Unit I

(I) VERB
(II) Tense
(III) Voice
(IV) Narration
(V) Conditional Sentence
Unit II

(I) ARTICLE
(II) PREPOSITION
(III) CONJUNCTION
(IV) SYNTAX (Subject-Verb-Agreement)
Unit III

(I) NOUN
(II) PRONOUN
(III) ADJECTIVE
(IV) ADVERB
 VERB
➢ Main Verb
➢ Auxiliary Verb

There are two types of Main Verb

➢ Transitive Verb
➢ Intransitive Verb

There are two types of Auxiliary Verb

➢ Primary Auxiliary Verb
➢ Model Auxiliary Verb

Primary Auxiliary Verb

➢ To be form (Is / Am / Are / Was / Were)
➢ To have form (Has / Have / Had )
➢ To do form ( Do / Does / Did)

Use of “To be form Verb”

➢ Use of to be form verb with Noun/Pronoun

(Noun या Pronoun के साथ To be form Verb का प्रयोग)

Subject + is/am/are/was/were + Noun/Pronoun

▪ He is a player. (वह एक खिलाडी है।)
▪ Rohan is a student. (रोहन एक छात्र है ।)
▪ We are partners. (हमलोग साझेदार है।)

➢ Use of to be form verb with Adjective

 (Adjective के साथ To be form Verb का प्रयोग)

Subject + is/am/are/was/were + Adjective

• Rohit is intelligent. (रोहहत तेज है ।)

• Ranjit is foolish. (रं जीत मुिख है।)
• We are ready. (हमलोग तैयार है।)

➢ Use of to be form verb with Infinitive

(Infinitive के साथ To be form Verb का प्रयोग)

Subject + is/am/are/was/were + to + VerbI

• He was to go to Delhi. (उसे हदल्ली जाना था।)
• She is to come on Monday. (उसे सोमबार को आना है ।)
• We were to attend the party. (उसे पार्टी में शाहमल होना था।)

➢ Use of ‘To be form Verb with W.H.Words.

(W.H. Words के साथ To be form Verb का प्रयोग)

W.H.Words + is/am/are/was/were + Subject +?

• Who was she ? (वह कौन थी ? )

• What is this? (यह क्या है ?)
• Where is Rajeev? (राजीव कहा है ?)

➢ Use of ‘To be form’ Verb with ‘There’

(There के साथ To be form Verb का प्रयोग)

There + is/am/are/was/were + Sub

• There are several schools in this town. (इस शहर में कई स्कूल है ।)
• There are four books in my bag. (मेरे बैग में चार हकताबे है ।)
• There is a student waiting for me. (एक छात्र मेरा इं तजार कर रहा है ।)
 ➢ Use of ‘were’ in an Imaginary Sentence

When we discuss imagination, we use ‘were’ with singular subject also

(कोरी कल्पना की बात रहने पर Singular Subject के साथ भी Were का प्रयोग होता है )

• If I were a king! (अगर मै एक राजा होता!)

• If he were a bird ! (अगर वह एक पक्षी होता!)
• If you were a parrot ! (अगर तुम एक तोते होते !)

Use of ‘To have form’ (Has/Have/Had)

➢ Use of To have form verb ‘To show right over something’

(हकसी चीज पर अहिकार हदिाने के हलए To have form Verb का प्रयोग)

Subject + has/have/had + Noun

• I have a pen. (मेरे पास एक कलम है ।)

• Devendra has a computer. (दे वेन्द्र के पास एक कम्प्यूर्टर है ।)
• Rohit has a book. (रोहहत के पास एक हकताब है ।)

➢ Use of To have form verb To show relationship with somebody

(पररवाररक सम्बध को बताने के हलए To be form Verb का प्रयोग)

• Surbhi has two sons. (सुरहभ के दो बेर्टे है ।)

• Rohan has a daughter. (रोहन की एक बेर्टी है ।)
• Ramesh has a brother. (रमेश का एक भाई है ।)

➢ Use of To have form verb ‘To take, receive, or experience something’

(किसी चीज िो रखने , प्राप्त िरने या अनुभव िरने में)

Have = Take, Receive, Experience something (Past form – Had)

➢ I had my dinner at 8 PM. (मैंने रात 8 बजे हडनर हकया था।)

➢ I have no problem in searching my exam centre.
(मुझे अपना परीक्षा केंद्र िोजने में कोई समस्या नहीं है ।)
➢ I have many messages from my students.
(मेरे पास अपने छात्रो के कई सन्दे श है ।)

➢ Use of To have form verb to show ‘Forceful Work’

(बाध्यता के वाक्य में To have form Verb का प्रयोग)

Subject + has / have / had + Infinitive (To + V1)

• He has to do this work. (उसे यह कायख करना है ।)

• Saket has to solve all questions.
(साकेत को सभी प्रश्ों का हल करना है ।)
• Anil has to take the test. (अहनल को परीक्षा दे नी है ।)
• He has to go to Delhi. (उसे हदल्ली जाना है ।)

➢ Use of To have form verb ‘To show visited place’

(हजस स्थान से कोई पहले िभी गया हो उसे दशाख ने के हलए

To have form Verb का प्रयोग)
Subject + has/have + been + to + Noun

• Rajeev has been to china. (राजीव चीन गया है ।)

• Vinod has been to London. (हवनोद लन्दन गया है ।)

➢ Use of To have form verb to show ‘Someone’s previous post or position’

 (हजस पद पर पहले कोई रहा हो उसे दशाख ने के हलए
To have form Verb का प्रयोग)
• Rahul has been a professor. (राहुल प्रोफेसर रह चुके है ।)
• Venktesh has been a minister. (वेंकर्टे श मंत्री रह चु का है ।)

➢ Use of To have form verb ‘To show the desire of someone in the
past that has not fulfilled’ (Had Form)

(बीते समय की कोई इच्छा जो पू री नहीं हुई हो उसे दशाख ने

के हलए Had का प्रयोग)
• Rajesh had expected to pass U.P.S.C. (राजेश को UPSC पास होने की उम्मीद थी।)
• I had wanted to meet Saroj in the party. (मै सरोज से पार्टी में हमलना चाहता था।)

➢ Use of To have form verb ‘As a causative’

Casuative :: Used to describe a person or thing that causes an action to happen.

(जब Subject हकसी कायख को िुद न करके किसी और से िरवाता हो उसे Casuative Verb के
रूप में प्रयोग करते है ।)

Have + something + done (V3)

• I have the house painted every year. (मै हर साल घर की रं गाई करवाता हूँ ।)
• I had the house painted last year. (मैंने हपछले साल घर की रं गाई करवाई थी।)
• I will have the house painted next year. (मै अगले साल घर को रं गवाउगा।)

(When we arrange someone else to do something for us.)

Have + Object + Past participle (V3)

• You have your car washed. (आपने अपनी कार िो ली है ।)

To authorize someone to do something.

 Sub + have + Person + Verb

• The principal had his secretary make copies of the report.

(हप्रंहसपल ने सहचव से ररपोर्टख की प्रहतयाूँ बनाने को कहा।)
• The teacher had the students write a test.
(हशक्षक ने छात्रो से एक परीक्षा हलया।)

Use of To do form Verb (do/does/did)

❖Use of ‘To do form verb’ in the interrogative or Negative

Sentence of present and past tense
• Do you write a letter? (क्या आप एक पत्र हलिते है ?)
• Does he eat a mango ? (क्या वह एक आम िाता है ?)
• Did you come? (क्या आप आए?)
• Did Rohit go to Delhi? (क्या रोहहत हदल्ली गया?)

❖ Use of “Do” as a main verb

• I do not do this work. (मै यह काम नहीं करता।)
• He did not do this work. (उसने यह काम नहीं हकया।)
• What do you do for Rahul? (आप राहुल के हलए क्या करते है ।)
• Why did you do this? (तुमने ऐसा क्यों हकया?)

❖ To show polite request with emphasize

• Come with us. :: (हमारे साथ आओ।) :: Do come with us.

• Work a little harder. ::(थोडा और मेहनत करो।)::
Do work a little harder.
• Have a cup of tea. ::(एक कप चाय लीहजये):: Do have a cup of tea.
• Have a seat, Please. :::: Do have a seat, Please.
➢ Use of ‘do’ As ‘Nothing to do with’ to show something is not
concerned to somebody:

• It has nothing to do with you. (इसका आपसे कोई लेना दे ना नहीं है ।)

• It was nothing to do with me. (इसका मुझसे कोई लेना दे ना नहीं था।)

➢ Use of To do form to stop repeation in a sentence

• Ravish studies as hard as his bother does.

(रहवश अपने भाई की तरह मेहनत से पढ़ता है ।)
• Rakesh excelled in English language, so did his brother.
(राकेश अंग्रेजी भाषा में उत्कृष्ट प्रदशखन हकया , उसके भाई ने भी)

Model Verb
➢ Model verb is a type of Auxiliary verb that shows making request,
offers, asking permission, ability and more.
(Model Verb , Auxiliary Verb का एक प्रकार है हजससे हम आग्रह
िरने , अनुमकत लेने , क्षमता किखने , अवसर प्रिान िरने अहद का
भाव व्यक्त करते है ।)
➢ Model verb has no effect whether subject is singular or plural.
(Subject के Singular या Plural होने का Model Verb पर कोई प्रभाव
नहीं पड़ता है ।)

➢ Model Verb + V1
➢ Model Verb + have + V3
Use of May
➢ To show possibility or uncertainty
 (सम्भावना या अकनकितता िो िर्ााने िे कलए May िा प्रयोग)
• It may rain today. (आज वषाख हो सकती है ।)
• Rahul may win the prize. (राहुल पुरस्कार जीत सकते है ।)
• India may win the world cup. (भारत हवश्वकप जीत सकता है ।)
➢ To ask or give permission
(अनुमकत मागने या िे ने िे कलए May िा प्रयोग)
• May I come in? Yes you may.
(क्या मै अंदर आ सकता हूँ ?, हां आप आ सकते है ।)
• May I go now? Yes you may.
(क्या मै अब जा सकता हूँ ? , हां आप जा सकते है ।)

➢ To show good wishes

(र्ुभिामना िे ने िे कलए May िा प्रयोग)

• May God bless him! (भगवान उसे आशीवाख द दे !)

• May king live long! (राजा को लम्बी उम्र दे !)

Use of Might
➢ When we request somebody for something with more politeness
we use model verb ‘Might’

(जब हकसी से अकधि कवनम्रता के साथ आग्रह करते है तो Might का प्रयोग

हकया जाता है ।)

• Might I talk to the C.M.?

(क्या मै मुख्यमंत्री से बात कर सकता ह।)

➢ Might is used as past form of ‘May’.

 • He said that it might rain that day.
(उसने कहा की उस हदन बाररश हो सकती है ।)

➢ Possibility of happening something in the past

• She might have come, If you had asked her.

(अगर तुमने उससे पुछा होता तो शायद वो आ जाती।)

Use of ‘Can/Could’
➢ Use of can to show Strength, Physical, Ability, Mental ability and
knowledge

(Can का प्रयोग मजबूती , ज्ञान , मानकसि क्षमता को दशाख ने के हलए होता है ।)

• Ramesh can solve this question.

(रमेश इस प्रश् को हल कर सकता है ।)
• Rahul can lift this burden.
(रमेश इस बोझ को उठा सकता है ।)

➢ To express the speaker irritation or surprise

• What can he do? How could she blame him?

(वह क्या कर सकता है ?,वह उसे कैसे दोष दे सकती है ?)
• Where can he go? How could he find out?
(वह कहा जा सकता है ? वह कैसे पता लगा सकता था?)

➢ Can/Could::: To request somebody

• Could you give me your umbrella?
 (क्या आप मुझे अपना छाता दे सकते है ?)

➢ Could::: To express imaginary situation

• If I had more money, I could help you.

(अगर मेरे पास और पैसे होते तो मै आपकी मदद कर सकता था।)
• If I had wings, I could fly in the sky.
(अगर मेरे पास पंि होते तो मै आसमान में उड़ सकता था।)

Use of shall/will/Should/would
➢ Use of shall/will
Singular Plural
I we : Shall
You You : Will
He, She, It, Name They

➢ When we talk about promise, Determination, threat, warning,

we use the opposite pattern of the general form.

(जब हकसी वािा , अकिग होने िी बात , खतरा या चेतावनी का भाव

व्यक्त हो तो इसके हवपरीत पैर्टनख का प्रयोग हकया जाता है ।)

• He shall pay you on Sunday.

(वह आपको रहववार को भुगतान करे गा।)
• She shall work hard to achieve success.
(वह सफलता प्राप्त करने के हलए कड़ी मेहनत करे गी।)
• You will be punished for your misdeed.
 (आपको आपके कुकमख की सजा हमलेगी।)
Use of ‘Should’
➢ Use of should to show ‘Duty, Advice, Responsibility, Moral
obligation, Presumption’

(िताव्य, कजम्मेिारी , सलाह, नैकति कजम्मेिारी , अनुमान का भाव

रहने पर Should का प्रयोग करते है ।)

• One should obey one’s parents.

(हरे क को अपने माता-हपता के आज्ञा का पालन करना चाहहए।)
• Rahul should work hard.
(राहुल को कड़ी मेहनत करनी चाहहए।)
• Ranjeet should help the poor.
(रं जीत को गरीबो की मदद करनी चाहहए।)

Use of should after ‘lest’

➢ We can’t use ‘No, Not, Never’ after ‘Lest’

• Work hard lest you should fail.

(मेहनत करो कही तुम असफल न हो जाओ।)
Use of ‘would’

➢ Use of would to show ‘polite request’

• Would you send me a letter?

(क्या आप मुझे एक पत्र भेजेगे?)
• Would you give me your pen?
(क्या आप मुझे अपना पेन दे गे?)
➢ Use of would with ‘Rather’ to show priority or likeness
(प्राथकमिता या पसंिगी हदिाने के हलए Rather का प्रयोग करते है ।)
• I would rather study than play.
(मै िेलने के बजाय पढाई करना पसंद करुगा।)
• I would rather play than watch a movie.
(मै हफल्म दे िने के बजाय िेलूगा।)

➢ Use of would to show imaginary situation in a conditional

sentence.
(िाल्पकनि स्थथती को दशाख ने के हलए ‘Would’ का प्रयोग होता है ।)
• If I had money, I would help her.
(अगर मेरे पास पै से होते तो मै उसकी मदद करता।)
• If he had wings, he would fly in the sky.
(अगर उसके पास पंि होते तो वह आसमान में उड़ता।)
• If work had not completed in the past.
(यहद कायख पूवख में पूरा नहीं हकया गया होता।)
• If she had asked me, I would have helped her.
(अगर उसने मुझसे पूछा होता , तो मै उसकी मदद करता।)
• If he had requested me, I would have given him a job.

(अगर उसने मुझसे अनुरोि हकया होता, तो मै उसे नौकरी दे दे ता।)

• If I had worked hard, I would have passed the exam.

(अगर मैंने मेहनत की होती तो मै परीक्षा पास कर लेता।)
Use of Must
➢ When we want to say that it is necessary or very important
(जब कोई महत्वपूर्ा चीजो को दशाख ना हो)
• You must leave now otherwise you may miss to catch the bus.
 (आपको अवश्य अभी जाना होगा अन्यथा आप बस पकड़ने से

छूर्ट सकते है ।)
• You must work hard otherwise you may fail in the examination.
(आपको कड़ी मेहनत करनी होगी अन्यथा आप परीक्षा में
असफल हो सकते है ।)

➢ Must: To express an order

(आिे र् को व्यक्त करने के हलये Must का प्रयोग करते है ।)

• All students must attend the function.

(सभी छात्रो को समारोह में भाग लेना चाहहये ।)
• Soldiers must obey orders without delay.
(सैहनक को हबना दे र हकये आदे शो का पालन करना चाहहये ।)

➢ Must:: To show moral responsibility

(नैकति कजम्मेिारी को व्यक्त करने के हलये Must का प्रयोग)
• We must respect our parents.
(हमे अपने माता-हपता का सम्मान करना चाहहये ।)
• Students must obey their teachers.
(छात्रो को अपने हशक्षको की बात माननी चाहहये ।)

➢ Must not::: To show prohibition

(प्रकतबंध िर्ााने िे कलए Must not िा प्रयोग)
• Students must not resort to unfair means.
(छात्रो को अनुहचत सािनों का सहारा नहीं लेना चाहहये ।)
• You must not miss the lecture.
(आपको व्याख्यान नही करना चाहहये ।)
Semi Model or Marginal Model
➢ Semi Model:: Verbs that sometimes behave like model auxiliary
and sometimes as a main verb.

(Verbs जो कभी-कभी Model Verb और कभी-कभी Main Verb के रूप में

कायख करती है उसे Semi-Model Verb कहते है ।)

Use of need

➢ Use of ‘need’ in a negative sentence

(नकारात्मक वाक्यों में Need का प्रयोग)
• He need not submit offline application.
(उसे ऑफलाइन आवेदन जमा करने के जरूरत नहीं है ।)
• Rahul need not wear official uniform.
(राहुल को अहिकाररक वदी पहनने की जरूरत नहीं है ।)

➢ Use of ‘need’ in a perfect Tense to show something must not

have done
(Need का प्रयोग Perfect Tense के Negative वाक्यों में)

• You needn’t have written to me for this small problem.

(इस छोर्टी से समस्या के हलए आपको मुझे पत्र हलिने की आवश्कता नहीं
है ।)
• You needn’t have behaved like that.
(आपको ऐसा व्यवहार करने की जरूरत नहीं थी।)
• You needn’t have left home at 3:00 AM.
(आपको सुबह 3:00 बजे घर से हनकलने की जरूरत नहीं है ।)
• You needn’t take off your shoes.
(आपको अपने जूते उतारने की जरूरत नहीं है ।)
 • You needn’t spend a lot of money on gifts.
(आपको उपहारों पर बहुत अहिक पैसा िचख करने की आवश्कता नहीं है ।)
• We needn’t spend much time on this topic.
(हमे इस हवषय पर अहिक समय दे ने की आवश्कता नहीं है ।)
• You needn’t have waited for me.
(आपको मेरी प्रतीक्षा करने की आवश्कता नहीं थी।)

➢ When we ask a question with ‘Need’

Answer in affirmative must
Answer in negative needn’t
(प्रश् पूछते समय अगर Need का प्रयोग हुआ रहे तो जबाब सकारात्मक आने पर Must
और नकारात्मक आने पर needn’t का प्रयोग होता है ।)
• Need, I take the test? Yes you must.
(क्या मुझे परीक्षा दे ने की जरूरत है ? हां अवश्य )
• Need, I revise this lesson? No, you needn’t.
(क्या मुझे इस अध्याय को हफर से पढने की जरूरत है ?
नहीं आपको नही जरूरत है ।)
➢ Use of ‘Need’ as a main verb
• He needs my help. (उसे मेरी मदद की जरूरत है ।)
• I need your support. (मुझे आपके समथखन की जरूरत है ।)

Use of ‘Dare’
➢ Use of dare in a negative or interrogative sentence.
(नकारात्मक या प्रश्वाचक वाक्यों में Dare का प्रयोग)
Dare:: To do something wrong , challenge somebody
• You dare not oppose me.
(तुमने मेरा हवरोि करने की हहम्मत नहीं की।)
• She dare not complain against you.
(उसने आपके खिलाफ हशकायत करने की हहम्मत नहीं की।)
• Dare you bear Mr. Rohit?
(क्या आप रोहहत को सहन करने की हहम्मत करते है ?)
• Dare you go there alone?
(क्या तुम्हारी हहम्मत वहा अकेले जाने की है ।)

➢ Use of dare with ‘How’ to show surprise or Angry, Mournful

expression
(How िे साथ dare िा प्रयोग आिया , गुस्सा या र्ोिग्रस्त भावना िो
िर्ााने िे कलये)
• How dare you to enter without permission?
(हबना अनुमहत के प्रवेश करने की आपकी हहम्मत कैसे हुई?)
• How dare Rajiv act in this manner?
(राजीव की इस तरह से हरकत करने की हहम्मत कैसे हुई?)
➢ Use of dare as a main verb
Dare:: Challenge Somebody to do something with courage
(हकसी को कुछ साहस के साथ करने की चुनौती दे ना)
• Rajeev dares to oppose him.
(राजीव ने उसका कवरोध करने का साहस हकया।)

Use of ‘Used to’

➢ To show the habit of past ::: That is not continue in the present
(Past की कोई आित जो वतामान में नहीं हो)
• Mukesh used to drink beer, now he drinks wine.
(मुकेश बीयर हपते थे,अब शराब हपते है ।)
• Sohan used to smoke cigarettes, now he does not smoke.
(सोहन हसगरे र्ट पीते थे, अब वह िूम्रपान नहीं करते ।)

➢ To show habit
(आदत को व्यक्त करने के हलए)
• I used to read newspaper in the morning.
(मै सुबह अख़बार पढ़ता था।)
• Ravi used to play chess in the evening.
(रहव शाम को शतरं ज िेला करता था।)

➢ ‘Used to’ in a negative or interrogative Sentence:

(निारात्मि और प्रश्नवाचि वाक्य में ‘Used to’ का प्रयोग)
❖ Ramakant did not use to smoke daily.
(रमाकां त रोज िूम्रपान नहीं हकया करते थे ।)
❖ Rohan did not use to play chess in the evening.
(रोहन शाम को शतरं ज नहीं िेला करता था।)

Use of ‘Ought to’

➢ To show responsibility , Duty , Advice ,
❖ You ought to practice for more than 2 hr.
(आपको 2 घन्टे से अहिक समय तक अभ्यास करना चाहहये ।)
❖ We ought to respect our parents.
(हमे अपने माता हपता का सम्मान करना चाहहये ।)
❖ You ought to help you friends.
(आपको अपने दोस्ों की मदद करनी चाहहये ।)
❖ You ought to help your friends.
(आपको अपने दोस्ों की मदद करनी चाहहये ।)

➢ Advice not to do something.

(कोई कायख हवशेष को नहीं करने की सलाह दे ने के हलए “Ought to” का प्रयोग)
❖ You ought not to smoke so much.
(आपको इतना िूम्रपान नहीं करना चाहहये ।)
❖ You ought not to disrespect your elders.
(आपको अपने से बड़ो का अनादर नहीं करना चाहहये ।)
 ❖ You ought not to treat your friends like this.
(आपको अपने दोस्ों के साथ ऐसा व्यवहार नहीं करना चाहहये ।)

➢ Something should be completed in the past.

❖ Ramesh ought to have invited Mahesh on his birthday Party.

(रमेश को महे श को अपने जन्महदन के समारोह में आमंहत्रत करना चाहहये था।)
❖ Rohit ought to have helped him.
(रोहहत को उसकी मदद करनी चाहहये थी।)
❖ Vishal ought to have helped the poor.
(हवशाल को गरीबो की मदद करनी चाहहए थी।)
 Tense
Sub + Verb + Object

Subject :: Who performs the action (कायख को िरने वाला)

Verb :: Any type of action (हकया गया िाया)

Object :: Things on which activity is done (कायख से प्रभाकवत होने वाला)

Type of Tense
❖ Present Tense
❖ Past Tense
❖ Future Tense

Present Tense
➢ Present Indefinite
➢ Present Continuous
➢ Present Perfect
➢ Present Perfect Continuous

Present Indefinite tense

It represents an action which is regular or normal or true and uses the
base form of the verb.

( Present Indefinite Tense से हमे हकसी कनयकमत घटना , साधारर् िाया ,

सच्ची घटना के बारे में पता चलता है और इसके साथ Verb के 1st Form का
प्रयोग होता है )
 I We
You You
He, She, It , Name They

Simple Sentence of Present Indefinitec

➢ Sub + VI/VI + s/es + obj
• We play cricket. (हमलोग हिकेर्ट िेलते है ।)
• I go to New Delhi. (मै नई हदल्ली जाता हूँ ।)

Negative Sentence of Present Indefinite

➢ Sub + do/does + not + vI + object
• I do not play Chess. (मैं शतरं ज नहीं िेलता हूँ ।)
• He does not go to office. (वह कायाख लय नहीं जाता है ।)
• We do not sing a song. ( हम गाना नहीं गाते है ।)
Interrogative Sentence of Present Indefinite
➢ Do/does + sub + vI + object + ?
• Do they write a letter? (क्या वे एक पत्र हलिते हैं ?)
• Does he sing a song ? (क्या वह एक गाना गाता है ?)

Use of Present Indefinite

➢ Eternal Truths
 (We use present indefinite tense when we talk about eternal
truths.)
(सावाभौकमि सत्य के बारे में बात करने पर हम Present Indefinite
Tense का प्रयोग करते है ।)
• The Sun rises in the east. (सूरज पूरब में उगता है ।)
• The Earth revolves round the sun.
(पृथ्वी सूयख की पररिमा करती है ।)
• The Sun sets in the west. (सूयख पहिम में अस् होता है ।)

➢ Regular work (कनयकमत िाया)

• I get up early in the morning. (मैं सुबह जल्दी उठता हूँ ।)
• My father goes to office at 10: 00 AM.
(मेरे हपता 10:00 बजे कायाख लय जाते हैं ।)
• My mother goes to temple every day.
(मेरी मां रोज मंहदर जाती है ।)
• He plays football daily.
(वह रोजाना फुर्टबॉल िेलता है ।)

➢ Planned future action

(भकवष्य में सुकनयोकजत िाया)

• He reaches here tomorrow.

(वह कल यहां पहुं चेंगे।)
• Mr. Sharma retires on 21st July.
(श्री शमाख 21 जुलाई को सेवाहनवृत्त हो रहे हैं ।)
• We leave America at 10 : 30 next Monday.
(हम अगले सोमवार को 10:30 बजे अमेररका से हनकलेंगे।)
 ➢ Newspaper Headlines
• Peace talks fail. (शां हत वाताख हवफल)

➢ Commentaries on T.V. and Radio

• Raju passes the ball to Ranjeet, Ranjeet passes it to Sonu.

(राजू ने रं जीत को गेंद दी, रं जीत ने इसे सोनू को हदया।)

➢ Exclamatory Sentence Starting with Here and There.
• Here Comes the Bus!
• Here Ramesh Comes!
• There She Lives!

See, Hear, Think, Look, Appear, Seem, Belong’ generally

used in present indefinite Tense.

See (िे खना), Hear (सुनना) , Think (सोचना) , Look (िे खना), Appear
(प्रतीत होना) , Seem (मालूम पड़ना) , Belong (सम्बंकधत होना) का प्रयोग
सामान्यतया Present Indefinite Tense में होता है ।

• I see him enjoying the music.

मैं उसे संगीत का आनंद लेते हुए दे िता हं
• I hear, they are going to New Delhi next year.
(मैंने सुना है , वे अगले साल नई हदल्ली जा रहे हैं ।)

Every week, Every year, always, never, usually, often, sometimes,

occasionally, used in Present Indefinite Tense.
 (यहद हकसी वाक्य में Every week, Every year, always, never, usually,
often, sometimes, occasionally का प्रयोग हुआ हो तो उसे Present
Indefinite Tense में रिते है )

• She always speaks the truth. (वह हमेशा सच बोलती है ।)

• He never tells a lie. (वह कभी झूठ नहीं बोलता।)
• Ravi sometimes goes for a walk. (रहव कभी-कभी र्टहलने जाता है ।)
• He occasionally visits Church. (वह कभी-कभी चचख जाते हैं ।)
Present Continuous Tense
Present continuous Tense indicates that an action or condition is
happening now and may continue into the future.

(अगर कोई कायख वतखमान समय में हो रहा हो और उसके आगे भी जारी रहने
की सम्भावना हो तो उसे Present Continuous Tense में रिते है ।)
Simple sentence of Present continuous Tense
➢ Sub + is/am/are + v1 + ing + obj.
• He is playing football. (वह फुर्टबॉल िेल रहा है ।)
• Sanjeev is reading a book. (संजीव हकताब पढ़ रहा है ।)
• I am teaching in the class. (मैं कक्षा में पढ़ा रहा हूँ ।)

Negative Sentence of Present continuous Tense

➢ Sub + is/am/are + not + v1 + ing + obj
• I am not reading this novel. (मैं यह उपन्यास नहीं पढ़ रहा हूँ ।)
• She is not singing a song. (वह गाना नहीं गा रही है ।)
Interrogative Sentence of Present continuous Tense
➢ Is/Am/Are + Subject + V +ing + obj + ?
 • Is She singing a song? (क्या वह गाना गा रही है ?)
• Is he watching T.V.? (क्या वह र्टीवी दे ि रहा है ?)
Use of Present Continuous Tense
➢ To show regular process that is not continue in current time.
(हनयहमत प्रहिया हदिाने के हलए जो वतखमान समय में जारी नहीं है ।)

• He is writing a novel now - a -days.

(वह आजकल एक उपन्यास हलि रहा है ।)
• Rana is learning grammar now-a-days.
(राणा आजकल व्याकरण सीि रहा है ।)
• Aniket is serving in this office.
(अहनकेत इस कायाख लय में कायखरत है ।)

➢ Action of near Future (Planned or arranged action)

(हनकर्ट भहवष्य में होने वाला कायख या भहवष्य में सुहनयोहजत कायख)
• They are going to Delhi tomorrow. (वे कल हदल्ली जा रहे हैं ।)
• Ankit is coming tomorrow. (अंहकत कल आ रहा है ।)

➢ Always, forever, constantly, continually

Something that is done just opposite of somebody desire frequently.

(कोई ऐसा कायख जो हकसी की बार-बार इच्छा के ठीक हवपरीत हकया जाता है ।)

• She is always complaining.

(वह हमे शा हशकायत करती रहती है ।)
• Aniket is forever finding fault with others.
(अहनकेत हमेशा दू सरों में दोष ढू ं ढता रहता है ।)

➢ Some verbs are not used in Present Continuous form:-

 (नीचे हदए गये Verb का प्रयोग Present Continuous Tense में नहीं होता
है )

❖ Perception (अनुभूहत) :- See (दे िना) , Hear (सुनना) , Smell (सुगंि

लेना) , Taste (स्वाद लेना) , Feel (महसूस करना)

❖ Appearance (हदिावर्ट) :- Look (दे िना) , Resemble (रं ग रूप से

हमलना) , Seem (के जैसा हदिना) , Appear (प्रकर्ट होना)

❖ Thinking (सोच) : - Think (सोच) , Suppose (मानना) , Agree (सहमत

होना) , Remember (याद करना) , Forget (भूलना) , Know (जानना),
Understand (समझना)
❖ Possession (कब्जा) : - Belong (सम्बंहित होना) , Own (अपना) ,
Possess (अहिकार में रिना) , Contain (हनहहत होना)

Present Perfect Tense

Actions or events that have been completed or have happened in a
period of time up tomorrow.

(कायख या घर्टनाएूँ जो अभी-अभी तक पूरी हो चु की हैं या घहर्टत हुई है उसे

Present Perfect Tense में रिते हैं।)
Simple Sentence of Present Perfect Tense
➢ Sub + has/have + v3 + obj

• The Train has arrived. (र्टरेन आ चुकी है ।)

• Rana has just arrived. (राणा अभी आया है ।)
• I have completed my project.
 (मैंने अपना प्रोजे क्ट पूरा कर हलया है ।)
Negative sentence of Present Perfect Tense
➢ Sub + has/have + not + v3 + obj.
• I have not taken lunch. (मैंने दोपहर का भोजन नहीं हकया है ।)
• They have not gone. (वे नहीं गए हैं ।)
Interrogative sentence of Present Perfect Tense
➢ Has/Have + Sub + v3 + obj + ?
• Has Ramesh competed this Project ?
(क्या रमेश ने इस पररयोजना में भाग हलया है ?)
• Have you finished your assignment within a week ?
(क्या आपने एक सप्ताह के भीतर अपना कायख पूरा कर हलया है ?)
Use of Present Perfect Tense.
➢ Something that has completed in present time:-

• The train has just arrived.

(र्टरेन अभी तुरंत आई है ।)
• She has just completed her assignment.
(उसने अभी अपना असाइनमेंर्ट पूरा हकया है ।)
• He has just gone out.
(वह अभी बाहर गया है ।)

➢ Use of “Yet, Always, Already, Recently, Ever, Upto now, Often ,

So far” in present Present Perfect Tense.
• Have they gone to school yet?
(क्या वे अभी तक स्कूल गए हैं ?)
• I have already seen this film.
 (मैंने यह हफल्म पहले ही दे ि ली है ।)
• We have no trouble so far.
(हमें अब तक कोई परे शानी नहीं हुई है ।)

➢ This/ That/ It + is + the + first /second /third + Present Perfect

• This is the second time you have asked me the same questions.

(यह दू सरी बार है जब आपने मु झसे वही प्रश् पूछे हैं ।)

• This is the worst book, I have ever read.

(यह सबसे िराब हकताब है हजसे मैं ने अभी तक पढ़ा हूँ ।)
Difference between since & for
➢ Use of for
Hour
1,2,3,4,5 Day
+
,6,……..
Month
Year
Week

❖ If time indicating word like ‘hour, day , month , year , week’ is

added with a number it forms period of time ,
We add period of time in a sentence with ‘FOR’
(समय को सूहचत करने वाले शब्द जैसे ‘hour, day , month , year ,
week’ के साथ अगर संख्या जुड़ा हो तो समय की अवहि बनता है और
समय की अवहि के साथ हम For का प्रयोग करते है ।)
 ➢ Use of since
We use ‘Since’ to indicate point of time like “Name of year .
Name of day , Morning , Evening”
(Point of time जैसे वषख के नाम , हदन के नाम के साथ Since का प्रयोग
होता है ।)
❖ Year:- 1999, 2015, 2013
❖ Name of day :- Monday, Sunday ,
❖ Morning , Evening

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

An action started in the past, and has continued in the present
time is used in Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

(यहद कोई कायख Past में शुरू होकर वतखमान के साथ साथ जारी रहे उसे Past
Perfect Continuous Tense में प्रयोग करते है )
Simple Sentence of Present Perfect Continuous Tense
➢ Sub + has/have + been + v + ing + since/ for + time.
• Ramesh has been living in this town since 2015.
(रमेश इस शहर में 2015 से रह रहा है ।)
• We have been watching T.V. since morning.
(हम सुबह से र्टीवी दे ि रहे हैं ।)
• I have been writing a book for a month.
(मैं एक महीने से एक हकताब हलि रहा हं ।)

Negative Sentence of Present Perfect Continuous Tense

➢ Sub + has/have + not + been + v +ing + obj + since/for + time.
 • I have not been swimming for two hours.
(मैं दो घंर्टे से तैर नहीं रहा हूँ ।)
• It has not been raining since morning.
(सुबह से बाररश नहीं हो रही है ।)
Interrogative Sentence of Present Perfect Continuous Tense
➢ Has/Have + Sub + been + v + ing + obj + since/for + time + ?
• Has it been raining since morning ?
(क्या सुबह से बाररश हो रही है ?)
Past Tense
➢ Past Indefinite
➢ Past Continuous
➢ Past Perfect
➢ Past Perfect Continuous

Past Indefinite Tense

Past indefinite tense, is used to indicate a finished or completed
action/task that occurred/happened at a specific point in time in the
past.

(Past indefinite tense का प्रयोग Past में हकसी समय समाप्त हो चु के कायख
को दशाख ने के हलए होता है )
Simple Sentence of Past Indefinite Tense
➢ Sub + V2 + obj.
• He wrote a book. (उसने एक हकताब हलिी।)
• Sohan abused him. (सोहन ने उसके साथ दु व्यखवहार की।)
 Negative Sentence of Past Indefinite Tense
➢ Sub + did + not + V1 + obj.
• He did not write a letter.
(उन्ोंने पत्र नहीं हलिा।)
• They did not play cricket.
(वे हिकेर्ट नहीं िे लते थे।)

Interrogative Sentence of Past Indefinite Tense

➢ Did + Sub + V1 + obj + ?

• Did Ravi make a mistake?
(क्या रहव ने गलती की?)
• Did they play hockey?
( क्या वे हॉकी िेलते थे ?)
Use of Past Indefinite Tense.
➢ Yesterday, Last (Last year, Last month), Ago
(यहद हकसी वाक्य में Yesterday, Last , Ago लगा हो तो उसे Past
Indefinite Tense में प्रयोग करते है )
• An accident took place yesterday.
(कल एक दु घखर्टना हुई थी।)
• I finished this project last week.

(मैंने हपछले हफ्ते इस पररयोजना को पूरा हकया।)

➢ Habit of past
(बीते समय की कोई आदत)
• He never went to church.
(वह कभी चचख नहीं गया।)
• He never missed the train.
(उन्ोंने कभी र्टरेन नहीं छोड़ी।)

➢ An action just after another action:-

(एक घर्टना के तुरंत बाद कोई दू सरी घर्टना को बतलाने के हलए Past
Indefinite Tense का प्रयोग होता है )
• He switched on the light before he opened the door.
(दरवाजा िोलने से पहले उसने लाइर्ट ऑन कर दी।)
• He changed his dress before he went to bed.
(सोने से पहले उसने अपने कपड़े बदले।)

➢ Two actions at the same time

(जब एक ही समय में दो घर्टना घहर्टत हुई हो)

• When the CM entered the meeting room, all congratulated him.

(सीएम ने बैठक कक्ष में प्रवेश हकया तो सभी ने उन्ें बिाई दी.)
• When the queen entered the hall, the orchestra played the
National Anthem.
(जब रानी ने हॉल में प्रवेश हकया, तो ऑकेस्ट्र ा ने राष्टरगान बजाया।)

➢ It is time/ It is high time + sub + v2

• It is time we went home.
(हमारे घर जाने का समय हो गया है ।)
• It is time you finished this Project.
(समय आ गया है हक आप इस पररयोजना को पूरा करें ।)
 ➢ Use of simple past with ‘wish & If only’
• I wish I were a millionaire. (काश मैं करोड़पहत होता।)
• I wish I knew her. (काश मैं उसे जानता।)

Past continuous Tense

A continuing action that was happening at some time in the past.
(कोई कायख जो Past में हकसी समय जारी था, उसे Past continuous Tense में
रिते है ।)

Simple Sentence of Past continuous Tense

➢ Sub + was/were + v + ing + obj.

• The children were laughing at the beggar.

(बच्चे हभिारी पर हं स रहे थे।)
• He was dancing like a Nagin.
(वह नाहगन की तरह नाच रहा था।)
• They were abusing us.
(वे हमें गाहलयां दे रहे थे।)

Negative Sentence of Past continuous Tense

➢ Sub + was/were + not + v + ing + obj.

• They were not playing cricket.
(वे हिकेर्ट नहीं िे ल रहे थे।)
• You weren’t doing your homework.
 (आप अपना होमवकख नहीं कर रहे थे।)

Interrogative Sentence of Past continuous Tense

➢ Was/were + sub + v + ing + object + ?

• Was he going to market? (क्या वह बाजार जा रहा था?)
• Were they playing cards? (क्या वे ताश िेल रहे थे ?)

Use of Past Continuous Tense

➢ Use of “Always, continually, constantly” in Past continuous tense

• She was always grumbling.
(वह हमेशा बड़बड़ाती रहती थी।)
• He was constantly crying those days.
(वह उन हदनों लगातार रो रहा था।)

➢ When a task is already going on in the past and during the same
time some other event happens, then the already ongoing task is
kept in Past Continuous Tense and the event that happened
during it in Past Indefinite Tense.
(जब Past में कोई कायख पहले से चल रहा हो और उसी के दौरान कोई
दू सरी घर्टना घर्ट जाए तो पहले से चल रहे कायख को Past Continuous
Tense में और उसके दौरान घर्टी घर्टना को Past Indefinite Tense में
रिते है ।)
 ❖ First action : Sub + Was/were + v +ing + Obj
❖
Second action : Sub + v2 + Obj

➢ When two actions in the past continue at the same time, then
both actions are kept in the Past Continuous Tense.
(जब Past में कोई दो कायख एक ही समय में लगातार जारी रहे तब दोनों कायख
को Past Continuous Tense में रिते है ।)
• While she was cooking, I was washing the clothes.
(जब वह िाना बना रही थी, मैं कपड़े िो रहा था।)
• While they were playing, I was watching T.V.
(जब वे िेल रहे थे , मैं र्टीवी दे ि रहा था।)

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense used to talk about actions that were completed
before some point in the past.
(Past Perfect Tense उन हियाओं के बारे में बात करता था जो Past में हकसी
किए गये समय से पहले पू री हो चु की थीं।)
Simple Sentence of Past Perfect Tense

➢ Sub + had + v3 + obj.

• She had written a letter. (उसने एक पत्र हलिा था।)
• Ram had gone to Delhi. (राम हदल्ली गया हुआ था।)
 Negative Sentence of Past Perfect Tense

➢ Sub + had + not + v3 + obj.

• We had not played a match. (हमने मैच नहीं िेला था।)
• She had not written a letter. (उसने पत्र नहीं हलिा था।)

Interrogative Sentence of Past Perfect Tense

➢ Had + Sub + v3 + obj + ?

• Had Sohan written a novel?
(क्या सोहन ने उपन्यास हलिा था?)
• Had Ravi completed this project?
(क्या रहव ने इस प्रोजेक्ट को पूरा हकया था?)

Use of Past Perfect Tense

➢ Action before second action.

(हकसी दू सरी घर्टना से पहले कोई घर्टना)
• The train had started before I reached the station.
(मेरे स्ट्े शन पहुूँ चने से पहले ही र्टरेन चल चु की थी।)
• He had completed his project before I reached there.
(मेरे वहाूँ पहुूँ चने से पहले उन्ोंने अपना प्रोजेक्ट पूरा कर हलया था।)

➢ Use of ‘Already’ in past perfect tense

• He had already informed his friends.

• He had already reached there much earlier.

➢ Use of ‘Hope, Expect , Think , Intend , Want , Suppose’ in Past

Perfect Tense
 Hope (आशा करना) , Expect (उम्मीद करना) , Think (सोचना) ,
Intend (इरादा रिना) , Want (इच्छा करना) , Suppose (मानना) का
Past Perfect Tense में प्रयोग ::
• They had hoped that you would cooperate us.
(उन्ें उम्मीद थी हक आप हमारा सहयोग करें गे।)
• He had wanted to donate some money.
(वह कुछ पैसे दान करना चाहता था।)

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

The past perfect continuous tense shows that an action that started in
the past continued up until another time in the past.
(यहद कोई कायख Past में शुरू होकर Past में ही हकसी समय तक जारी रहे उसे
Past Perfect Continuous Tense में प्रयोग करते है ।)

Simple Sentence of Past Perfect Continuous Tense

➢ Sub + had + been + v + ing + obj + since/for + time.

• Ramesh had been watching T.V. for four hours.

(रमेश चार घंर्टे से र्टीवी दे ि रहा था।)
• Sanjeev had been living in this city for 3 years.
(संजीव इस शहर में 3 साल से रह रहा था।)

Negative Sentence of Past Perfect Continuous Tense

➢ Sub + had + not + been + v + ing + obj + since + for + time.

• He had not been waiting for him since morning.

(वह सुबह से उसका इं तजार नहीं कर रहा था।)
• Sita had not been crying since morning.
(सीता सुबह से रो नहीं रही थी।)
 Interrogative Sentence of Past Perfect Continuous Tense

➢ Had + sub + been + v +ing + obj + since/for + time + ?

• Had Ravi been Playing since morning ?

(क्या रहव सुबह से िेल रहा था ?)
• Had she been writing a letter for two hours?
(क्या वह दो घंर्टे से पत्र हलि रही थी?)

Future Tense
➢ Future Indefinite
➢ Future Continuous
➢ Future Perfect
➢ Future Perfect Continuous

Future Indefinite Tense

Future indefinite Tense indicates that an action or occurrence has not

happened yet and will take place at some point in the future.
(Future indefinite Tense यह बतलाता है हक कोई हिया या घर्टना अभी तक
नहीं हुई है और भहवष्य में हकसी हबं दु पर होगी।)

Simple Sentence of Future Indefinite Tense

➢ Sub + will + shall + v1 + obj.

• I shall buy a book. (मैं एक हकताब िरीदू ं गा।)

• They wall attend the party. (वे पार्टी में हशरकत करते हैं ।)

Negative Sentence of Future Indefinite Tense

➢ sub + shall / will + not + v1 + obj

 • He will not go to Agra. (वह आगरा नहीं जाएगा।)
• They will not come tomorrow. (वे कल नहीं आएं गे।)

Interrogative Sentence of Future Indefinite Tense

➢ Will/shall + sub + v1 + obj + ?

• Will Ravi attend the party? (क्या रहव पार्टी में शाहमल होंगे?)
• Shall I do this work? (क्या मैं यह काम करू ूँ ?)

Future continuous Tense

(A verb tense that indicates that something will occur in the future and
continue for an expected length of time is used in Future Continuous
Tense. )
(हकसी कायख भहवष्य में होने और उसे जारी रहने का भाव व्यक्त हो तब उस
वाक्य का प्रयोग हम में करते है ।)

Simple Sentence of Future Continuous Tense

➢ Sub + shall/will + be + v +ing + obj

• She will be washing the clothes.
(वह कपड़े िो रही होगी।)
• I shall be going to New Delhi tomorrow.
(मैं कल नई हदल्ली जा रहा हूँ ।)

Negative Sentence of Future Continuous Tense

➢ Sub + shall/will + not + be + v+ing + obj.

• I shall not be going to market.

(मैं बाजार नहीं जाऊूँगा।)
 • He will not be playing chess.
(वह शतरं ज नहीं िेल रहा होगा।)
Interrogative Sentence of Future Continuous Tense

➢ Shall/will + sub + be + v + ing + obj + ?

• Will Sohan be playing chess ?

(क्या सोहन शतरं ज िेल रहा होगा?)
• Shall they be watching T.V. ?
(क्या वे र्टीवी दे ि रहे होंगे?)

Future Perfect Tense

The Future Perfect Tense is used for actions that will be completed
before some other point in the future.
(Future Perfect Tense का उपयोग उन कायों के हलए हकया जाता है जो
भहवष्य में हकसी अन्य हबंदु से पहले पूरे हो जाएं गे।)

Simple Sentence of Future Perfect Tense

➢ Sub + will/shall + have + v3 + obj

• He will have completed this project by next month.

(वह इस प्रोजेक्ट को अगले महीने तक पूरा कर लेंगे।)
• He will have completed his studies by the year 2021.
(वह साल 2021 तक अपनी पढ़ाई पू री कर चुका होगा।)

Negative Sentence of Future Perfect Tense

➢ Sub + will +shall + not + have + v3 + obj.

• I shall not have written a book by next month.

 (मैं अगले महीने तक हकताब नहीं हलि चुका होता।)
• They will not have reached here by 8 : 00 PM.
(वे रात 8:00 बजे तक यहां नहीं पहुं च चुके होंगे।)

Interrogative Sentence of Future Perfect Tense

➢ Shall/will sub + have + v3 + obj + ?

• Will they have completed this project by tomorrow?
(क्या वे इस प्रोजेक्ट को कल तक पूरा कर लेंगे?)
• Will she have washed her clothes by 2 : 00 PM ?
(क्या वह दोपहर 2 : 00 बजे तक अपने कपड़े िोएगी?)

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Future Perfect Continuous Tense describes actions that will continue

up until a point in the future.
(Future Perfect Continuous Tense उन हियाओं का वणखन करता है जो
भहवष्य में एक हबंदु तक जारी रहें गी।)

Simple Sentence of Future Perfect Continuous Tense

➢ Sub + will/shall + have + been + v + ing + obj + since/for + time

• We shall have been flying kites since morning on next Sunday.

(हम अगले रहववार को सुबह से पतं ग उड़ा रहे होंगे।)
• They will have been playing for 3 hours by 4 o’clock.
(वे 4 बजे तक 3 घं र्टे से िेल रहे होंगे।)

Negative Sentence of Future Perfect Continuous Tense

➢ Sub + will/shall + not + have + been + v + ing + Obj + Since/For + Time

 • We shall not have been playing football.
(हम फुर्टबॉल नहीं िेल रहे होंगे।)
• They will not have been working here.
(वे यहाूँ काम नहीं कर रहे होंगे।)

Interrogative Sentence of Future Perfect Continuous Tense

➢ Will/Shall + sub + not + have been + v +ing + obj ?

• Shan’t we have been playing match since morning ?

(क्या हम सुबह से मैच नहीं िेल रहे हैं ?)
• Shall Ravi have been playing football ?
(क्या रहव फुर्टबॉल िेल रहा होगा?)
• Will Sanjeev have been watching T.V. for two hours ?
(क्या संजीव दो घं र्टे से र्टीवी दे ि रहा होगा?)

Update on ::: 16 January 2022

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By:: Sumit Verma

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