HOW TO WRITE AN INTRODUCTION

This paragraph should be one sentence long and demonstrates your ability to paraphrase. You do
this by using synonyms and we will look at it in more detail below.

E.g: Question:
The graphs below give information about computer ownership as a percentage of the population
between 2002 and 2010, and by level of education for the years 2002 and 2010.
Introduction:
The bar charts show data about computer ownership, with a further classification by level of edu
cation, from 2002 to 2010.

Vocabulary for the Introduction Part:

Starting Presentation type Verb Description
The given/ The Diagram/ table/ Shows/ represents/ The comparison of/
presented/ The shown/ figure/ illustration/ depicts/ illustrates/ the differences/ the
The provided graph/ figure/ chart/ presents/ gives/ number of/
flow chart/ picture/ provides/ describes/ information on/ data
presentation/ pie compares/ figures/ on/ the proportion of/
chart/ bar graph/ line gives data on/ gives the amount of
graph/ table data/ information about/
data/ information presents information
about/ shows data of
Example : 
1.  The diagram shows employment rates among adults in four European countries from 1925 to
1985.
2.  The given pie charts represent the proportion of male and female employees in 6 broad
categories, dividing into manual and non-manual occupations in Australia, between 2010 and
2015. 
Tips:
1. For a single graph use 's' after the verb, like - gives data on, shows/ presents etc. However, if
there are multiple graphs, DO NOT use 's' after the verb.
2. If there are multiple graphs and each one presents a different type of data, you can write which
graph presents what type of data and use 'while' to show a connection.
3. Your introduction should be quite impressive as it makes the first impression to the examiner.
It either makes or breaks your overall score.
4. For multiple graphs and/ or table(s), you can write what they present in combination instead of
saying which each graph depicts. For example, "The two pie charts and the column graph in
combination depicts a picture of the crime in Australia from 2005 to 2015 and the percentages of
young offenders during this period."
Practice:
The charts below show the levels of participation in education and science in developing and
industrialized countries in 1980 and 1990.
 HOW TO WRITE GENERAL STATEMENT
The General statement is the first sentence (or two) you write in your reporting. It should always
deal with:
What + Where + When.
Example: The diagram presents information on the percentages of teachers who have expressed
their views about the different problems they face when dealing with children in three Australian
schools from 2001 to 2005.
What = the percentages of teachers...
Where = three Australian schools...
When = from 2001 to 2005...

Vocabulary for the General Trend Part:

In general, In common, Generally speaking, Overall, It is obvious, As is observed, As a general
trend, As can be seen, As an overall trend,  As is presented, It can be clearly seen that, At the
first glance, it is clear, At the onset, it is clear that, A glance at the graphs reveals that...
Example:
1.  In general, the employment opportunities increased till 1970 and then declined throughout the
next decade.
2.  As is observed, the figures for imprisonment in the five mentioned countries show no overall
pattern, rather shows the considerable fluctuations from country to country.

Practice The line graph illustrates the amount of spreads consumed from 1981 to 2007, in grams.
INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
 VOCABULARY FOR BODY PART
Just after you finish writing your 'Introduction' (i.e. General Statement + General overview/
trend), you are expected to start a new paragraph to describe the main features of the diagrams.
This second paragraph is called the 'Body Paragraph / Report Body". You can have a single body
paragraph/ report body or up to 3, (not more than 3 in any case) depending on the number of
graphs provided in the question and the type of these graphs. There are certain phrases you can
use to start your body paragraph and following is a list of such phrases ---
1. As is presented in the diagram(s)/ 13. It is interesting to note that...
graph(s)/ pie chart(s)/ table... 14. It is apparently seen that...
2. As (is) shown in the illustration... 15. It is conspicuous that...
3. As can be seen in the... 16. It is explicitly observed that...
4. As the diagrams suggest... 17. It is obvious...
5. According to the... 18. It is clear from the data...
6. Categorically speaking... 19. It is worth noticing that...
7. Getting back to the details... 20. It is crystal clear/ lucid that...
8. Now, turning to the details... 21. It can be clearly observed that...
9. The table data clearly shows that... 22. It could be plainly viewed that...
10. The diagram reveals that... 23. It could be noticed that...
11. The data suggest that... 24. We can see that...
12. The graph gives the figure...
 Vocabulary to show the changes:
Trends Verb form Noun Form

Increase rise / increase / go up / uplift / a rise / an increase / an upward trend /

rocket(ed) / climb / upsurge / soar/ shot a growth / a leap / a jump / an
up/ improve/ jump/ leap/ move upward/ improvement/ a climb.
skyrocket/ soar/ surge.

Decrease fall / decrease / decline / plummet / a fall / a decrease / a reduction / a

plunge / drop / reduce / collapse / downward trends /a  downward
deterioriate/ dip / dive / go down / take a tendency /  a decline/ a drop / a slide /
nosedive / slum / slide / go into free-fall. a collapse / a downfall.

Steadiness unchanged / level out / remain constant / a steadiness/ a plateau / a stability/ a

remain steady / plateau / remain the static
same / remain stable / remain static

Gradual an upward trend / an upward tendency

increase ------------ / a ceiling trend

Gradual a downward trend / a downward

decrease  ------------ tendency / a descending trend

Standability/ level(ed) off / remain(ed) constant /

 Flat remain(ed) unchanged / remain(ed)  No change, a flat, a plateau.
stable / prevail(ed) consistency /
plateaued / reach(ed) a plateau / stay(ed)
uniform /immutable / level(ed) out/
stabilise/ remain(ed) the same.
Examples:
1.  The overall sale of the company increased by 20% at the end of the year.
2.  The expenditure of the office remained constant for the last 6 months but the profit rose by
almost 25%.
3.  There was a 15% drop in the ratio of student enrollment in this University.
4.  The population of the country remained almost the same as it was 2 years ago.
5.  The population of these two cities increase significantly in the last two decades and it is
expected that it will remain stable during the next 5 years.
Tips:
1. Use 'improve' / 'an improvement' to describe a situation like economic condition or
employment status. To denote numbers use other verbs/nouns like increase.
2. Do not use the same word/ phrase over and over again. In fact, you should not use a noun or
verb form to describe a trend/change more than twice; once is better!
3. To achieve a high band score you need to use a variety of vocabulary as well as sentence
formations.
Vocabulary to represent changes in graphs:
Type of Change Adverb form Adjective form

Rapid change dramatically / rapidly / sharply / quickly dramatic / rapid / sharp / quick /
/ hurriedly / speedily / swiftly / hurried / speedy / swift /
significantly/ considerably / significant / considerable /
substantioally / noticably. substantial / noticable.

Moderate change moderately / gradually / progressively / moderate / gradual / progressive / 

sequentially. sequential.

Steady change  steadily/ ceaselessly. steady/ ceaseless.

Slight change slightly / slowly / mildly / tediously. slight / slow / mild / tedious.

Example: 
1.  The economic inflation of the country increased sharply by 20% in 2008.
2.  There was a sharp drop in the industrial production in the year 2009. 
3.  The demand for new houses dramatically increased in 2002.
4.  The population of the country dramatically increased in the last decade. 
5.  The price of the oil moderately increased during the last quarter but as a consequence, the
price of daily necessity rapidly went up.
 
Vocabulary to represent frequent changes in graphs:
Type of Change Verb form Noun form Adj

 Rapid ups and wave / fluctuate / waves / fluctuations / Be erratic

downs oscillate / vacillate / oscillations / Rise and fall erratically
palpitate vacillations /  Changes sporadically
palpitations Rise and fall irregularly
Changes Intermittently
Example: 
1.  The price of the goods fluctuated during the first three months in 2017.
2.  The graph shows the oscillations of the price from 1998 to 2002.
3.  The passenger number in this station oscillates throughout the day and in early morning and
evening, it remains busy.
Tips:
1. 4. DO NOT try to present every single data presented in a graph. Rather pick 5-7 most
significant and important trends/ changes and show their comparisons and contrasts.
2. The question asks you to write a report and summarise the data presented in graphs(s). This is
why you need to show the comparisons, contrasts, show the highest and lowest points and most
striking features in your answer, not every piece of data presented in the diagram(s).
Dates, Months & Years related vocabulary and grammar: 
Between  ...(year/ month)...  and  ...(year/ month)...
From  ...(year/ month/ day/date)...  to  ...(year/ month/day/date)...
In  ...(year/ month)...
On  ...(day/ day of the week/ a date)...
At ......,  In ......,  By ......
During  ... (year)...
Over the period/ over the century/ later half of the year/ the year...
Over the next/ past/ previous ........ days/ weeks/ months/ years/ decades...

Percentage, Portion and Numbers:

Percentages:
10% increase, 25 percent decrease, increased by 15%, dropped by 10 per cent, fall at 50%,
reached to 75%, tripled, doubled, one-fourth, three-quarters, half, double fold, treble, 5 times
higher, 3 timers lower, declined to about 49%, stood exactly at 43%.
Fractions:

4% = A tiny fraction. 50% Exactly a half.

24% = Almost a quarter. 51% = Just over a half.
25% Exactly a quarter. 73% = Nearly three quarters.
26% = Roughly one quarter. 77% = Approximately three quarter, more
32% Nearly one-third, nearly a third. than three-quarter.
49% = Around a half, just under a half. 79% = Well over three quarters.
Proportions: 
2% = A tiny portion, a very small proportion.
4% = An insignificant minority, an insignificant proportion.
16% = A small minority, a small portion.
70% = A large proportion.
72% = A significant majority, A significant proportion.89% = A very large proportion. 
89% = A very large proportion.

Vocabulary to represent the highest and lowest points in graphs:

Type Verb Noun

Highest peaked / culminated / climaxed / reach  the a (/the) peak / a (/the) pinnacle / a
Point peak / hit the peak / touch the highest (/the) vertex / the highest point/ an
point / reach the vertex/ reach the apex (/the) apex / a (/the) summit, a (/the)
top, a (/the) pinnacle, a (/the) acme, a
(/the) zenith,

Lowest Point touch the lowest point / get the lowest point the lowest point / the lowest mark /
/ reached the nadir bottommost point / rock bottom point/
bottommost mark / nadir/ the all-time
low/ the lowest level/ the bottom/
rock-bottom

 Example:
  1. The price of the oil reached a peak amounting $20 in February and again touched the lowest point
amounting only $10 in July.
  2. Student enrollment in foreign Universities and Colleges increased dramatically hitting a peak of over
20 thousand in 2004.
Vocabulary to show how many times...
» Exactly the same. » Four times
» Roughly the same » Five times
» Practically the same » Ten times
» Twice » Hundred times.
» Thrice
Vocabulary to show how much changed...
» Halved
» Equalled
» Doubled
» Trebled / tripled
» Quadrupled (fourfold /four times)
» Pentadrupled (fivefold /five times)
» Hexadrupled (sixfold /six times)
» Septupled (sevenfold /seven times)
» Octupled  (Eightfold/eight times)
» Nonupled (Ninefold/ nine times)
Centupled (hundredfold/ hundred times)Vocabulary to represent comparison in graphs:
Type Word(s) should be used

Similar about / almost / nearly / roughly / approximately / around / just about / very nearly /

Just over just above / just over / just bigger / just beyond / just across

Just short just below / just beneath / just sort / just under / just a little

Much more well above / well above / well beyond / well across / well over

Much less well below / well under / well short / well beneath
PRACTICE VOCABULARY WRITING TASK 1
Ex6:
The graph ____________ the consumption of junk food for teens in Australia over a 25 year period, between
1975 and 2000.____________, the consumption of fish and chips _____________ over the provided period,
whereas the amount of pizza and hamburgers that were eaten ___________.

In 1975, ____________ junk food with Australian adolescents was fish and chips, being eaten 100 times a year.
This was __________ Pizza and hamburgers, which were consumed ____________ 5 times a year. However,
apart from a ___________ again from 1980 to 1985, the consumption of fish and chips ____________ over the
25 year timescale to finish at ____________ 40 in 2000.

In sharp contrast to this, teenagers ate the other two fast foods at _____________ levels. Pizza consumption
_____________ until it ______________ the consumption of fish and chips in 1990. It then _____________ off
from 1995 to 2000. __________ was seen in hamburgers as the occasions they were eaten ___________
throughout the 70’s and 80’s, exceeding that of fish and chips in 1985. It finished at ______________ fish and
chips began, with a consumption of 100 times a year.

(much higher/ just under/ compares/ increased sharply/ the same level as/ approximately/ overtook/ declined/
the biggest rise/ overall/ far higher than/ leveled/ the most popular/ gradually declined/ brief rise/ increased/
increased gradually)
 LINE GRAPH
Đề bài: The graph below shows UK acid rain emissions, measured in millions of tonnes, from four different
sectors between 1990 and 2007.

Bài mẫu Line graph band 9.0

The line graph compares four sectors in terms of the amount of acid rain emissions that they produced over a
period of 17 years in the UK.

It is clear that the total amount of acid rain emissions in the UK fell considerably between 1990 and 2007. The
most dramatic decrease was seen in the electricity, gas and water supply sector.

In 1990, around 3.3 million tonnes of acid rain emissions came from the electricity, gas and water sector. The
transport and communication sector was respondible for about 0.7 million tonnes of emissions, while the
domestic sector produced around 0.6 million tonnes. Just over 2 million tonnes of acid rain gases came from
other industries.

Emissions from electricity, gas and water supply fell dramatically to only 0.5 million tonnes in 2007, a drop of
almost 3 million tonnes. While acid rain gases from the domestic sector and other industries fell gradually, the
transport sector saw a small increase in emissions, reaching a peak of 1 million tonnes in 2005.
(169 words, band 9.0, written by Simon)

Practice: Line Graph Worksheet - Gap Fill

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The line graph illustrates the amount of spreads consumed from 1981 to 2007, in grams.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
The graph shows the quantity of margarine, low fat spreads and butter consumed between 1981 and 2007. The
quantities are measured in grams. Over the period 1981 to 2007 as a whole, there was 1.______________ in the
consumption of butter and margarine and 2. ______________ in the consumption of low-fat spreads.

Butter was the most popular fat at the beginning of the period, and consumption 3. ______________ of about
160 grams in 1986. After this, there was 4. ______________ .

The consumption of margarine began lower than that for butter at 90 grams. Following this, in 1991, it 5.
______________ that of butter for the first time, but after 1996 there was 6. ______________ in the amount
consumed, which seemed set to continue.

Low–fat spreads were introduced in 1996, and they saw 7. ______________ in their consumption from that
time, so that by about 2001 they were 8. ______________ than either butter or margarine.

(reached a peak/ a steady downward trend/ a marked increase/ more popular/ a sharp decline/ a significant
decrease/ a significant rise/ exceeded)

HOMEWORK
EX1: Fill in the blank
The graph below shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1940 and 2040 in three
different countries
(with a jump of; a sudden increase; rose gradually; remained below 5%; the most dramatic changes; increases;
slightly lower)
The line graph compares the percentage of people aged 65 or more in three countries over a period of 100 years.

It is clear that the proportion of elderly people 1.__________in each country between 1940 and 2040. Japan is
expected to see 2._________________in its elderly population.

In 1940, around 9% of Americans were aged 65 or over, compared to about 7% of Swedish people and 5% of
Japanese people. The proportions of elderly people in the USA and Sweden 3.__________over the next 50
years, reaching just under 15% in 1990. By contrast, the figures for Japan 4.___________until the early  2000s.

Looking into the future, 5._____________in the percentage of elderly people is predicted for Japan,
6._________over 15% in just 10 years from 2030 to 2040. By 2040, it is thought that around 27% of the
Japanese population will be 65 years old or more, while the figures for Sweden and the USA will be7._______,
at about 25% and 23% respectively. (178 words)

EX2: You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The line graph shows thefts per thousand vehicles in four countries between 1990 and 1999.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
The line graph ______________________________________________________________________________.

Overall, it can be seen that __________________________________________________________________ throughout

the whole time frame.

To begin, car thefts in Sweden, France and Canada _____________________________________________________.

The general trend though for France and Canada __________________________________________________________.
In contrast, Sweden __________________________________, starting the period at approximately 8, and finishing at
just under 15.

Interestingly, car thefts in Great ________________________________, which far exceeded that of the other countries. It
then ___________ over the next nine years, _____________________________ in 1996, and ending the period slightly
lower than where it began, at _________________________________.
(Words 174)
 COMPARISON BAR CHART
The bar chart below shows the percentage growth in average property prices in three different countries
between 2007 and 2010.

The bar chart compares three different nations, namely Algeria, China and Argentina, in terms of changes in
real estate values from 2007 to 2010.

Overall, the prices of property in China experienced an enormous growth over the period shown. While Algeria
showed a steady decline in its figures, the opposite trend can be seen when we look at Argentina’s property
prices.

As can be seen from the chart, in 2007 Algeria accounted for the highest growth percentage with over 6%,
doubling that of Argentina and three times higher than that of China. However, during the following years, this
country witnessed a decrease in its growth rate, down to 4.5% in 2008 and only 3% in 2010. By contrast, over
the period from 2007 to 2010, China experienced a constant rise in its property prices, with the figure reaching
the highest point of about 7% in 2010.

In comparison, between 2007 and 2008, Argentina’s figure climbed quickly and reached a peak of nearly 5%
before dropping suddenly to slightly over 1% in the next year and ending at approximately 2.3% in the last year.
(183 words, band 8)
Practice: Bar Chart  Gap Fill
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The chart shows the percentage of drugs taken by girls and boys in a school in New Zealand.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
Place the correct word in the gap
at
school
approximately the least are similar gender
children
8%
at the same
in percentages more than equal percentages for
level
around bar chart
at only 5% is exactly 4% for
33% illustrates

The 1.   information on the quantity of drugs 2.   in New Zealand take,

divided by 3.   and measured 4.  . Overall, it is immediately apparent that
hashish or marijuana is used 5.   any of the other drugs, whereas LSD and medical drugs are
used 6.   . At first glance we can see that boys take more drugs than girls for 6 out of 7 of the
drugs listed, however an 7.   number of boys and girls take cocaine.

To begin with, boys use more hashish or marijuana than girls at 8.   and 29% respectively.
Following this, boys take heroin, opium or morphine 9.   but girls 10. 

On the other hand, the 11.   amphetamines and solvents 12.   for both boys
and girls at 2% and 3% for girls and 13.   both drugs for boys. Next, the pattern for LSD and
medical drugs 14.   the same for both genders at 1% for girls and 3% for boys. Finally, boys
and girls take cocaine 15.   , 4%.

HOMEWORK:
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The chart shows British Emigration to selected destinations between 2004 and 2007.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
 

The bar chart shows the number of British people who 1._________to five destinations over the period 2004 to
2007.

It is evident from the chart that throughout the period, 2.______________to move to was Australia. Emigration
to Australia 3.___________40,000 people in 2004, which was approximately 6,000 higher than for Spain, and
4.____________the other three countries. Apart from a jump to around 52,000 in 2006, it 5.__________around
this level throughout the period.

The next most popular country for Britons to move to was Spain, though its popularity 6._________over the
time frame to finish at below 30,000 in 2007. Despite this, the figure was still 7.________for the remaining
three countries. Approximately 20,000 people emigrated to New Zealand each year, while the USA
8.________between 20-25,000 people over the period.

Although the number of visitors to France 9._________35,000 in 2005, it was the country that was
10.__________to emigrate to at the end of the period, at just under 20,000 people.
(Words 179)

(remained; higher than; the least popular; stood at just over; twice as high as; fluctuated; declined; the most
popular place; emigrated; spiked to nearly)
HOMEWORK 2: Gross Domestic Product in the UK
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The chart shows components of GDP in the UK from 1992 to 2000.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
The bar chart illustrates _____________________________________________________________. It is
measured in percentages.

Overall, it can be seen that ____________________________________________________________________

throughout this time.

At the beginning of the period, in 1992, the Service Industry _____________________________, whereas IT
______________________________. Over the next four years, the levels became more similar, with both
components ______________________________________________. IT was still higher overall, though
____________________________ from 1994 to 1996.

However, over the following four years, the patterns of the two components ____________________________.
The percentage of GDP from IT _______________________________ in 1998 and then nearly 15 in 2000,
while the Service Industry ________________________, increasing to only 8 per cent. At the end of the period,
the percentage of GDP from IT ______________________________________.
Words 182
 PIE CHARTS

IELTS Pie Chart Exercise: Gap Fill

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The pie charts show the electricity generated in Germany and France from all sources and renewables in
the year 2009.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
was very at the
was lower compare
different approximately remaining
the proportion of was far higher accounted for one fifth whereas
The four pie charts 1.   the electricity generated between Germany and France during 2009, and
it is measured in billions kWh.

Overall, it can be seen that conventional thermal was the main source of electricity in

Germany, 2.   nuclear was the main source in France.

The bulk of electricity in Germany, whose total output was 560 billion kWh, came from conventional thermal, at 59.6%.

In France, the total output 3.   , at 510 billion kWh, and in contrast to Germany, conventional

thermal 4.   just 10.3%, with most electricity coming from nuclear power (76%). In

Germany, 5.   nuclear power generated electricity was only 6.   of the

total.

Moving on to renewables, this accounted for quite similar proportions for both countries, 7.   
15% of the total electricity generated. In detail, in Germany, most of the renewables consisted of wind and biomass,

totaling around 75%, which 8.   than for hydroelectric (17.7%) and solar (6.1%). The

situation 9.   in France, where hydroelectric made up 80.5% of renewable electricity, with

biomass, wind and solar making up10.   20%.

HOMEWORK 1:

The pie charts 1.___________ amount of electricity produced using five different sources of fuel in two
countries over two separate years.

Total electricity production 2.__________________from 1980 to 2000 in both Australia and France. While the
totals for both countries were3._________, there were big differences in the fuel sources used.

Coal was used to produce 50 of the total 100 units of electricity in Australia in 1980, 4._________130 out of
170 units in 2000. By contrast, nuclear power became 5.__________________fuel source in France in 2000,
producing almost 75% of the country’s electricity.

Australia 6.___________hydro power for just under 25% of its electricity in both years, but the amount of
electricity produced using this type of power 7._____________units in France. Oil, on the other hand,
8._________a relatively important fuel source in France, but its use 9._________in Australia. Both countries
relied on natural gas for electricity production significantly more in 1980 than in 2000.
(170 words)
(similar; depended on; rising to; the most important; fell from 5 to only 2; declined; increased dramatically;
compare; remained)
HOMEWORK 2:
The pie chart shows the amount of money that a children's charity located in the USA spent and received in one
year, 2016.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

Revenue Sources and Expenditures of a USA Charity in one year, 2016.

The pie charts show ________________________________________________________________________.

Overall, it can be seen that donated food ______________________________________, while program

services _____________________________. Total revenue sources ___________________________.

In detail, donated food ____________________________________________. Similarly, with regard to

expenditures, one category, program services, ____________________________________, at 95.8%.

The other categories were much smaller. Community contributions, which were ____________________,
brought in 10.4% of overall income, and this was followed by program revenue, at 2.2%. Investment income,
government grants, and other income were ___________ sources of revenue, accounting for
__________________.

There were only two other expenditure items, fundraising and management and general, _______________
2.6% and 1.6% respectively. The total amount of income was _______________, which was just enough to
cover the expenditures of $53,224,896.
161 Words
 TABLES

SAMPLE ANSWER
The table compares four different countries in terms of population, GDP per capita and average life expectancy.

Overall, the most populous nation is China, but this country has the lowest GDP per person, while the US has
the highest economic output per capita, but the lowest life expectancy.

As can be seen from the table, China has a total population of over 1.3 billion, followed by the US with the
figure being significantly lower, at nearly 319 million. The population in the UK is the lowest, at only around
65 million, half the figure of Russia. In terms of GDP per capita, the US has the largest number, at nearly
$54,000, while the lowest figure is recorded in China, just about $6,800. GDP per person in the UK is
approximately $41,800, almost double that of Russia.

According to the table, life expectancy, on average, of people in the UK is highest, at 81.5 years, while that of
Americans is lowest only 69.2 years. The figures for China and Russia are 75.2 and 72.3 years respectively.
(175 words, band 8.5)

PRACTICE: You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The table illustrates the proportion of monthly household income five European countries spend on food and
drink, housing, clothing and entertainment.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
Proportion of household income five European countries spend on food and drink, housing, clothing and
entertainment.
Food and
Housing Clothing Entertainment
drink
France 25% 31% 7% 13%
 Germany 22% 33% 15% 19%
UK 27% 37% 11% 11%
Turkey 36% 20% 12% 10%
Spain 31% 18% 8% 1
WORD CHOICE
it is evident that However shows a quarter on the largest
the remaining ranging between respectively while much less on

The table 1.   the amount of household income that five countries in Europe spend per
month on four items.
Overall, 2.   all five countries spend the majority of their income on food and drink and
housing, but 3.   clothing and entertainment.
Housing is 4.   expenditure item for France, Germany and the UK, with all of them
spending around one 5. third of their income on this, at 30%, 33% and 37%,   . In
contrast, they spend around 6.   food and drink. 7.   , this pattern
is reversed for Turkey and Spain, who spend around a fifth of their income on housing, but approximately one
third on food and drink.
All five countries spend much less on 8.   two items. Regarding clothes, France and
Spain spend the least, at less than 10%, 9.   the other three countries spend around the
same amount, 10.   12% and 15%. At 19%, Germany spends the most on entertainment,
whereas UK and Turkey spend approximately half this amount, with France and Spain between the two.

HOMEWORK 1: You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The table shows the Proportions of Pupils Attending Four Secondary School Types Between Between
2000 and 2009.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
 Secondary School Attendance
2000  2005  2009
Specialist Schools 12% 11% 10%
Grammar Schools 24% 19% 12%
Voluntary-controlled  Schools 52% 38% 20%
Community Schools 12% 32% 58%
The table 1.______________the percentage of school children 2.__________four different types of secondary
school from 2000 to 2009.
It is evident that whereas the community schools 3. _________________in the proportion of those attending
their institutions over the period, the others 4.__________________.
To begin, the percentage of pupils in voluntary-controlled schools 5.___________________to only 20% or one
fifth from 2000 to 2009. Similarly, the relative number of children in grammar schools - just under one quarter
– 6._______________by half in the same period. As for the specialist schools, 7.___________________of
pupils attending this type of school (12%) also fell, although not significantly.

However, while the other three types of school declined in importance, the opposite was true in the case of
community schools. In fact, whereas 8._________________were educated in these schools in 2000, this figure
increased to well over half of all pupils during the following nine years.
170 Words
(fell from just over half; only a small minority of 12%; dropped; attending; saw a corresponding decline;
illustrates; experienced a marked increase; the relatively small percentage)

HOMEWORK 2: You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The Table below shows the results of a survey that asked 6800 Scottish adults (aged 16 years and over) whether
they had taken part in different cultural activities in the past 12 months.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

The table _________________________________________________________________________________.

Overall, it is evident that _________________________________________ were the most popular for all age
groups. 

The highest participation in any activities was _______________________________, with 35% and 30%
respectively doing performance and visual arts. In contrast, ______________________________________,
particularly those computer-based, at only 10%.

Turning to the older age groups, like the under 25s, the highest participation rate seen for 25-44 years olds was
in _____________, though this was much lower, at _________. A similar rate of 22% was evident for
_____________________________________, which was crafts. Again, the popularity of computers was very
__________________________________________, as was interest in writing. 
Taking all age groups together, it can be seen that performance and crafts were ______________, at over 19%,
whereas cultural purchases and visual arts were _________________________ at 16% and 15%
respectively.  Finally, _______________________ was shown in writing and computing.
 PROCESS AND CYCLE DIAGRAMS
I. VOCABULARY
Bắt đầu process:
+. To begin with,
+. First of all,
+. In the first step,
+ The first step in the process is
+ The first stage in the process is
+ At the first stage of ....
Các steps tiếp theo:
+Following that / followed by / At the following stage
Ví dụ:
 At the following stage, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray and some water is also added. This is followed by
a hand-mixing process
+The second stage is that…
+In the next/ subsequent step,
+…… followed by…..
+ After that, / After
 Some water is added and the mixture is soaked for an hour. After that, the mixture is beaten for about 45
seconds until a pulp is formed 
 After being soaked for an hour, the mixture is beaten....
+ Before
 Before being beaten for about 45 seconds to form a pulp, the mixture is left for an hour
+ Subsequent steps
+ Subsequently,
+ The process continue with...
+ The next step is
+Then
 Then, some water is added and the mixture is left for an hour 
+ Once
Ví dụ:
 The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards. Once it is ready, the pulp is poured
into a shallow tray
Các steps diễn ra cùng lúc:
+ While
Ví dụ: While the mixture of sand and soda is being heated, some other chemicals are added to create various
colours
+ At the same time,
Ví dụ: The mixture of sand and soda is heated. At the same time, some other chemicals are added to create
various colours
+ Simultaneously,
+ During
During its entire life cycle, salmon have lived in both freshwater and saltwater
+ , Thereby
Ví dụ: The rolling pin is used to flatten the pulp, thereby forcing out any excessive water, thereby ving là cách
rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ mà
 Kết thúc process:
+Finally,
+The last/ final process / step is that…
+ The process finishes with ...
+ The process concludes with ...

Các từ vựng dùng trong dạng Natural Process

 experience/undergo significant changes: trải qua những thay đổi đáng kể
 pass through three distict physical stages: trải qua ba giai đoạn vật lý khác nhau
 lay a couple of/ a massive number of eggs: đẻ một vài / một số lượng lớn trứng
 begin life as eggs: bắt đầu cuộc sống là những trái trứng
 hatch within 3 to 5 days: nở trong vòng 3 đến 5 ngày
 hatch into …: nở thành con gì
 the hatching process: quá trình nở
 to be … cm in length/ to be … cm long: dài … cm
 vary in size/colours/shapes: đa dạng về kích thước / màu sắc / hình dạng
 to be termed …/ to be commonly called …: được gọi chung là …
 grow to adult size/ grow to maturity/ turn into an adult: tăng trưởng thành kích thước trưởng thành/ tới giai
đoạn trưởng thành
 make it to the adult stage: đạt tới giai đoạn trưởng thành
 emerge/appear: xuất hiện
 feeding grounds: khu vực kiếm ăn
 feed on…: ăn cái gì
 external gills/ internal gills: cái mang bên ngoài / cái mang bên trong
 grow the hind legs/ the front legs: mọc chân sau / chân trước
 grow quickly in size/ double in size: phát triển nhanh chóng về kích thước / kích thước gấp đôi
 shed their old skin/ shed their outer layer: thay da cũ  / thay lớp ngoài của chúng
 breathe underwater/ breathe out of the water: hít thở dưới nước / thở ra khỏi nước
 make mass migration across long distances: thực hiện di cư hàng loạt  khoảng cách dài
 the cycle repeats itself/ starts again: chu kỳ lặp lại/ bắt đầu lại
 the life cycle takes/lasts …. days/weeks/…: vòng đời kéo dài …. ngày / tuần / …
 after …days/weeks of development: sau … ngày / tuần phát triển
 normally live for … to … weeks/months/years: thường sống từ … đến … tuần / tháng / năm
 over the course of … days/weeks: trong bao nhiêu ngày / tuần
 to be covered with …: được che phủ, bao phủ bởi …
 build their nests in trees/on the ground: xây dựng tổ của chúng trên cây / trên mặt đất
 under optimal conditions: trong điều kiện tối ưu
 in adverse circumstances: trong các trường hợp bất lợi

Một số từ vựng liên quan đến dạng đề quy trình chất rắn, lỏng, khí
PRACTICE: GAP FILLING
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The diagrams below show the stages and equipment used in the cement-making process, and how cement
is used to produce concrete for building purposes.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

The diagrams explain the processes of producing cement and concrete. Overall, there are five stages for making
the cement and one for the concrete. The cement must (1. to make)   first, as it (2. to use)   to
make the concrete.
To make cement, firstly limestone and clay (3. to feed)   into two rollers which (4. to crush)   
them up into a powder. This power (5. to mix + then)   together, before (6. to travel)   down a
tube and into a rotating heater.
The heat comes up from the bottom as the heater rotates, and once the power is ready, it (7. to
emerge)   from this machine onto a conveyor belt where it (8. to grind + then)   into the
cement. Finally it (9. to separate)   into bags.
This cement is then used to produce the concrete. To do this, there is a mixture of 15 per cent cement, 10 per
cent water, 25 per cent sand and 50 per cent gravel. These (10. to place)   into a concrete mixer,
which spins in order to form the concrete.
HOMEWORK 1: Chocolate Production
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The illustrations show how chocolate is produced.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
The diagram 1.________the process for the making of chocolate. There are a total of 2._________in the
process, beginning with the growing of the pods on the cacao trees and 3.____________the production of the
chocolate.

To begin, the cocoa 4.____________the cacao tree, which is 5.___________in the South American and African
continents and the country of Indonesia.  Once the pods are 6._____________, they are harvested and the white
cocoa beans are 7._______________. Following a period of fermentation, they are then laid out on a large tray
so they can dry 8._____________.

Next, they are placed into large sacks and delivered to the factory. They are then 9.________at a temperature of
350 degrees, after which the beans are 10.________________from their outer shell. In the final stage, this inner
part that is left is pressed and the chocolate is produced.
(152 Words)

(ripe and red; crushed and separated; under the sun; ten stages; roasted; comes from; culminating in; explains;
grown; removed)

HOMEWORK 2: You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The diagram illustrates the process that is used to manufacture bricks for the building industry.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
The Brick Manufacturing Process
The diagram explains ___________________________________________________. Overall, there are seven
stages in the process, beginning with ____________________ and culminating in ______________.

To begin, the clay used to make the bricks is _________________________________. This clay is then
_______________________________, which is used to ______________________. A roller assists in this
process. 

Following this, sand and water are ________________________, and this mixture is turned into bricks by
either ______________________ or using _____________________. Next, these bricks are placed in an oven
to dry for 24 – 48 hours. 

In the subsequent stage, the bricks _______________ a heating and cooling process. They are
_________________at a moderate and then a high temperature (ranging from 200c to 1300c), followed by
_____________________________ for 2 – 3 days. Finally, the bricks _________________________________.
Words 173
 MAPS
1) Từ vựng chỉ sự thay đổi
a) Miêu tả sự xuất hiện
Động từ:
 Nhà cửa mọc lên: be built, be constructed , be erected
 Cây cối được trồng: be planted
 Miêu tả cái gì đó xuất hiện chung chung: mushroom, appear, emerge, come into being, spring up
Danh từ:
 Sự xây dựng của nhà cửa: the construction of
 Sự xuất hiện: the mushrooming of, the appearance of, the emergence of, the birth of
b) Miêu tả sự biến mất
Động từ:
 Nhà cửa bị phá bỏ: be deconstructed, vanish, be destroyed, be demolished, be knocked down
 Câu cối bị chặt đi: be cut down, be devastated
 Miêu tả cái gì biến mất nói chung: disappear
Danh từ:
 The destruction of, the demolition of , the devastation of, the disappearance of
c) Miêu tả sự mở rộng
 Động từ: Be extended, Be widened, Be enlarged
 Danh từ: The extension of, The enlargement of
VD khác
 The school became bigger
 The railway was lengthened
 The car park has doubled/tripled in size.
VD: The hospital has been enlarged/further developed to include a…
d) Miêu tả sự thu hẹp
 Be narrowed
 Be reduced in size
 Be diminished / the diminish of ST
 Become smaller
 The railway was shortened
VD: The hotel has been modified/reduced in size.
The park is now half/a quarter of its original size.
e) Miêu tả sự giữ nguyên
 Remain/ stay unchanged
 Be still there
 still exist
f) Miêu tả sự thay thế
 Make way for/ give way to: nhường chỗ cho
 Be replaced by: bị thay thế bởi
 The replacement of something: sự thay thế của cái gì đó
Ví dụ:
 The shop has been replaced by a car park.
 A road has been constructed where the garden used to be.
 The old town hall has been demolished/renovated/redesigned/relocated.
  There are now high-rise apartments/low-rise town houses/rows of town houses in the town centre.
 The access road/road leading to the castle has been widened/made narrower/made straighter.
 More facilities have been added.
2) Từ vựng miêu tả hướng
Danh từ Tính từ Nghĩa

North Northern Hướng Bắc

South Southern Hướng Nam

West Western Hướng Tây

East Eastern Hướng Đông

Northeast Northeastern Hướng Đông Bắc

Northwest Northwestern Hướng Tây Bắc

Southeast Southeastern Hướng Đông Nam

Southwest Southwestern Hướng Tây Nam

Tất cả các Map trong task 1 đều được đọc theo la bàn dưới đây:

 To the north/south/east/west is situated …

 To the north of the (road) there is ….
 The store is located north of the motorway.
 North of the forest is the hotel.
 The picnic area lies to the north of the shopping centre.
 The beach is located north east/north west/south east/south west of the caravan park.
 If you drive in a northerly direction you will reach the castle.
 Directly north of the castle is a river.
3) Từ vựng miêu tả vị trí địa lí
 The garden is located/situated … (in/to/on …)  / is sited / can be seen ….
 The botanic garden is in the south of the city.
 The car park is in the left of the zoo.
 The residential areas are behind the restaurant.
 The city is on/near the coast/sea.
 At the top/bottom
 On the right/left side
 In the right/left hand corner
 In the middle
 Directly opposite the bank is a hairdresser.
 Right next to the car park is a school.
 Facing the school is the police station.
 Above the bank are some apartments.
 Underneath the cinema is a large car park.
 Some distance away is the motorway.
 In the same zone/area there is a hospital.
Giới từ: in the center, in the corner, on the left/ right, in front of, behind, next to, opposite, between…and….,
among, across, on the bank of the river, on the top of…, on the coast sea, etc.
Động từ: run along, lie.

Source: Cambridge English Practice Papers.

Sample Answer
Both maps display an island, before and after it was developed for tourism.

The island is approximately 250 metres long, has palm trees dotted around it, is surrounded by ocean and has a
beach to the west. Over the period, the island was completely transformed with the addition of a hotel and a
pier; however, the eastern part of the island appears to have been left undeveloped.
The most noticeable additions are the hotel rooms. 6 buildings, surrounding some trees, have been built in the
west of the island and 9 buildings have been constructed in the centre of the island.  Between the two
accommodation areas, a reception building and a restaurant have been developed.

A pier has also been built on the south coast of the island, allowing yachts access to the resort. Apart from the
trees, the beach remains the only natural feature to remain relatively untouched; however, it does appear that it
is now used for swimming.
(160 words)

Source: Cambridge English Practice Papers.

HOMEWORK 1: The two maps below show road access to a city hospital in 2007 and in 2010.
The two maps illustrate some changes in the way people accessed a city hospital in two different years, 2007
and 2010.

It is clear that the main differences in road access to this hospital involve 1. _____________________and the
development of parking spaces and bus facilities.

From 2007 to 2010, the most striking change is the appearance of two new roundabouts. The first one was
constructed 2. _______________________the hospital road and the ring road surrounding the hospital, while
the second one was 3. ___________________________________ the hospital road and the city road.

Looking at the other features, we can see that the six bus stops, 4.____________ along the hospital road, 5.
___________________________a new bus station to the western side of this road. 6.__________________
parking spaces, a new public car park was constructed to the eastern side of the hospital and people could access
this car park via the ring road, while the old parking lot became a staff-only area.
(In terms of, intersection upgrades; intersection upgrades;  were removed to make way for; at the three-
way junction of; situated)

HOMEWORK 2: You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The map below shows the development of the village of Ryemouth between 1995 and present.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

The map shows __________________________________________________________________. There have

been several changes, the most noticeable
_________________________________________________________________________________________. 

In 1995, to the south of the village where the sea is there was ______________________, with ___________
and ______________________ as well. Next to this was ___________________. On the other side of the road
running by the sea stood _______________________________, while situated in
__________________________ was farmland and a park with trees. The main housing of the village was
located in ____________________________________________________________, with twelve houses, four
of them encircled by a smaller side-street.

Turning to the present day map, it can be seen that ________________________ have all gone, being replaced
by four apartments, and the shops have become __________. The cafe remains, as does the hotel, albeit with
parking facilities which it did not have before. Having been ________________ a golf course, the farmland has
now gone, while the forest park has been removed to ______________ tennis courts. Although the old houses
remain, _____________________________, along with a new road with two new houses beside it.  
(240)
 MULTIPLE GRAPHS

Answer
The pie graph displays the principal causes why farming land deteriorates while the table illustrates how three
regions of the planet were affected by these factors in the 1990s.

We can clearly see from the pie chart that there are three primary causes of farmland degradation, and over-
grazing is the major one. The table shows that Europe had a far higher percentage of unproductive land
compared to the other two regions in this time period.

The pie chart represents four causes, with over-grazing representing the biggest proportion at just over a third.
Widespread clearing of trees and the over-use of crops constitute nearly one third and just over a quarter
respectively.
The table shows that nearly one quarter of Europe’s entire surface had fallen victim to degeneration. Only a
small proportion of North America’s total land became less productive at 5% and Oceania was marginally
higher with a value of 13%.
(151 words)

HOMEWORK 1: You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The line graph shows the number of books that were borrowed in four different months in 2014 from four
village libraries, and the pie chart shows the percentage of books, by type, that were borrowed over this time.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

The line graph 1.________the number of books that were loaned out from four libraries over a four month
period and the pie chart illustrates the proportions of books 2.________in terms of genre.

It is immediately apparent that the borrowing patterns for each library were3.____________, and that fiction
was by far 4._______________of book.

The borrowing of books at Sutton Wood and Ryeslip began fairly high, at 5._______________in June
respectively.  However, while book borrowing at Ryeslip fell steadily to around 175 at the end of the period,
borrowing at Sutton Wood followed a 6.______________. It plummeted to 100 in August, before then
7.__________to finish at 300, which represented the highest level of borrowing of the four.

Borrowing at West Eaton and Church Mount, meanwhile, 8._________very similar patterns, with both starting
quite low at 50 per month, but then 9.___________to finish at 150.

Moving on to the types of books borrowed, fiction was 10._______________the most, at 43%. The next most
popular books were biographies, accounting for around a fifth of the total. The borrowing of science and history
were identical, at 14% each, leaving self-help as the least popular at 10%.  
(211 Words)
(250 and 300 per month; in demand; rising steeply; quite varied; followed; the most popular type; gradually
increasing; depicts; borrowed; much more erratic pattern)

HOMEWORK 2: You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The pie chart shows the percentage of women in poverty and the bar chart shows poverty rates by sex and age.
They are from the United States in 2008.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
The pie chart __________________________________________________________________ in 2008 and the
bar graph indicates ___________________________________________.

At first glance it can be seen that

_________________________________________________________________________________________.

The pie chart shows that single women _______________________________. Single women without children
______________ 54% of the total in poverty, and poverty for those with dependent children stood at
_________________________. Married women with and without children ____________________________

Turning to the bar chart, poverty rates were __________________________, and the rates were
_______________________ for males and females, at ____________________ for under 5s and 15% for 5-17
year olds. However, from ages 18-24, the gap between men and women _________________, with
approximately 14% of men in poverty compared to over 20% for women. Poverty __________ throughout the
adult years for both sexes, but a gap remained and this gap almost _____________ in old age.
192 Words
 REVIEW TASK 1
Percentage of national consumer expenditure by category – 2002

HOMEWORK:
The graph below compares the number of visits to two new music sites on the web.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
 SAMPLE REVIEW
Introduction: The table shows percentages of consumer expenditure for three categories of products and
services in five countries in 2002.
Overview: It is clear that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on food, drinks and
tobacco. On the other hand, the leisure/education category has the lowest percentages in the table.
Detail 1: Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks and tobacco was noticeably higher in
Turkey, at 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%. The proportion of spending on leisure and education was also
highest in Turkey, at 4.35%, while expenditure on clothing and footwear was significantly higher in Italy, at
9%, than in any of the other   countries.
Detail 2: It can be seen that Sweden had the lowest percentages of national consumer expenditure for
food/drinks/tobacco and for clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and just over 5% respectively. Spain had slightly
higher figures for these categories, but the lowest figure for leisure/education, at almost 2%. (155 Words)

HOMEWORK:
The graph exhibits the public interest of using two new music websites named Music Choice and Pop Parade in
the period of 15 days’ time. According to the graph, the trends were totally unstable and have swung extremely.

The statistics of Pop Parade shows the starting point of 120000 visitors on the first day and decreased during the
following 7days with the minimum number of visitors of 40000 on the 7th day. The fluctuation of Music
Choice website wasn’t as extreme as the Pop Parade in the first week. The Music Choice started with 40000
visitors in the 1st  day and the same number of visitors on the 7th day with small amount of changes during this
week. In the 2nd week, both of the websites had the increasing interest of visitors i.e. Pop Parade reached to
140000 visitors on the 11th day and Music Choice reached to 120000 on the 12th day, and after some
oscillations, the websites ended the 15 day period with 180000 and 80000 respectively.

According to the chart, the rate of 180000 was the maximum of viewers that belongs to Pop Parade and Pop
Parade has More public interest for the viewers altogether than the Music Choice within these two weeks.