀 𝑛𝜀
.
whenR = 0. 𝑅
𝜺
∴Imax = 𝒓 . Cells in parallel:
Expression for internal resistance (r):
Let V= IR
𝜀
V = ( )R𝑅+𝑟
𝜀
R +r = ( )R
𝑉
𝜀
r = (𝑉 )R-R
𝜀
r = ( − 1)R
𝑉
This is the expression for internal resistance of a cell.
Consider a parallel combination of the cells as
Branch currents:
shown in the figure.
From the figure we get
I = I1 + I2 ---- (1)
Let p.d. across first cell is
V = ε – Ir
Consider a circuit consisting of two resistors 𝜀𝑝 − 𝑉
connected in parallel as shown in the circuit diagram. I I=
𝑟
be the main current and I1 and I2 be the branch currents 𝜀𝑝 𝑉
across R1 and R2 respectively. I= 𝑟
- 𝑟 …..(2)
The branch currents I1 and I2 are given by, |||ly, we get
𝐼 𝐼
I1 =( )R2 and I2 = ( )R1 I1 =
𝜀1
-
𝑉
and I2 =
𝜀2 𝑉
- ……(3)
𝑅1+𝑅2 𝑅1+𝑅2
𝑟1 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟2
Combination of cells:
Cells in series: From eq (1) , (2) and (3) we get
𝜀𝑝 𝑉 𝜀1 𝑉 𝜀2 𝑉
- = - + -
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟1 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟2
𝜀𝑝 𝑉 𝜀1 𝜀2 𝑉 𝑉
- 𝑟= + -𝑟 -𝑟
Consider two cells of emf’s ε1 and ε2, internal 𝑟 𝑟1 𝑟2 1 2
resistances r1 and r2, connected in series as shown in the 𝜀𝑝 𝑉 𝜀1 𝜀2 1 1
𝑟
- 𝑟 = (𝑟 + 𝑟2
)-V( +
𝑟 𝑟2
)….(4)
circuit. 1 1

Let VA, VB and VC be the potentials at A, B and C If the combination is replaced by equivalent cell of
respectively. Then p.d. between the terminals A and B is emf εp and internal resistance r p, then
VA –VB = ε1 – Ir1 ---- (1) Comparing eqns (2) and (4) we get
𝜺𝒑 𝜺 𝜺 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Similarly p.d. between the terminals B and C is = 𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 =𝒓 +𝒓
𝒓 𝒓
VB –VC = ε2 – Ir2 ---- (2) 𝒑 𝟏 𝟐 𝒑 𝟏 𝟐

Hence the p.d. between the terminals A and C of 𝜺𝟏 𝜺𝟐 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐

𝜺𝒑 = ( 𝒓 + 𝒓𝟐
) 𝒓𝒑 𝒓𝒑 = 𝒓
the combination is 𝟏 𝟏+ 𝒓𝟐

V = VA –VC For n number of cells

V = (VA –VB) +( VB –VC) 𝜺𝒑 𝜺
= 𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 + ……+
𝜺 𝜺𝒏
and
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒓 + 𝒓 +…..+𝒓
𝟏 𝟏
i.e. V = ε1 – Ir1 + ε2 – Ir2 𝒓𝒑 𝟏 𝟐 𝒓𝒏 𝒓𝒑 𝟏 𝟐 𝒏

i.e. V = (ε1 + ε2 ) - I(r1 + r2 ) ---- (3) If 𝜀1 = 𝜀2 =……= 𝜀𝑛 = 𝜀 and 𝑟1 = 𝑟2 = ….= 𝑟𝑛 = r,

Now the combination is replaced by an 𝒓
then 𝜺𝒑 = 𝜺 and 𝒓𝒑 =
equivalent cell of emf εs and internal resistance r s, then 𝒏
V=εs – Irs ---- (4) If one of the cells is reversed, the above equations
From (3) and (4) we get are valid with negative sign.
𝜺𝒑 𝜺
εs = ε1 + ε2 and rs = r1 + r2 ---- (5) Current in the circuit is, I = 𝑹+𝒓 = 𝒓
𝒑 𝑹+
For n cells connected in series, 𝒏
𝒏𝜺 𝜺
εs = ε1 + ε2 + ....... + ε and rs = r1 +r2 + ....... +rn If R << r/n, then I = 𝒓
and if R << r/n, then I = 𝑹
If ε1 = ε2 = ....... = εn = ε and r1 = r2 = ....... = rn r , then Kirchhoff’s laws:
εs = nε and rs = nr Ohm’s law can be used to analyses simple circuits.
Thus, in series combination of cells, Complex circuits can be analyzed by using Kirchhoff’s laws.

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 6 of 14

Kirchhoff’s First Law or Kirchhoff’s Current Law I1 P + Ig G- I2 R = 0 ---- (3)
(KCL) or Junction rule or node law: Similarly applying KVL for the loop BCDB, we get
I3 Q- I4 S- Ig G = 0 ---- (4)
For balanced bridge, Ig = 0
∴ Eq (1) becomes I1 = I3 ---- (5)
Eq (2) becomes I2 = I4 ---- (6)
It states that, “The sum of currents at a junction is Eq (3) becomes I1 P – I2 R = 0 or I1 P = I2 R --- (7)
equal to zero. i.e ∑ I = 0 Eq (4) becomes I3 Q- I4 S = 0 or I3 Q = I4 S ---- (8)
Or Dividing eq (7) by eq (8) we get
At any junction, the sum of currents entering the 𝑰𝟏 𝑷 𝑰𝟐 𝑹
𝑰𝟑 𝑸
= 𝑰𝟒 𝑺
junction is equal to the sum of currents leaving the
junction”.i.e. 𝐏
=
𝐑
……(9)
Let I1, I2, I3 and I4 be the currents at a junction O. 𝐐 𝐒

By convention the direction of the current entering a Eq (9) is the condition for balanced Wheatstone bridge.
junction is positive, while that leaving the junction is Meter Bridge:
negative.
∴ According to KCL,
I1 + I4 = I2 + I3
This law is based on the law of conservation of charges.
Kirchhoff’s second law or Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
(KVL) or loop law or mesh law:
 Meter Bridge is a device used to find unknown
resistance.
 It is based on the principle of Wheatstone bridge.
It consists of a uniform wire of resistance XΩ and
length 100cm stretched on a wooden board as shown in
It states that, “The sum of change in potential around the figure. Its ends are connected to the terminals A and
any closed loop is equal to zero. i.e ∑ 𝑉 = 0 C. In between A and C, two L shaped and a long metal
Or strip is placed so that two gaps are formed. A standard
the sum of emf’s around any closed loop is equal resistance box S is connected across the right gap and the
to the sum of the products of current and resistances unknown resistance R whose value to be determined is
in that loop”.i.e. ∑ 𝜺 = ∑ 𝑰𝑹 connected across the left gap. A cell of emf ε is
Consider a network as shown in the figure. connected between A and C. A sensitive galvanometer G
Applying KVL for the loop ABCA, we get is connected to a sliding contact.
𝜀1 –𝜀2 = I1R1 – I2R2 + I3R3 * By adjusting the position of the sliding contact on the
This law is based on the law of conservation of energy. wire, the position D is found for which there is no
Wheatstone bridge: deflection in the galvanometer. Now the meter bridge is
said to be balanced.
Let the balancing length be AD = l cm. The
resistance of the wire AD = Xl Ω and the resistance of
the wire DC = X (100 - l) Ω.
The four arms AB, BC, CD and DA form a
Wheatstone bridge. Then,
𝑅 𝑋𝑙
𝑆
= 𝑋(100−𝑙)
𝑅 𝑙
The arrangement of four resistors used to compare 𝑆
= (100−𝑙)
two unknown resistances and to calculate unknown 𝑺𝒍
R = (𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝒍)
resistance is called Wheatstone bridge.
It consists of four resistors P, Q, R and S connected Potentiometer:
as in the figure. A cell of emf ε is connected between A A device used to vary potential and to measure p.d.
and C while a galvanometer G is connected between B accurately is called potentiometer.
and D. If the resistances are adjusted such that the Principle:
current through galvanometer is zero(i.e. Ig = 0), the “The potential difference across any length of a
network is said to be balanced. uniform wire is directly proportional to its length when a
constant current flows through it.”
Applying KCL to the junctions B and D, we get i.e. V l
I1 = Ig + I3 ---- (1) V = l
I2 + Ig = I4 ---- (2) or = l
Applying KVL to the loop ABDA, we get Where, ϕ → potential drop per unit length

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 7 of 14

Potentiometer is used NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
(i) To compare emf of two cells and 1. A wire having length 2m, diameter 1.0mm and
(ii) To Measure internal resistance of a cell. resistivity 1.963 x 10-6 Ωm is connected in series
Comparison of emf of two cells:
with a battery of emf 3V and internal resistance
1Ω. Calculate the resistance of a wire and current
in the circuit. [J- 2016]
Given:
Ɩ = 2m, d = 1 mm = 1 × 10−3 m
Consider a potentiometer of long wire connected ρ = 1.963 × 10−3 Ω m
through two sources 𝜀1 and 𝜀2 and variable resistance R E = 3V, r = 1Ω, R = ?, I = ?
as shown in the figure. Solution:-
Here 1, 2, 3 is two way key. Let key K 1 connected To find R
and balancing length l1 is found. 𝜌𝑙
R=
∴ 𝜀1 = l1---- (1) 𝐴
1.963×10−6 ×2
Now K2 is connected and balancing length l2 is R= 𝐴
----› (1)
found.
To find A
∴ 𝜀2 = l2---- (2)
Dividing eq (1) by eq (2) we get For cylindrical wire
𝜺𝟏 𝒍𝟏 𝜋𝑑2 𝑑
= 𝑰 A = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 4
∵r=2
𝜺 𝟐 𝟐
This is the comparison of emf of two cells. 3.1428(1×10−3 )2
A= 4
Measuring internal resistance of a cell:
A = 0.7857 × 10−6 𝑚 2

1.963×10−6 ×2
∴ (1) ⇒ R = ⇒∴ R = 4.9968Ω
0.7857 ×10−6
Consider a potentiometer of long wire connected To find I in the circuit,
through a battery Ba and variable resistance R 1 as shown 𝐸
I = 𝑅+𝑟
in the figure. The cell of emf ε whose internal resistance 3 3
r is to be measured is connected across a resistance box I = 4.9968+1 = 5.9988 ⇒ ∴ I = 0.5A
R2 through a key K2. 2. 100mg mass of Nichrome metal is drawn into a wire
When K1 is closed by keeping K2 open, balancing of area of cross section 0.05mm2. Calculate the
length l1 is found.
resistance of this wire. Given density of Nichrome
∴ 𝜀 = l1---- (1)
When K1 and K2 both are closed, the balancing 8.4 x 103 kg/m3 and the resistivity of the material is
length l2 is found. 1.2 x 10-6 Ωm. [M- 2018]
∴ V =l2 ---- (2) Given:
Dividing eq (1) by eq (2) we get m=100mg=100×10−3 g=100×10−3 × 10−3kg = 100× 10−6 kg
𝜀 𝐼
𝑉
= 𝐼1 A = 0.05mm2 = 0.05×(10-3m)2 = 0.05×10-6m2
2
Since ε = I(R + r) and V = IR we get R = ? density D = 8.4×103 kg/m3,
𝐼(𝑅+𝑟) 𝐼 (𝑅+𝑟) 𝐼
∴ = 1 or = 1 Rersistivity 𝜌 = 1.2 ×10−6 Ωm.
𝐼𝑅 𝐼2 𝑅 𝐼2
𝒍𝟏
or r = (𝒍 − 𝟏) Solution:-
𝟐
This is the expression for internal resistance of a cell. To find R
Note: 𝜌𝑙
R= ------ › (1) 𝑙 is unknown
The potentiometer has the advantage that it won’t 𝐴
draw any current from the voltage source To find 𝑙
****************END************************* 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Density, D = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ⇒ D = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎×𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
⇒ Length(𝑙) = 𝐴×𝐷
𝜌 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
(1) ⇒ R = 𝐴 𝐴×𝐷
1.2×10 −6×10−4
R=
0.05×10−6×0.05×10−6 ×8.4×103
1.2×10−10 R = 5.71428Ω
R= = 57.1428 × 10−1
0.021×10−9

EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 8 of 14

3. A network of resisters is connected to a 12V battery 5. a) Three resistor 4Ω, 6Ω and 8Ω are combined in
shown in the figure parallel.What is the total resistance of the
(a) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the combination.
network. b) If the combination is connected to a battery of
(b) Obtain current in 12Ω and 6Ω resistors. [J- 2014] emf 25V and negligible internal resistance then
determine the current through each resistor and
total current drawn from the battery. [J- 2017]
Given:
R1 = 4Ω, R2 = 6Ω, R3 = 8Ω, RP = ?.
Given: ε = 25V, r = 0, I1 = ?, I2 = ?, I3 = ?, I = ?
E = V = 12V (If r = 0),
R1 = 12Ω, R2 = 6Ω, RP = ?, I1 = ?, I2 = ?
Circuit can be written as
Solution:-
a) Equivalent resistance of the network
1 1 1
𝑅𝑃
=𝑅 + 𝑅2
1
𝑅 𝑅
⇒ RP = 𝑅 1+𝑅2
1 2
12×6 72
⇒ RP = 12+6 = 18 ⇒ 𝐑 𝐏 = 4Ω
Two resistors are in parallel. Solution:-
∴ p.d. across each resistor is same. To find RP
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Current across 12Ω (𝑅1 ) resistor. = + + ⇒ = + +
𝑅𝑃 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑃 4 6 8
𝑉 12
I1 = = ⇒ 𝑰𝟐 = 1A 1
𝑅1 12 = 0.25 + 0.1666 + 0.125 = 0.5416
𝑅𝑃
Current across 6Ω (𝑅2 ) resistor. 1 ∴RP = 1.8463Ω
𝑉 12 RP = 0.5416 ⇒
I2 = 𝑅 = 6
⇒ 𝑰𝟐 = 2A
2 To find the main current I
4. a) Three resistors of resistances 2Ω, 3Ω and 4Ω are ε
I = 𝑅 +𝑟
combined in series. What is the effective resistance 𝑃
25
of the combination? I= ⇒ ∴I = 13.5405A
1.8463+0
b) If this combination is connected to a battery of To find the branch currents
emf 10V and negligible internal resistance, obtain In parallel combination V remain same
the potential drop across each resistor. [M- 2016]
I1 = 𝑅 =
𝑉 25
⇒ I1 = 6.25A
Given: 1 4
𝑉 25
R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 3Ω, R3 = 4Ω and V = 10V, I2 = 𝑅 = 6
⇒ I2 = 4.166A
2
r = 0, RS = ? V1 = ?, V2 = ?, V3 = ?.
𝑉 25
I3 = 𝑅 = 8
⇒ I3 = 3.125A
3

6. a) Three resistors 3Ω, 4Ω and 12Ω are connected in

parallel. What is the effective resistance of the
combination?
b) If the combination is connected to a battery of
Solution:-
emf 6 V and internal resistance 0.5Ω, find the
To find RS
current drawn from the battery and terminal
RS = R1 + R 2 + R3
potential difference across the battery. [M- 2020]
RS = 2 + 3 + 4 ⇒ ∴ 𝑹𝑺 = 9Ω
Given:
To find main current I
𝑉 10 𝑅1 = 3𝛺, 𝑅2 = 4𝛺, 𝑅3 = 12𝛺, 𝑅𝑃 = ? .
I=𝑅 = 9
⇒ ∴ I = 1.1111A 𝜀 = 6V, r = 0.5, I = ? , V =?,
𝑆
Potential difference across R1,
V1 = IR1 = 1.11 × 2 = 2.22V.
Potential difference across R2,
V2 = IR2 = 1.11 × 3 = 3.33V.
Potential difference across R3,
V3 = IR3 = 1.11 × 4 = 4.44V.
EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 9 of 14
Solution:-
To find RP
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4+3 1
𝑅𝑃
= 𝑅 + 𝑅 + 𝑅 ⇒ 3 + 4 + 12 ⇒ 12
+ 12
1 2 3
1 7 1 7+1 8
= 12 + 12 = = 12
𝑅𝑃 12 Solution:-
𝑅𝑃 12
= To find 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑅𝑝
1 8
3Ω and 3Ω are in series
∴ 𝑹𝑷 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝛀
∴ 𝑅𝑠 = 3+3 = 6Ω = 𝑅1
To find the main current I 6Ω and 6Ω are in series
I=
ε ∴ 𝑅𝑠 = 6+6 = 12Ω = 𝑅2
𝑅𝑃 +𝑟
6
6Ω, 12Ω and 9Ω (R3) are in parallel
I = 1.5+0.5 ⇒
∴I = 3A 1
∴𝑅 =
1 1
+𝑅 +𝑅
1
𝑝 𝑅1 2 3
In parallel combination V remain same and V is 1 1 1 1
calculated by 𝐕 = 𝛆 – 𝐈𝐫 ∴ 𝑅 = 6 + 9 + 12
𝑝
V = 6 – 3 × 0.5 𝑅𝑝 = 2.77Ω
𝐕 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝐕 To find Main current I
IF REQUIRED I=
ε
V 4.5 𝐈𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝐀 𝑅𝑝 +𝑟
I1 = R = 3 ⇒ 3 3
1
I = 2.77+0.24 =
𝐕 𝟒.𝟓 𝐈𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝐀 3.01
I2 = 𝐑𝟐
= 𝟒
⇒
V 4.5 ∴ I = 1A
I3 = R3
= 12
⇒ 𝐈𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓𝐀
To find Potential difference across 9Ω
7. Two cells of emf 2V and 4V and internal resistance
Resistance
1Ω and 2Ω respectively are connected in parallel so
V=E–Ir
as to send the current in the same direction through
V = 3 – 1 × 0.24
an external resistance of 10Ω. Find the potential
difference across the 10Ω resistance. [M- 2015] ∴ V = 2.76V
Given: To find current through 9Ω
𝑉 2.76 ∴ 𝑰𝟗 = 0.307 A
𝐼9 = 𝑅 = 9
9. A network of resistors is connected to a 16V
battery with internal resistance 1 Ohm as shown
in the figure below. a) compute the equivalent
resistance of the network. b) Calculate the total
Solution:-
current in the circuit. [J- 2019]
To find Potential difference across R,
From Ohm’s law, V = R I𝑃 = 10I𝑃 ------› (1)
To find I𝑃
𝑝 ε
𝐼𝑝 = 𝑅+𝑟
𝑝
ε ε
w.k.t ε𝑝 = ( 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )𝑟𝑝
1 2
1 1 1 1 1 3 3
𝑟𝑃
= 𝑟 + 𝑟 = 1 + 2 = 2 ⇒ 𝑟𝑃 = 2 Given: 4Ω and 4Ω are in parallel:
1 2
𝑅1 × 𝑅2 4×4
2
∴ ε𝑝 = (1 + 2) 2 ⇒ ε𝑃 = 2.666𝑉
4 3 𝑅𝑝 = 𝑅1 +𝑅2
⇒ 𝑅𝑃1 = 4+4 = 2Ω
2.666 2×2.666 12Ω and 6Ω are in parallel:
∴ 𝐼𝑝 = 3 = 2×10+3 12×6
10+
2 𝑅𝑃2 = 12+6 = 4Ω
∴ 𝐼𝑝 = 0.249A 𝑅𝑝1 , 1Ω and 𝑅𝑝2 are in series:
The equivalent resistance of the net work
From eqn (1)
∴V =2.49V 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢 =𝑅𝑃1 + 1 + 𝑅𝑃2 = 2 + 1 + 4 = 7Ω
V = 10I𝑃 =10×0.249
8. In the given circuit diagram, calculate Current in the circuit
ε 16
(i) The main current through the circuit and I=𝑅 ⇒ I = 7+1 = 2A
𝑒𝑞𝑢 +𝑟
(ii) Also current through 9Ω resistor. [J- 2018]

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 10. In the given circuit, calculate the (i) effective Case 2 :
resistance between A and B (ii) current through
the circuit and (iii) current through 3 resistor.
Given: 𝑹𝑨𝑩 = ?, I = ?, I1 = ?. [PU BOARD MP-1]
To calculate V2
Given: r = 3Ω, R1 = 20Ω, R2 = 30Ω, ε = 11.5V. V = ?
ε
We have, I2 = 𝑅
𝑆 +𝑟
𝑉2 ε 𝑉2
= ∵ I2 =
𝑅𝑆 𝑅𝑆 +𝑟 𝑅𝑠
Solution:- ε 𝑅𝑆
V2 = 𝑅 --------› (1)
𝑅2 and 𝑅3 are in parallel 𝑆 +𝑟

𝑅 𝑅 12×8 96 But, RS = R1 + R2 = 20 + 30 = 50Ω

𝑅23 = 𝑅 2+𝑅3 = 12+8 = 20 = 4.8Ω 11.5×50 575
2 3 (1) ⇒ 𝑉2 = 50+3
⇒ 𝑉2 = 53
𝑅4 and 𝑅5 are in parallel
𝑅 𝑅
𝑅45 = 𝑅 4+𝑅5 = 4+6 = 10 = 2.4Ω
4×6 24 ∴ 𝑉2 = 10.84V
4 5
𝑅23 and 𝑅45 are in series 12. Two identical cells either in series or parallel in
𝑅𝑆 = 𝑅23 + 𝑅45 = 4.8 + 2.4 = 7.2Ω combination give the same current of 0.5A through
an external resistance of 4Ω. Find the emf and
𝑅1 , 𝑅𝑠 and 𝑅6 are in parallel
1 1 1 1 1 internal resistance of each cell. [J- 2015]
= = + +𝑅
𝑅𝐴𝐵 𝑅𝑃 𝑅1 𝑅𝑆 6 Given: 𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑃 = 0.5A, R = 4Ω, ε = ?, r = ?.
1 1 1 1
= 3 + 7.2 + 2 Solution:-
𝑅𝐴𝐵
1 Case 1:Two identical cells are in series,
= 0.3333 + 0.1388 + 0.5 +0.9721
𝑅𝐴𝐵
1 1
= ⇒ 𝑅𝐴𝐵 = 1.0287Ω
𝑅𝐴𝐵 0.9721
To find the current I
𝑉 12
I= = ⇒ I = 11.6652A
𝑅𝐴𝐵 1.0287
Current 𝐼𝑠 in the circuit,
To find the current I1 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑓
𝑉 12 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
I1 = = ⇒ ∴ I1 = 4A
𝑅1 3 𝑠 ε
𝐼𝑠 = 𝑅+𝑟 -------› (1)
11. A battery of internal resistance 3Ω is 𝑠
Total emf ε𝑠 = 2ε,(∵ For two cells in series, ε𝑠 = n ε= 2 ε)
connected to 20Ω resistor and potential difference
Total internal resistance = 𝑟𝑠 = 2r
across the resistor is 10V. If another resistor of
30Ωis connected in series with the first resistor and (∵ For two cells in series, 𝑟𝑠 = nr = 2r)
2ε
battery is again connected to the combination, ∴ 𝐼𝑠 = 𝑅+2𝑟 -------(1)
calculate the emf and terminal potential difference Case 2:
across the combination. [M- 2014] Two identical cells are in Parallel,
Given:
r = 3Ω, 𝑅1 = 20Ω, V1 = 10V, ε = ?, V2 = ?
Solution:-
Case 1:

Current 𝐼𝑝 in the circuit,

𝑇𝑜Ẅ𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑓
𝐼𝑝 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
ε𝑝
To calculate E 𝐼𝑝 =
ε 𝑅+𝑟𝑝
I1 =
𝑅1 +𝑟 Total emf ε 𝑝 = ε (emf of one cell only)
𝑉1 ε 𝑉1 𝑟
𝑅1
=𝑅 ∵ I1 = 𝑅 Total internal resistance = 𝑟𝑝 = (∵
1 +𝑟 1 2
𝑉1(𝑅1+𝑟) r r
∴ε= 𝑅1
For two cells in parallel, rp = n = 2)
10(20+3) Current IP in the circuit,
⇒ε= 20 ε ε 2ε
230 IP = 𝑟 = 2𝑅+𝑟 = 2𝑅+𝑟 -------› (2)
𝑅+
ε= 20
⇒∴ 𝛆 = 11.5V 2 2
But 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐼𝑝 (Given in the problem)
EXPERT COACHING ACADEMY BELGAUM CONTACT:9035346343 , 9449206343 Page 11 of 14
 ∴ From (1) and (2) 5
2=𝑅
2ε 2ε 𝑠 +0
𝑅+2𝑟
= 2𝑅+𝑟 5
𝑅𝑠 =
4+2r = 2 × 4 + r 2
5
2r-r = 8-4⇒ ∴ r=4 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 2 ------(1)
𝑅1 × 𝑅2
Substitute the value of r in equation (1) 𝑅𝑝 = 𝑅1 +𝑅2
2ε
(1) ⇒ 0.5 = 4+(2×4) ε
𝐼𝑝 = 𝑅
𝑝 +𝑟
⇒2 ε = 0.5(12) 25 5
⇒ 2 ε = 6 ⇒ ∴ 𝛆 = 3V 3
=𝑅
𝑝 +0
13. When two resistors are connected in series with a cell 5 1
3
=𝑅
of emf 2V and negligible resistance, a current of 2/5 A 𝑝
3
flows in the circuit. When the resistors are connected 𝑅𝑝 =
5
in parallel, the main current is 5/3 A. calculate the 𝑅1 × 𝑅2
𝑅𝑝 =
resistances. [M- 2017] 𝑅1 +𝑅2
3 𝑅1× 𝑅2
Given: = 5
2 5 5
2
ε = 2V, r = 0, IS = 5 A, IP = 3 A, R1 = ?, R2 = ?, 3 2𝑅1 × 𝑅2
1
= 1
Current in the circuit.
ε 3
I= R 1 × R 2 = 2 ------(2)
𝑅+𝑟
When the two resistors are in series. To solve 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 , consider
∴ IS = 𝑅
ε ε
=𝑅 ∵r=0 By using the relation (a – b)2 = (a – b)2 -4ab,
𝑆 +𝑟
ε 2 10
𝑆
(𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )2 -4𝑅1 𝑅2
RS = 𝐼 = 2⁄ = 2
⇒ ∴RS = 5Ω 2
5 3
𝑆 5
(𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = (2 ) - 4 (2)
When the two resistors are in parallel.
25 3
𝐸
RP = 𝐼 = 5 = 5 ⇒
2 6
∴RP = 1.2Ω (𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = ( ) - 8 ( )
𝑃 ⁄3 4 4
2 25−24
When the two resistors are in series. (𝑅1 − 𝑅2 ) = ( )
4
RS = R1 + R2 = ------› (1) 1
(𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = ( )
When the two resistors are in parallel. 4
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2 1
RP = 𝑅 = (𝑅1 − 𝑅2 ) = 2 --------(3)
1 +𝑅2 𝑅𝑠
⇒ 𝑅1 𝑅2 = 𝑅𝑆 𝑅𝑃 = 5 × 1.2 = 6 ------› (2) Adding equation (1) and (3)
5
By using the relation (a – b)2 = (a – b)2 -4ab, 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 2
We can write, 1
𝑅1 − 𝑅2 = 2
(𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )2 -4𝑅1 𝑅2
(𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = (5)2 - 4×6 (from (1) & (2) 1
2𝑅1 = 2 + 2
5

(𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = 25 - 24
(𝑅1 − 𝑅2 )2 = 1 2𝑅1 = 3 𝟑
𝑅1 − 𝑅2 = 1 ------› (3)
∴ 𝑹𝟏 = 𝟐 Ω
On adding (1) & (2) we get, From eqn (3)
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 5 3 1 3 1
( − 𝑅2 ) = ⇒ ( − 𝑅2 ) = ⇒ ∴ 𝑹𝟐 = 1Ω
𝑅1 − 𝑅2 = 1 2 2 2 2
2R1 + 0 = 6 15. Resistances in cyclic order in a Wheatstone’s
⇒ 𝑅1 = 6/2 ⇒ ∴R1 = 3Ω & ∴R2 = 2Ω network, are 2, 3, 1, and 2. Resistance of the
14. Two resistor are connected in series with 5V galvanometer is 10. Emf of the cell is 1.2V and its
battery of negligible internal resistance. A current internal resistance is negligible. What is the current
of 2A flows through each resistor. If they are through the galvanometer.
connected in parallel with the same battery a Given:
𝟐𝟓
current of 𝟑
A flows through the combination.
Calculate the value of each resistance. [M- 2019]
Given: ε = 5V, r = 0, 𝐼𝑆 = 2A, 𝐼𝑃 = 25/3 A,
Solution:-
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
ε
𝐼𝑠 =
𝑅𝑠 +𝑟

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Solution:- 7. Represent graphically the variation of resistivity with
Apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule to the loop ABDA, absolute temperature for Copper and Nichrome metals.
2 I1 +10 𝐼𝑔 – 2 I2 = 0 (J – 2018)
2 I1 – 2 I2 + 10 𝐼𝑔 = 0 -------› (1) 8. Write the relation expression for drift velocity in terms of
Apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule to the loop BCDB, current, explain the terms used. (M– 2019)
3 (I1 - 𝐼𝑔 ) – 1 (I2 + 𝐼𝑔 ) – 10 𝐼𝑔 = 0 9. Define the terms ‘drift velocity’ and mobility of free
3 I1 -3Ig - I2 - 𝐼𝑔 – 10 𝐼𝑔 = 0 electrons. [J-2020]
3 I1 - I2 - 14 𝐼𝑔 = 0 ------› (2) THREE MARK QUESTIONS
Apply Kirchhoff’s loop rule to the loop ADCEFA, 1. Derive an expression for drift velocity of free electron in a
2 I2 + 1 (I2 + 𝐼𝑔 ) = 1.2 conductor. ( M – 2016,J – 2016)
3 I2 + 𝐼𝑔 = 1.2 ------› (3) 2. Derive the relation 𝐽 = 𝜎𝐸⃗ where terms have usual
Solve (1) and (2) to cancel I1 meaning. (J – 2017)
(1)×3 ⇒ 6 I1 – 6 I2 + 30 𝐼𝑔 = 0 FIVE MARK QUESTIONS
(2)×2 ⇒ 6 I1 – 2 I2 - 28 𝐼𝑔 = 0 1. What is equivalent resistance? Derive the expression for
- + + effective resistance of two resistors connected in parallel.
0 – 4 I2 + 58 𝐼𝑔 = 0 -------› (4) ( M – 14,M – 15)
Solve (3) and (4) to cancel 𝐼2 2. Derive the condition for balance of Whetstone’s bridge
(3)×4 ⇒ 12 I2 + 4 𝐼𝑔 = 4.8 using Kirchhoff’s laws.
(4)×3 ⇒ 12 I2 + 174 𝐼𝑔 = 0 (J – 2014,M – 2016,J – 2016,M – 2017,J – 2019)
3. Assuming the expression for drift velocity, derive the
(+) 0 + 178 𝐼𝑔 = 4.8
𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏
expression for conductivity of a material 𝜎 = where
4.8 𝑚
𝐼𝑔 = 178 ⇒ 𝑰𝒈 = 0.02696A symbols have usual meaning. Define the term mobility.
(J – 2015)
********************END********************* 4. Two cells of emf ε1 and ε 2 and internal resistances r1 and
r2 are connected in parallel such that they send current in
Previous Years Question bank same direction. Derive an expression for equivalent
ONE MARK QUESTIONS resistance and equivalent emf of the combination.
1. Define mobility of electron. (M – 2014,M – 2017) (M – 2018,M – 2019)
2. Define drift velocity of free electrons. 𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏
5. Derive 𝜎 = , where the symbols have their usual
(J – 2014,M – 2018) 𝑚

3. A resistor is marked which colours red, red, orange and meaning. (J – 2018, M-2020)
gold. Write the value of its resistance. FIVE MARK PROBLEMS
(M–2015) 1. A network of resisters is connected to a 12V battery
4. What is the condition for the balanced state of wheat shown in the figure
stone bridge? (J – 2015) (c) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the network.
5. State Kirchhoff’s junction rule. (J – 2017) (d) Obtain current in 12Ω and 6Ω resistors. [J- 2014]
6. State ohm’s law. (J – 2018)
7. Define electrical resistivity of material of a conductor.
(M – 2019)
8. How does the resistance of a conductor vary with its
length? (J – 2019) 2. a) Three resistor 4Ω, 6Ω and 8Ω are combined in
9. Graphically represent the variation of resistivity of a parallel.What is the total resistance of the combination.
semiconductor with absolute temperature. [M- 2020] b) If the combination is connected to a battery of emf
10. Draw the curve to show the variation of resistivity as a function of 25V and negligible internal resistance then determine
temperature for copper. [J-2020]
the current through each resistor and total current
TWO MARK QUESTONS
drawn from the battery. [J- 2017]
1. Draw Wheatstones bridge circuit and write the condition
3. A wire having length 2m, diameter 1.0mm and
for its balance. (M – 2014)
resistivity 1.963 x 10-6 Ωm is connected in series with
2. Give any two limitations of Ohm’s law.
a battery of emf 3V and internal resistance 1Ω.
(J – 2014)(M – 2015,J – 2015,J – 2019, M-2020)
Calculate the resistance of a wire and current in the
3. State and explain ohm’s law. (M – 2017)
4. Define mobility & mention its S I unit. (J – 2017) circuit. [J- 2016]
5. What is Ohmic devise? Give one example. (J – 2017) 4. 100mg mass of Nichrome metal is drawn into a wire of
6. State Kirchhoff’s law of electrical network. (M–2018) area of cross section 0.05mm2. Calculate the resistance
of this wire. Given density of Nichrome 8.4 x 103

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 kg/m3 and the resistivity of the material is 1.2 x 10-6 an external resistance of 4Ω. Find the emf and
Ωm. [M- 2018] internal resistance of each cell. [J- 2015]
5. a) Three resistors of resistances 2Ω, 3Ω and 4Ω are 12. When two resistors are connected in series with a cell
combined in series. What is the effective resistance of of emf 2V and negligible resistance, a current of 2/5 A
the combination? flows in the circuit. When the resistors are connected in
b) If this combination is connected to a battery of emf parallel, the main current is 5/3 A. calculate the
10V and negligible internal resistance, obtain the resistances. [M- 2017]
potential drop across each resistor. [M- 2016] 13. Two resistor are connected in series with 5V battery
6. a) Three resistors 3Ω, 4Ω and 12Ω are connected in of negligible internal resistance. A current of 2A flows
parallel. What is the effective resistance of the through each resistor. If they are connected in parallel
25
combination? with the same battery a current of A flows through
3
b) If the combination is connected to a battery of emf the combination. Calculate the value of each
6 V and internal resistance 0.5Ω, find the current resistance. [M- 2019]
drawn from the battery and terminal potential 14. In the given circuit, calculate the current though the
difference across the battery. [M- 2020] given galvanometer.
7. In the given circuit diagram, calculate
(iii) The main current through the circuit and
(iv) Also current through 9Ω resistor.

[J- 2018]
8. Two cells of emf 2V and 4V and internal resistance 1Ω
and 2Ω respectively are connected in parallel so as to
send the current in the same direction through an ********************END*********************
external resistance of 10Ω. Find the potential
difference across the 10Ω resistance.
Given:

[M- 2015]
9. A network of resistors is connected to a 16V battery
with internal resistance 1 Ohm as shown in the figure
below. a) compute the equivalent resistance of the
network. b) Calculate the total current in the circuit.

[J- 2019]
10. A battery of internal resistance 3Ω is connected to
20Ω resistor and potential difference across the
resistor is 10V. If another resistor of 30Ωis
connected in series with the first resistor and battery
is again connected to the combination, calculate the
emf and terminal potential difference across the
combination. [M- 2014]
11. Two identical cells either in series or parallel in
combination give the same current of 0.5A through

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