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    MGG 4 - Economic - Load - Dispatch

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    YASARAH LABIBAH
    The document discusses economic load dispatch, which determines the optimal scheduling of generators to minimize operating costs while meeting demand. It describes the economic dispatch formulation, which is solved using Lagrange multipliers and Kuhn-Tucker conditions to find the optimal dispatch given generator costs and demand. Transmission losses are also considered by including them in the objective function. The penalty factors adjust generator costs to account for how losses change with generation. Different types of economic dispatch problems are outlined.

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    MGG 4 - Economic - Load - Dispatch

    Uploaded by

    YASARAH LABIBAH
    49 views19 pages
    The document discusses economic load dispatch, which determines the optimal scheduling of generators to minimize operating costs while meeting demand. It describes the economic dispatch formulation, which is solved using Lagrange multipliers and Kuhn-Tucker conditions to find the optimal dispatch given generator costs and demand. Transmission losses are also considered by including them in the objective function. The penalty factors adjust generator costs to account for how losses change with generation. Different types of economic dispatch problems are outlined.

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    Mgg 4_Economic_Load_Dispatch

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    The document discusses economic load dispatch, which determines the optimal scheduling of generators to minimize operating costs while meeting demand. It describes the economic dispatch formulation, which is solved using Lagrange multipliers and Kuhn-Tucker conditions to find the optimal dispatch given generator costs and demand. Transmission losses are also considered by including them in the objective function. The penalty factors adjust generator costs to account for how losses change with generation. Different types of economic dispatch problems are outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    49 views19 pages

    MGG 4 - Economic - Load - Dispatch

    Uploaded by

    YASARAH LABIBAH
    The document discusses economic load dispatch, which determines the optimal scheduling of generators to minimize operating costs while meeting demand. It describes the economic dispatch formulation, which is solved using Lagrange multipliers and Kuhn-Tucker conditions to find the optimal dispatch given generator costs and demand. Transmission losses are also considered by including them in the objective function. The penalty factors adjust generator costs to account for how losses change with generation. Different types of economic dispatch problems are outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    Economic load Dispatch

    Contents
    1. Introduction
    2. Economic Dispatch formulation
    3. Economic dispatch without transmission
    losses
    4. Economic dispatch with transmission losses
    5. Impact of transmission losses on the ED
    6. Types of Economic Dispatch
    7. Economic Dispatch summary 2

    ▪ References
    1. Introduction
    “Economic load dispatch is performed to determine
    the optimal scheduling of the generators to
    minimize the operating cost of generators for the
    given load demand while satisfying equality and
    inequality constraints” NG
    FT =  Fi (PGi )
    i=1
    NG
    Subjected to  PGi = PD + PLosses
    i=1

    Where NG is number of generators. PD and Plosses are


    load demand and power losses respectively. 3
    2. Economic Dispatch Formulation
    Minimization with Equality Constraint

    ▪ This is a constrained optimization problem solved


    by the Lagrange function.
    ▪ This method adds the constrained function to
    the objective function with multiplication of
    unknown multiplier known as Lagrange multiplier.
    NG NG
    L(PG ,) =  Fi (PGi ) + (PD −  PGi )
    i=1 i=1

    ▪ Ignoring the power losses.


    ▪ This function modify the constraint problem to 4

    an unconstraint problem.
    Cont’d
    ▪ The necessary conditions for the minimization are
    ▪ Kuhn-Tucker Conditions
    L(PG ,) dFi (PGi )
    = − = 0 (for i = 1 to N G )
    PGi dPGi

    ▪ The summarized set of equations will be

    dFi (PGi ) 
    = NG Equations
    dPGi
    PGi,min  PGi  PGi,max 2NG Equations
    NG
    PD =  PGi 1 Constraint
    i=1 5
    3. ED_Without transmission losses (example)

    What is optimal dispatch of three generator units


    delivering the load of 850 MW and their fuel cost
    functions are,

    F(P ) = 561+7.92P +0.001562P2$/h


    1 G1 G1 G1
    F (P ) =310+7.85P +0.00194P $/h2
    2 G2 G1 G2
    F (P ) = 78+7.93P +0.00482P2 $/h
    3 G3 G3 G3

    6
    Economic Dispatch example, Cont’d
    We have four linear equations
    7.92 + 0.003124PG1 −  = 0
    7.85 + 0.00388PG2 −  = 0
    7.97 + 0.00964PG3 −  = 0
    PG1 + PG 2 + PG3 − 850 = 0
    On solving the equations

     PG1   393.2MWh 
     P   334.6MWh 
     G2  =  
     PG3   122.2MWh 
        7

       9.148 $/MWh 
    4. ED with the Transmission Losses

    ▪ Since, all the generating system connected through


    transmission network. Thus transmission losses are the
    function of generation dispatch.

    ▪ This expand the Lagrange function with the inclusion of


    transmission losses as
    NG NG
    L(PG ,) =  Fi (PGi ) + (PD + PL(PG ) −  PGi )
    i=1 i=1
    8
    5. Impact of transmission loss on ED
    With the inclusion of transmission losses, the
    optimal dispatch condition also get changes
    NG NG
    L(PG ,) =  Fi (PGi ) + (PD + PL(PG ) −  PGi )
    i=1 i=1
    The necessary conditions for economic dispatch are
    L(PG ,) dPi (PGi ) PL (PG )
    = − (1− )=0
    PGi dPGi PGi
    NG
    PD + PL (PG ) −  PGi = 0 9
    i=1
    5. Impact of transmission loss on ED(Cont’..)
    Solving the equation for λ, we get

    dFi (PGi ) PL (PG ) dFi (PGi )  PL (PG ) 


    + = ; − 1−  =0
    dPGi PGi dPGi  PGi 
    1 dFi (PGi )
     =
     PL (PG )  dPGi
     1− P 
     Gi 

    The penalty factor for the ith generator


    1
    Li =
     PL (PG ) 
    1− P 
     Gi 
    10

    Note: the penalty factor for slack bus is always unity


    Impact of transmission loss on ED
    At the condition of optimal dispatch are
    L1IC1 (PG1 ) = L2IC2 (PG2 ) = .... = LNG ICNG (PGNG ) = 

    As PGi increases

    1 PL ( PG )
    Li = ;  0  L i  1.0
     PL ( PG )  PGi
     1 − P 
     Gi 
    This make the ith generator appear to be more expensive ( i.e. it is
    penalized). Likewise Li <1.0 makes a generator appear to be less 11
    expensive.. Further, the incremental cost of each generator at
    optimal dispatch is no longer remains same.
    Lambda-Iteration method
    ▪ It is a graphical technique to track the optimal incremental cost
    to meet the load demand. It is one of the best and efficient
    method to solve the ED problem.

    12
    Lambda Iterations Method

    ▪ This methods work only when incremental cost curves


    are linear and generators are at between their limits
    ▪ The method uses unique mapping between a
    value of lambda and each generator’s MW output

    ▪ The method then starts with values of lambda below


    and above the optimal value, and then iteratively
    brackets the optimal value
    13
    Other methods to solve ED

    ▪ Gradient Method

    ▪ Dynamic programming

    ▪ Base point and participation factor

    ▪ Swarm intelligence technique

    ▪ Artificial intelligence technique

    14
    6. Types of Economic Dispatch Problem

    ▪ Static Economic load dispatch


    ▪ Dynamic Economic Load Dispatch
    ▪ Multi area Economic Load dispatch

    ▪ Static Economic Dispatch


    In SELD generators are scheduled for one operating period
    with optimized operating cost. It is independent of time

    15
    Cont’d
    ▪ Dynamic Economic Load Dispatch
    DELD is process of the economic operation in the power system
    for a day-ahead scheduling with forecasted load demand. It aims
    to obtain the optimum schedule of the generator units with
    minimizing the total fuel cost over continuous time periods while
    satisfying the generator and network constraints

    ▪ Multi Area Economic Dispatch


    MAED is an extension of Single are economic dispatch that aims
    to determine the optimal power generation schedule and
    interexchange of power in such a way that minimizes the overall
    fuel cost of all generating units while satisfying several
    operational and network constraints. However, MAED system
    16
    security imposes restrictions on inter- area power transactions
    through the transmission lines
    Economic Dispatch Summary
    ▪ Economic dispatch determines the best way to minimize the
    generator operating costs

    ▪ The lambda-iteration method is a good and efficient approach


    for solving the economic dispatch problem

    ▪ The penalty factors are used to consider the impact of losses.

    ▪ Economic dispatch is not concerned with determining which


    units to turn on/off (this is the unit commitment problem)

    ▪ Economic dispatch ignores the transmission system limitations 17


    References
    ▪ AJ Wood and BF Wollenberg, “Power generation, operation
    and control,” New York: John Wiley & Sons Press; 1984.

    ▪ Hadi Saadat, “Power system analysis,” New Delhi: Tata


    McGraw Hill Publishing Company; 2002.

    ▪ Vinay Kumar Jadoun, Nikhil Gupta, K. R. Niazi and Anil


    Swarnkar, “Dynamically controlled particle swarm
    optimization for large scale non-convex economic dispatch
    problems,” International Transactions on Electrical Energy
    18
    and Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2014.
    12/28/2017
    Thank You

    19

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