Lab Sheet 1

Implementation of Discrete Time Signals using MATLAB

1. A fundamental knowledge on MATLAB

2. A theoretical knowledge on discrete time signals.

1. describe discrete-time signals mathematically and generate, manipulate, and plot discrete-
time signals using MATLAB.
2. understand different operations on DT signals

1. Lab Session 1.1: Generation of DT signals using MATLAB

2. Lab Session 1.2: Operation on DT signals
3. Lab Session 1.3: In Lab Evaluation
4. Home work

Lab Session 1.1:

LS 1.1.1 Generation of DT signals using MATLAB
Example 1.1
Generate the sequence
x(n) = 2cos(2 0.05n), −10  n  10
Solution:
MATLAB codes:
n=[-10:10];
x=2*cos(2*pi*0.05*n);
stem(n,x,'k')

Output:

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Example 1.2
Generate a sequence x(n) = [2 1,-1,3,1,4,3,7] represented in MATLAB.

Solution:
MATLAB codes:
n=[-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4];
x=[2 1 -1 3 1 4 3 7];
stem(n,x)

**Note the element x(n=0)

Output:
8

-2
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

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Used custom function in this section:
Table 1.1
Name Mathematical definition MATLAB function
1. Unit sample function 1, n = 0 function [x n]= delta(n0,n1,n2)
 (n) =  n=[n1:n2];
0, n  0 x=[n-n0]==0;
2. Unit step function 1, n  0 function [x n]= u(n0,n1,n2)
u (n ) =  n=[n1:n2];
0, n  0 x=[n-n0]>=0;

3. Real valued exponential x(n) = an ,n; aR function [x n]= realx(a,n1,n2)

sequence n=[n1:n2];
x=a.^n;
Try the following codes
[x,n]=delta(3,0,10)
x=
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
n=
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

stem(n,x,'k'); axis([-1 12 -1 2])

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Similarly try the following codes

a=2; n1=1; n2=10;
[x n]= realx(a,n1,n2)
stem(n,x,'k');

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Example 1.3:
Generate and plot the following sequences over the indicated intervals.
(a) x (n) = 2(n+2) - (n-4) ; -5 ≤ n≤ 5.
(b) x(n) = cos(0.04n) +0.2w(n) , 0 ≤ n ≤ 50 , where w(n) is the Gaussian random
sequence with zero mean and unit variance.
Solution :
MATLAB Code:
%for part a
n=[-5:5];
x=2*delta(-2,-5,5)-delta(4,-5,5);
subplot(2,1,1);stem(n,x);
title('sequence in part a.');xlabel('n');ylabel('x(n)');
%for part b
n=[0:50];
x=cos(0.04*pi*n)+0.2*randn(size(n));
subplot(2,1,2);stem(n,x);
title('sequence in part b.');xlabel('n');ylabel('x(n)');

Output:
sequence in part a.
2

1
x(n)

-1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n
sequence in part b.
2

1
x(n)

-1

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
n

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Example 1.4:
Generate and plot the samples (use the stem function) of the following sequence using MATLAB:
10
(a) x1 (n ) =  (m + 1)(n − 2m ) − (n − 2m − 1) ; 0  n  25
m =0

(b) x(n) = (0.8)n , 0  n  9 ,one periodic, plot 10 periods.

Solution :
MATLAB Code:
% (a)
n = [0:25];
x1 = zeros(1,26);
for m=0:10,
x1 = x1 + (m+1).*(delta(2.*m,0,25)-delta(2.*m+1,0,25));
end
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,x1,'k');
title('Sequence in Problem a')
% (b)
n=[0:9]';
x=(0.8).^n
N=10;
y = repmat(x,N,1); %repmat is a library function
m=0:1:size(y,1)-1;
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(m,y,'k')
title('Sequence in Problem b')

Output:

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LS 1.2 Operation on DT Sequences
Used custom function in this section:

Table 1.2
Name Mathematical definition MATLAB function
1. Signal addition {x1(n)}+{x2(n)}= function [y n]=sigadd(x1,n1,x2,n2)
{x1(n)+x2(n)} n=min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2));
y1=zeros(1,length(n));y2=y1;
y1(find((n>=min(n1))&(n<=max(n1))==1))=x1;
y2(find((n>=min(n2))&(n<=max(n2))==1))=x2;
y=y1+y2;
end
2. Signal {x1(n)}.{x2(n)}= {x1(n).x2(n)} function [y n]=sigmult(x1,n1,x2,n2)
multiplication n=min(min(n1),min(n2)):max(max(n1),max(n2));
y1=zeros(1,length(n));y2=y1;
y1(find((n>=min(n1))&(n<=max(n1))==1))=x1;
y2(find((n>=min(n2))&(n<=max(n2))==1))=x2;
y=y1.*y2;
end

3. Signal Shifting y(n)={x(n-k)} function [y n]=sigshift(x,m,n0)

n=m+n0;
y=x;
end

4. Signal folding y(n)={x(-n)} function [y n] = sigfold(x,n)

y=fliplr(x); n=-fliplr(n);
% fliplr is library function.
end
>> help fliplr in command window to
know in details .

5 Decompositio 1
xe (n) = [ x(n) + x(−n)] function [xe, xo, m] = evenodd(x,n)
n to even and 2
odd part 1 m = -fliplr(n);
xo (n) = [ x(n) − x(−n)] m1 = min([m,n]); m2 = max([m,n]); m = m1:m2;
2
nm = n(1)-m(1); n1 = 1:length(n);
x1 = zeros(1,length(m)); x1(n1+nm) = x; x = x1;
xe = 0.5*(x + fliplr(x)); xo = 0.5*(x -
fliplr(x));
end

Try the following codes

[x1,n1] = delta(3,0,10); subplot(3,1,1);stem(n1,x1);
[x2,n2] =delta(7,0,10); subplot(3,1,2);stem(n2,x2);
[x3,n3] =sigadd(x1*2,n1,-x2*3,n2);subplot(3,1,3);stem(n3,x3);

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Example 1.5:
Let x(n) = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,6,5,4,3,2,1}

Generate and plot the following sequence using MATLAB:

(a) x1(n)=2x(n-5)-3x(n+4) (b) x2(n)=x(3-n)+x(n)x(n-2)
Solution :
MATLAB Code:
n = -2:10; x = [1:7,6:-1:1];
% a) x1(n) = 2*x(n-5) - 3*x(n+4)
[x11,n11] = sigshift(x,n,5); [x12,n12] = sigshift(x,n,-4);
[x1,n1] = sigadd(2*x11,n11,-3*x12,n12);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n1,x1); title('Sequence in a')
xlabel('n'); ylabel('x1(n)');
axis([min(n1)-1,max(n1)+1,min(x1)-1,max(x1)+1])
% b) x2(n) = x(3-n) + x(n)*x(n-2)
[x21,n21] = sigfold(x,n); [x21,n21] = sigshift(x21,n21,3);
[x22,n22] = sigshift(x,n,2); [x22,n22] = sigmult(x,n,x22,n22);
[x2,n2] = sigadd(x21,n21,x22,n22);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n2,x2);
title('Sequence in Example b')
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x2(n)');
axis([min(n2)-1,max(n2)+1,0,40])

Output :
Sequence in a

10

0
x1(n)

-10

-20
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
n
Sequence in b
40

30
x2(n)

20

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0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
n
Example 1.6: Real and Imaginary part of complex sequence
Generate the complex valued signal,
x (n ) = e ( −0.1+ j0.3) n , -10≤ n ≤ 10
and plot it’s magnitude ,phase, the real part and the imaginary part in four separate subplots .
Solution:
MATLAB Code:
n = [-10:1:10]; alpha = -0.1+0.3j;
x = exp(alpha*n);
subplot(2,2,1);stem(n,real(x));title('real part');xlabel('n')
subplot(2,2,2);stem(n,imag(x));title('imaginary part');xlabel('n')
subplot(2,2,3);stem(n,abs(x));title('magnitude part');xlabel('n')
subplot(2,2,4);stem(n,(180/pi)*angle(x));
title('phase part');xlabel('n')

Output :

real part imaginary part

2 1

0 0

-2 -1

-4 -2
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
n n
magnitude part phase part
3 200

100
2
0
1
-100

0 -200
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
n n

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Example 1.7: Decomposing a sequence in even and odd components:
−0.1 n
Use the function evenodd(x,n )to decompose x(n) = 1.2e into even and odd
components . Show original sequence, even part and odd part in subplots.
Solution:
MATLAB Code:
n = [0:10];
x=1.2*exp(-0.1*pi*n);
[xe,xo,m] = evenodd(x,n);
subplot(3,1,1); stem(n,x); title('Original Signal')
xlabel('n'); ylabel('x(n)'); axis([-10,10,0,1.2])
subplot(312); stem(m,xe); title('Even Part')
xlabel('n'); ylabel('xe(n)'); axis([-10,10,0,1.2])
subplot(313); stem(m,xo); title('Odd Part')
xlabel('n'); ylabel('xe(n)'); axis([-10,10,-0.6,0.6])

Output:
Rectangular pulse
1
x(n)

0.5

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
n
Even Part
1
xe(n)

0.5

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
n
Odd Part
0.5
xe(n)

-0.5
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
n

Downsampling and Upsampling.

Downsampling:
Used library function: downsample(x,k)

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Example 1.8:
Use downsample(x,k) function to plot the original and downsampled sequence in subplots,
where,
x(n) = {1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12}
and the downsampling factor is 3.

Solution:
MATLAB Code:

x = [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12];
k = 3;
z=downsample(x,k)
n=[0:length(x)-1];
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(n,x)
title('Original sequence.')
m=[0:length(z)-1];
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(m,z)
title('Downsampled sequence.')

Output:
Original sequence.
15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Downsampled sequence.
10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

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Upsampling:
Used library function:
upsample(x,k)
Example 1.9:
Use upsample(x,k) function to plot the original and downsampled sequence in subplots, where,
x(n) = {2 3 4 5 6} and the upsampling factor is 3.
Solution: MATLAB Code:
x = [ 2 3 4 5 6];
k = 3;
z=upsample(x,k);
n=[0:length(x)-1];
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(n,x)
title('Original sequence.')
m=[0:length(z)-1];
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(m,z)
title('Oversampled sequence.')
stem(m,z)
title('Original sequence.')
stem(m,z)
Output:
title('Original sequence.')

Original sequence.
6

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Oversampled sequence.
6

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

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Lab Session 1.3 : In Lab Evaluation
In this section, students will solve the following problems in lab hour
themselves.

ILE 1.1 : Using the evenodd function, decompose the following sequences into their even and
odd components. Plot these components using the stem function.
x(n) = e0.1n [u(n +5) − u(n −10)]
ILE 1.2 :Let x(n) = {1, −2, 4,6, −5,8,10} . Generate and plot the samples of the following sequence:

y(n) = x(n + 4) x(n −1) + 4 x(n + 4) + 3x(n)

ILE 1.3 : Let x(n) = {1, 2, 3, 4} is one period of a periodic sequence. Plot 4 periods of the sequence.

Home Work:
1. Generate and plot the samples(use the stem function ) of the following sequence using
MATLAB : x1 (n) = 3x(n + 2) + x(n − 4) − 2 x(n) where, x(n) = {1,−2,6,−5,4,6,8,10}
Hint: Use “sigadd” & “sigshift” functions.

2. (a) A unit ramp DT signal r(n) is defined as,

n n0
r ( n) = 
0 n0
Develop a function to implement the above signal.
(b) Use the above sequence to plot a ramp sequence for the interval -10 to 10.
3. Generate x(n)= cos(0.25n) , − 50  n  50 . Downsample x(n) by a factor of 5 to generate
y(n) . Plot both x(n) and y(n) using subplot.
4. Let, x(n) = {1,−2,6,−5,4,6,8,10} Generate and plot the samples of the following
sequence:
5
y(n) =  nx(n − k)
k =1
Hint: Use a for loop and “sigadd” & “sigshift” functions.
5. A simple digital differentiator is given by
y(n) = x(n) − x(n − 1)
which computes a backward first-order difference of the input sequence. Implement this
differentiator on the following sequences, and plot the results. Comment on the
appropriateness of this simple differentiator.
(i) x(n) = 5 u (n) − u(n − 20) 
n 
(ii) x(n) = sin   u (n) − u(n − 100) 
 25 

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