Chem

aknownledgement
I sincerely thank Mr. P. N. Gopakumar, the principal of

Santhinikethan Public School and the management members for
providing me all the facilities required for under taking this project·
I express my sincere gratitude and heartfelt thanks to my chemistry
teacher Mrs. Nimisha. E, N. mam for her valuable guidance, innovative
ideas, sincere Cooperation and never ending patience. I am also
thankful to all my friends And family members who encouraged and
supported me in this humble venture Whole heartedly.
Last but not the least, I am extremely thankful to god Almighty for his
grace without which the project would never have seen light.
1|Page
INTRODUCTION
I n the past decade, there has been a tremendous increase in the yields
of various crops to meet the demand of over-growing world
population. This great feat has been achieved by adopting new
methods of farming and by extensive use of fertilizers and insecticides.
Insecticides and pesticides are chemicals which when sprayed over the
crop product it from pests. For example, DDT, BHC, zinc phosphide,
mercuric chloride, dinitrophenol, etc. They either kill the insect or
prevent their growth. All pesticides are poisonous chemicals and must be
used in small quantities and with great care. Pesticides have proved to be
effective against variety of insects, weeds and fungi and are respectively
called insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. Most of the pesticides are
non-biodegradable and remain penetrated as such into plants, fruits and
vegetables. From plants, they transfer into animals, birds and human
beings who eat these polluted fruits and vegetables. Inside the body they
remain accumulated and cause serious health problems. These days
preference is given to the use of biodegradable insecticides like vapum,
Malathion. But these are also not totally harm free. Samples of raw food
commodities like wheat, pulses it show good amount of insecticides
residues. Such findings have aroused the concern of scientists.
Agricultural administrations and health officials all over the world to put
a check over the use of insecticides and to search for non-insecticidal
means of pest control.
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AIM
 To study the presence of insecticides/ pesticides (nitrogen

containing) in various fruits and vegetables.
REQUIREMENTS
 Mortar and pestle, beakers, funnel,

Glass rod, filter paper, China dish, water bath, tripod stand, fusion
tubes, knife, test tube.
 Samples of various fruits and vegetables, alcohol, sodium metal,

ferric chloride solution, ferrous sulphate crystals, distilled water
and dilute sulphuric acid.
PROCEDURE
 Take different kinds of fruits and vegetables and cut them into
small pieces separately.
 Transfer the cut pieces of various fruits
And vegetables into the mortar separately and crush them.
 Take different beakers from each kind of fruits and vegetables and
place the crushed ones in these beakers and add 10ml of alcohol to
each of these. Stir well and filter. Collect the filtrate in separate
china dishes.
 Evaporate the alcohol by heating china dishes one by one over a

water bath and let the residue dry in an oven.
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 Heat a small piece of dry sodium in fusion tube, till it melts. Then
add one of the above residues from china-dish to this fusion tube
and heat till red hot Drop the hot fusion tube in a china dish
containing about 10ml of distilled water. Break the tube and boil
the contents of the china dish for about 5 minutes. Cool and filter
the solution. Collect the filtrate.
 To the filtrate add 1 ml freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution

and warm the contents. Then add 2-3 drops of ferric chloride
solution and acidify with dil.hcl. If a blue green precipitate or
coloration is obtained, it indicates the presence of nitrogen
containing insecticides.
 Repeat the test of nitrogen for residues obtained from other fruits
and vegetables.
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OBSERVATIONS
S.NO NAME TEST FOR TEST FOR
PRESENCE INSECTICIDES
OF OR PESICIDES
NITROGEN
1. Tomato Positive Yes
2. Potato Positive Yes
3. Brinjal Positive Yes
4. Orange Positive Yes
5. Grape Positive Yes
CONCLUSION
Some samples of fruits and vegetables were tested and they
contained appreciable amount of insecticides/
pesticides and are advised to use after thorough washing.
5|Page

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aknownledgement

I sincerely thank Mr. P. N. Gopakumar, the principal of

 To study the presence of insecticides/ pesticides (nitrogen

 Mortar and pestle, beakers, funnel,

 Samples of various fruits and vegetables, alcohol, sodium metal,

 Evaporate the alcohol by heating china dishes one by one over a

 To the filtrate add 1 ml freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution

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