Drug Addiction: Biology Investigatory Project

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, SVP NPA
SHIVARAMPALLY, HYDERABAD - 500052
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

DRUG ADDICTION
SUBMITTED BY:
Dhananjay Dhiman
xn-A
This is to certify that this “Biology Investigatory
Project” on the topic “Drug Addiction” has been
successfully completed by Dhananjav D him an of
class XII - /1 under the guidance of Mrs. SaUaja
Navak in particular fulfilment of the curriculum of
Central Board of Secondarv Education {CBSE}
leading to the award of annual examination of the
year 2Q16~17.
Teacher-In-Charge External Examiner

、'、.2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have
been possible without the kind support and help of many
individuals.
I would like to thank my principal Dr. NSK and

school for providing me with facilities required to do my
project.
I am highly indebted to my Biology teacher, Mrs. Sailaja

Nayak^ for her invaluable guidance which has sustained my
efforts in all the stages of this project work.
I would also like to thank my parents for their continuous

support and encouragement.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow classmates

and the laboratory assistant in developing the project and to
the people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.
S.No. Content Page No.
Certificate
1. 2
Acknowledgements 3
2.
3. Aim/Objective
6
4. Project Report on Drugs Dependence 7
5. Introduction to "drugs addiction"

8
Classification of Drugs 9
6.
7. Combinations of Drugs and Alcohol
10
8. How does drug addiction begin? 11
9. Social Disease - Smoking. Drinking, and 12

Use of Drugs
Tobacco 13
10.
Alcohol 15
11.
Conclusion 17
12.
13. Bibliography 17
14. End of project 18

_J______________
4
To study drugs, their
classification, addictive nature,
and prevention from addiction.
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Drugs are prescribed by physicians for the prevention or

treatment of diseases, or for increasing the physical and mental
performance and are withdrawn as soon as the desired effect is
achieved. Repeated use of certain drugs on a periodic or
continuous basis may make the body dependence. Such drugs
are called psychotropic drugs. They act on the brain and alter
behavior, consciousness, and capacity of perception. Hence,
they are also termed mood-altering drugs. Some people start
taking drugs without medical advice due to one reason or the
other and become drugs dependent.
“Drug Addiction" phrase is made by two words:
(I) Drug
(II) Addiction.
What is meant by a drug?
Any substance, other than food, used in the picvention, diagnosis, all aviation or
treatment of a disease is called a drug. A drug may also be de lined as a
cbemical wbicb, UIK.II taken in some 'vay alter I be body liinclion. I be drug is also
known as a medicine, (ienerally, tbe tenn drugs applied lo any stimulating or
depressing substance that can be babilualing or addictive.
Meaning of Addiction
Addiclion is tbe babilnal. psycbological and physiological dependence on a
substance or practice. W’hich is beyond voluntaiy control. A person who is
habituated to a substance or a practice, especially a hannliil one, is called an
addict.
@§§ifiggdiQn of
There are a large number of drugs on which people become dependent. These
are classified into four major groups: sedatives and tranquilizers, opiate narcotics,
stimulants and hallucinogens.
Examples Effect
Sedatives and Barbiturates. Depress CNS activity
Tranquillizers Benzodiazepines give a feeling of
Calmness.
relaxation,
drowsiness.
Opiate Narcotics Opium, Morphine. Suppress brain

Codeine. Heroin activity relaxed
pain.
Stimulants Amphetamines. Make a person more
Caffeine. Cocaine wakeful,
alert and active,
cause excitement.
Hallucinogens LSQ. Mescalin. Alter thoughts,

psilocybin. Ganja. feeling, and
Charas. Hashish.
perceptions.
CombinatiQns Qf prugs and
Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to have immediate ‘kid* or ‘charge’.

Simultaneous use of drug and alcohol may produce dangerous effects, including
death. When barbiturates and alcohol are taken together, each doubles the effect
of the other. A mixture of cocaine and heroin called speedball gives a
spontaneous kick of cocaine and prolonged pleasure of heroin.
_________Combination_________ Effect
1. Alcohol + Barbiturates Markedly increased the
depressant effect.
2. Alcohol + Antihistamines Marked drowsiness
3. Alcohol + Valium Dramatically increases sedative
effect.
4. Alcohol + Marijuana or Decreased coordination
Hashish increased reaction time Impaired
judgment.
5. Alcohol + Aspirin Increased changes of damage to
gastric mucosa.
etcMigtjon bggin?
There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.

1. Curiosity: Frequent references to drugs by public media create curiosity for
having a personal experience of the drugs.
2. Friend’s pressure: Frequent appreciation of drug experience by friends
allures others to start the use of drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression: Some people start taking drugs to get relief
from frustration and depression.
4. The desire for More Work: Students sometimes take drugs to keep awake
the whole night to prepare for the examination. It is not desirable as it may cause
a mental breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World: A wrong notion that the drugs open up a
new world tempts some young octets to start taking-drugs.
6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of pain-relieving drugs with physician's
advice at times leads to addiction.
7. Family History: Children may take to drugs by seeing their elders in the
family.
8. Excitement and Adventure: The young take to drugs to satisfy their instinct
for excitement and adventure.
Soeial
9rinl<ing,Usg of 9rugs
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or regularly

are social diseases. They adversely affect the health of the
addicts and the society. Young people take to these habits for
fun, show off or curiosity, as an adventure or feeling of freedom,
or as a gesture of defiance against the elders who themselves
indulge in these activities but check the youngsters. Other factors
that make people take to these vices are the inability to face
problems of life indifference shown by members of the family and
encouragement or pressure by friends. A temporary escape from
the life problems and mental relaxation felt on taking the drugs in
the beginning increase person's interest in them. Soon they
become habitual and find in difficult to leave. The daily dose to
get the desired effect increases with time.
As in other countries, the menace of drug addiction is spreading
in India also. A large number of our young men and women have
taken to intoxicants. About 87.6 per cent drug addicts are
between the ages of 14 and 25 years.
Tobaeeo
Sources:
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red
Indian first started smoking. Now the tobacco
plant has spread the world
over. It has large, quote to lanceolate leaves
and terminal clusters of tubular, white or pink flowers.
Modes of Use:
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Its main stimulating
component is poisonous volatile alkaloid nicotine, which causes addiction.
Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots of the plant but it is stored in the leaves.
The leaves contain 2 to 8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke from cigars,
cigarettes, biddies, pipes and hubble-bubble is called smoking. The cigar is a roll
of tobacco leaf. The cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in paper. Bidi is tobacco
wrapped. In a piece of leaf. Tobacco smoke is drawn directly from the pipe and
through water is hubble-bubble. Smoking may give some temporary relief to the
strained nerves but in the long run, it proves a dangerous health hazard. The
quantity of nicotine contained in one cigar may prove fatal if injected
intravenously into a person. When smoked only 10% of the smoke is inhaled.
Hence, no immediate ill effect is observed. Smokers may develop a physiological
craving for nicotine and then they cannot give up smoking.
Effect of Nicotine:
Nicotine is a low concentration.
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve

impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the risk of heart
diseases.
(v) Retards foetal growth in expecting mothers and
(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of nicotine paralyzes nerve

cells.
Olhci. I larmhil coinpoiiciils (>f T(>l)ac(.o Smoke:
Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains carbonmonoxide,

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and tar. Other EfLcis:
(i) Smoking effects economy: A smoker not only waste money but also runs the
risk of burns and fires.
(ii) Smoking mars personality: Teeth may become stained. Lips may get
discolored and breath becomes foul. A person with a cigarette hanging from the
mouth looks odd.
(iii) Smoking is annoying to others: Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to non-

smokers. It may prove even more harmful to them. A smoker should avoid
smoking. When in the company of non-smokers. A smoker makes the person
nearby person’s passive smokers through inhaling smoke released by him.
Z\ \ 14
a
Sources:
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colorless liquid having a penetrating odour
and burning taste. It is one of the products of the distillation of fermented grains,
fruit juices and starches with the help of yeast enzymes. It is the principal
constituent and the intoxicating principle of wines. Modes of Use:
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy, and wine and in
relatively high concentration as arrack, brandy, whiskey, rum. gin. vodka etc.
Addiction:
Addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholics are found in all society
section of society. Alcohol causes intoxication and thus, acts as a poison. They
drinkers begin with small doses, but many of them soon start consuming large
doses and become addicts. By the time they realize that drinking in adversely
affecting them, it is too late to give it up. Why People Take to Drinking
The drinkers offer one or more of the following reasons for starting drinking.
(i) Social pressure
(ii) Desire for excitement
(iii) Feeling of independence
(iv) Liking of taste
(v) Desire to escape from such realities of life as disappointments and
failures and
(vi) The desire to offset the hardships and monotony of daily life.
What happens when Alcohol is
consumed?
Alcohol is quickly absorbed in
the stomach and upper part of
small intestine and reaches all
the tissues in minutes. Its
oxidation starts at once and a
large amount of heat in
produced. Since heat is not
needed in the body, it is taken up
by the blood and carried to the skin for dissipation. Since the receptors of heat
are located in the skin, the rush of blood to the skin gives a false impression of
warmth in the body. The blood supply of internal organs is greatly reduced
resulting in fall of temperature in them. The energy released by alcohol is not
used in any life process. Rather the energy derived from food is used up in
ridding the body of excess heat.
Is Alcohol A Stimulant?
Many people take alcohol for stimulation. Actually, alcohol is a depressant, a
substance which dulls the senses. It reduces the efficiency of every tissue the
body. Any feeling of lift a person may claim to feel is a mistaken impression or
an attempt to justify the act in his own mind.
Conelusions
Drug use and addiction cause a lot of disease and disability in the world. Recent
advances in neuroscience may help improve policies to reduce the harm that the
use of tobacco, alcohol and other psychoactive drugs impose on society.
See H. Abadinsky. Drug Abuse (1989): H. T. Milhorn. Jr.. Chemical Dependence

(1990); D. Baum. Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of
Failure (1996): M. Massing. The Fix (1998): J. Jonnes, Hepcats, Nares, and Pipe
Dreams: A History of America's Romance with Illegal Drugs (1999): publications
of the Drugs & Crime Data Center and Clearinghouse, the Bureau of Justice
Statistics Clearinghouse, and the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug
Information. NCERT Class 12 Lab Manual
❖ https://en.wikipedia.org
❖ https://www.google.co.in
❖ https://www.scribd.com
https://www.slideshare.com
❖ Class 12 NCERT Textbook
❖ Reference articles from various blogs.
THANK YOU!

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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, SVP NPA

SHIVARAMPALLY, HYDERABAD - 500052

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Teacher-In-Charge External Examiner

I would like to thank my principal Dr. NSK and

I am highly indebted to my Biology teacher, Mrs. Sailaja

I would also like to thank my parents for their continuous

My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow classmates

5. Introduction to "drugs addiction"

9. Social Disease - Smoking. Drinking, and 12

14. End of project 18

Drugs are prescribed by physicians for the prevention or

“Drug Addiction" phrase is made by two words:

Opiate Narcotics Opium, Morphine. Suppress brain

Hallucinogens LSQ. Mescalin. Alter thoughts,

Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to have immediate ‘kid* or ‘charge’.

There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.

Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or regularly

(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve

(ii) Relaxes the muscles.

(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and pressure.

(v) Retards foetal growth in expecting mothers and

(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of nicotine paralyzes nerve

Olhci. I larmhil coinpoiiciils (>f T(>l)ac(.o Smoke:

Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains carbonmonoxide,

(iii) Smoking is annoying to others: Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to non-

See H. Abadinsky. Drug Abuse (1989): H. T. Milhorn. Jr.. Chemical Dependence

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