GST101LECTURENOTES

WHATI
SCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

Accor
dingt
otheOxf
ordAdv
ancedLear
ner
sDi
cti
onar
y,“
Communi
cat
ioni
sdef
inedas
t
heact
ivi
tyorpr
ocessofexpr
essi
ngi
deasandf
eel
i
ngsorofgi
vi
ngpeopl
einf
ormat
ion.
Speech i
sthe f
ast
est met
hod of communi
cat
ion bet
ween peopl
e”.The wor
d
communi
cat
ioni
sder
ivedf
rom t
hev
erb“
Communi
cat
e”whi
chi
nessencemeanst
o
shar
e.I
n essence,t
o communi
cat
e means t
o shar
einf
ormat
ion.Col
i
n def
ines
communi
cat
ionas“
shar
ingofel
ement
sofbehav
iorormodesofl
i
febyt
heexi
stenceof
set
sofr
ules”
.Wi
l
burSchr
amm def
inescommuni
cat
ionas“
atoolt
hatmakessoci
eti
es
possi
bleanddi
sti
ngui
shhumanf
rom ot
hersoci
eti
es.Ber
nar
dBev
elsonandLi
nda
St
einerofi
sthev
iew t
hatcommuni
cat
ioni
s“t
het
ransmi
ssi
onofi
nfor
mat
ion,i
deas,
emot
ions,
ski
l
lst
hrought
heuseofsy
mbol
s,wor
ds,
pict
ures,
figur
esandgr
aphs.Sandr
a
Nwagbosobel
i
evest
hat“
communi
cat
ioni
sapr
ocesswher
ebyf
act
s,f
igur
es,i
deas,
cr
eat
ivi
ty,i
nfor
mat
ion,t
hought
s,f
eel
i
ngsar
econv
eyedt
o,shar
edwi
th,t
ransmi
tt
ed
f
rom oneper
sont
oanot
hersucht
hatt
het
woper
sonsunder
standeachot
herandr
eact
accor
dingl
y”.Ther
efor
e,t
heai
m ofcommuni
cat
ioni
stopasssomei
nfor
mat
ionacr
oss
t
other
eci
pient
.Thi
scanonl
ybepossi
blet
hrought
heuseofsent
ences.Thesent
ence
i
sani
mpor
tantaspectofcommuni
cat
ion;
iti
smadeupofwor
dswhi
char
emeani
ngf
ul.

Communi
cat
ioni
svi
tali
nal
lhumanendeav
ors.Theabi
l
ityt
ocommuni
cat
eef
fect
ivel
y
r
equi
ressomespeci
alski
l
l;ev
eryi
ndi
vi
dualcancommuni
cat
ebutnotal
lcandoi
t
ef
fect
ivel
y.A dumbcancommuni
cat
ehi
sideas,opi
nions,f
eel
i
ngsbutnotal
lcan
under
standhi
smessage.Thekeyt
oanyef
fect
ivecommuni
cat
ioni
stheabi
l
ityoft
he
l
i
stenert
ounder
standt
hemessagepassedacr
oss.Muchofhumancommuni
cat
ioni
s
t
hroughspeechandassuch,
themoder
nmanusesspeechmor
ethanwr
it
ing.Thi
sisa
r
esul
tofi
tsi
mpor
tancei
nev
ery
dayact
ivi
ty.Communi
cat
ioni
snotl
i
mit
edt
ojust
speaki
ng,
wri
ti
ngi
sanaspectofcommuni
cat
ion.I
tisassoci
atedwi
thmoder
nit
y.

Pr
act
icalcommuni
cat
ioni
nvol
vesspeech;bei
ngabl
etospeakef
fect
ivel
ycanenhance
per
for
mancei
nal
lhumanendeav
orsandhel
ptoi
mpr
oveone’
ssoci
almobi
l
ity
.A
haphazar
dspeechdoesnotachi
evei
tsai
m whi
l
eanef
fect
ivespeechachi
evesa
speci
fi
cpur
posewi
thapar
ti
cul
araudi
ence.Ef
fect
ivecommuni
cat
ionent
ail
sknowi
ng
t
hesubj
ectand t
heaudi
ence.Thewayy
oucommuni
cat
eathomei
nyournat
ive
l
anguagewi
l
ldi
ff
erf
rom pr
esent
ingasemi
nari
nanacademi
cenv
ironment
.Ther
eis
needt
oknowy
ouraudi
encet
obeabl
etocommuni
cat
eef
fect
ivel
y.Aspeechmustsui
t
t
heoccasi
onandi
tsaudi
ence.I
fyouar
ecal
l
edt
odel
i
veraspeech,i
tmustbepr
oper
ly
wr
it
tent
oav
oidmaki
ngmi
stakes.Youmustknow whatt
osay(
subj
ect
);pl
anwhatt
o
say(
organi
zat
ionofi
deas)
;pr
act
icet
hedel
i
ver
yofy
ourspeech;del
i
vert
hespeech
appr
opr
iat
elyandhel
ptheaudi
encet
ofor
m af
avor
abl
eimpr
essi
on.

ESTABLI
SHI
NGTHEPURPOSEOFCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

Ther
eisneedt
oknow t
hepur
poseofcommuni
cat
ion,i
twi
l
lassi
stt
hespeakert
o
concent
rat
eont
heai
m andwor
ktowar
dscommuni
cat
ingef
fect
ivel
y.Ther
ear
efour
gener
alpur
posewhi
chi
ncl
ude:Toent
ert
ain,i
nfor
m/i
nst
ruct
,per
suade/
conv
inceandt
o
I
nspi
re.

• ToEnt
ert
ain:
Thepur
posei
stoar
ouset
hei
nter
estoft
heaudi
encewi
thj
okesand
i
nter
est
ingt
opi
cs.I
tisusedatpar
ti
es,
dinner
s,r
all
yandsoci
algat
her
ing.

• ToI
nfor
m /I
nst
ruct
:Thi
sisachi
evedbypr
ovi
dingi
deasandi
nfor
mat
ionona
par
ti
cul
arsubj
ect
.Iti
s used f
oreducat
ional
,rel
i
gious and ot
hercor
por
ate
gat
her
ings. The audi
ence mustunder
stand t
he i
deas wel
lforef
fect
ive
communi
cat
ion.

• ToPer
suade/
Conv
ince:Thi
sisusedmost
lyi
npol
i
ticalr
all
i
es,sal
espr
omot
ions,
meet
ings.Thespeakerconv
incesanaudi
encet
oaccepthi
svi
ewpoi
ntsori
deas
aboutacer
tai
nthi
ngs.Fact
s,f
igur
esandi
l
lust
rat
ionsar
eusedt
oachi
evet
his
pur
pose.

• ToI
nspi
re:I
tai
mst
ost
irent
husi
asm andact
ioni
ntheaudi
ence;i
tdeepens
emot
ionsandr
est
oreshope.I
tincl
udesser
mons,f
uner
alor
ati
on,wor
ker
sor
st
udent
sral
l
ies.
PROCESSOFCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

The pr
ocessofcommuni
cat
ion r
efer
stot
he wayt
hrough whi
ch t
he message i
s
encodedorpassedt
other
ecei
ver
.Theessenceofanyi
nfor
mat
ioni
sfori
ttobe
under
stoodbyt
her
ecei
verwhoact
saccor
dingl
ybasedont
hemessage.I
nfor
mat
ioni
s
consi
der
edusef
ulwhent
her
ecei
verunder
standst
hemessage.Thechai
ngoest
hus:
Sender
-Message-
Recei
ver
-Feedback.

ELEMENTS/COMPONENTSOFCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

SENDER:Thi
sref
erst
othei
ndi
vi
dual
whoi
sinchar
geofpassi
ngt
hemessage,
aper
son
orgr
oupofper
sonswhohav
ear
easonorpur
posef
orcommuni
cat
ing.He/t
heyhav
ea
message,i
nfor
mat
ionorf
actt
osendt
other
ecei
veri
nawayt
heycoul
dunder
stand.
Theessenceofpassi
ngi
nfor
mat
ionacr
ossi
sfort
her
eci
pientt
o under
standt
he
messagesoast
oachi
evei
tsai
m.

RECEI
VER:Thi
sist
heper
sonorgr
oupofper
sonswhor
ecei
vesanddecodest
he
message.He/
theyunder
standst
hemessageandactaccor
dingl
yinor
dert
oshowt
hat
t
heai
m ofcommuni
cat
ioni
sachi
eved.Communi
cat
ioncannotbecompl
etewi
thoutt
he
i
ntendedr
eci
pientdecodi
ngt
hemessageandact
saccor
dingl
y.

MESSAGE:Thi
sist
hei
nfor
mat
ion,
fact
,idea,
code,
imageandsy
mbolt
ransmi
tt
edf
rom
t
hesendert
other
ecei
ver
.

FEEDBACK:Thi
soccur
sasar
esul
toft
hemessagedecoded;i
tist
her
esponse,act
ion
orr
eact
iongot
tenf
rom t
her
ecei
ver
.Itshowst
hatt
heessenceofcommuni
cat
ioni
s
accompl
i
shedort
hei
nfor
mat
ionunder
stoodbyt
her
ecei
ver
.Wecoul
dhav
eaposi
ti
ve
f
eedback when t
he r
ecei
verunder
stands t
he message ori
nfor
mat
ion and act
s
accor
dingl
y. A negat
ivef
eedbackoccur
swhent
hepur
poseoft
hemessagei
snot
act
ual
i
zedorunder
stoodt
her
ebypr
oducesnor
esul
t.

TYPESOFCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

1.ONE-
WAYCOMMUNI
CATI
ON:Thef
ocusi
nthi
sty
peofcommuni
cat
ioni
son
get
ti
ngt
hemessageacr
osst
other
ecei
ver
.Itconcent
rat
esont
hemessage.Thi
s
t
ypei
ncl
udesannouncement
,inst
ruct
ions,di
rect
ions,newsonr
adi
o,t
elev
isi
on,
adv
ert
isement
,commer
cial
s and pr
eachi
ng.The sender j
ustdel
i
ver
sthe
messageandexpect
sther
ecei
vert
odecodet
hem.

2.I
NTERACTI
ON OR TWO-
WAY COMMUNI
CATI
ON:Thi
sty
pe r
ecogni
zes t
he
r
ecei
verandhi
srol
easaco-
communi
cat
ori
nthepr
ocess.I
tfocusesonsendi
ng
t
hemessageandget
ti
ngaf
eedback.Thesenderusest
hef
eedbackt
oknow i
f
t
her
ecei
verunder
stoodt
hemessage;
iti
sli
keay
ardst
ickf
ormeasur
ingpeopl
e’
s
abi
l
ityi
n under
standi
ng i
nfor
mat
ion.I
tis of
ten used i
nteachi
ng,l
ect
uri
ng,
di
scussi
onsandpr
eachi
ng.

3.TRANSACTI
ON:I
tfocusesonsendi
ngt
hemessageandr
ecei
vi
ngaf
eedback
whi
chi
sanal
yzedt
oensur
ethatt
hemessagewasr
ecei
vedandunder
stood.The
senderdoesev
ery
thi
ngt
oensur
eef
fect
ivecommuni
cat
ion.Thi
soccur
smost
lyi
n
f
ormal
cont
ext
/si
tuat
ionswhenbusi
nesst
ransact
ionanddeal
sar
etaki
ngpl
ace.

FORMSOFCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

Ther
ear
evar
iousf
ormsofcommuni
cat
ionofwhi
cht
het
womai
nfor
msar
eVer
baland
Non-
ver
bal
.

VERBALCOMMUNI
CATI
ON:Thi
sisdonet
hroughspeech,wr
it
ingandi
mages.Assuch
wehav
ety
pesofv
erbal
communi
cat
ionandt
heyi
ncl
ude:

1.ORALCOMMUNI
CATI
ON:Thi
sisdonet
hroughspeech,di
alogue,di
scussi
on,
conv
ersat
ion,
tel
ephoneandmobi
l
ephones.

2.VI
SUALCOMMUNI
CATI
ON:Thi
sisusedt
ogett
heat
tent
ionoft
her
ecei
ver
,such
 aspi
ctur
es,
post
ers,
maps,
adv
ert
isement
,bi
l
lboar
dsandr
oadsi
gns.

3.WRI
TTENCOMMUNI
CATI
ON:Thi
sisusedi
nlet
ter
s,memos,
repor
ts,
magazi
nes,
pamphl
etsandpost
ers.

4.ELECTRONI
C COMMUNI
CATI
ON:Thi
sisf
aci
l
itat
ed byan i
nter
facesuch as
mobi
l
ephones,
comput
ers,
modems,
tel
ephone,
faxande-
mai
l
s.

NON-
VERBALCOMMUNI
CATI
ON:Thi
sisat
ypeofcommuni
cat
ionwher
ewor
dsar
enot
usedi
ncommuni
cat
ion.I
tisusual
l
ythr
oughsi
gnl
anguage.I
tisper
ti
nentt
ost
atet
hat
t
hehumanbei
ngshav
efi
veorsi
xsenset
hus:Si
ght
,hear
ing,smel
l
,touch,f
eel
i
ngand
t
alki
ng.Apar
tfr
om usi
ngspeech,anycommuni
cat
iont
hatmakesuseoft
heot
her
sensesi
snon-
ver
bal
.Thef
acei
sapl
atf
orm onwhi
cht
hreeorf
ourbasi
csenseor
gans
ar
esi
tuat
edandassuch,
canbeusedt
ocommuni
cat
enon-
ver
bal
l
y.Exampl
es:

 Face-Smi
l
es,
frowns,
scowl
,gr
imace

 Ey
es:
Open,
close,
glar
e,si
gnal
,squi
nt,
dir
ect
ionofgaze.

 Voi
ce:
Rai
se,
lower
,cont
rol
speechr
hyt
hm,
det
ermi
nest
one

 Body
:Mov
ement
,gest
ures,
dir
ect
ion.

MASSCOMMUNI
CATI
ON:I
tist
hepr
ocesst
hroughwhi
chcommuni
cat
ioni
sdi
rect
ed
si
mul
taneousl
ytoal
arge,
het
erogeneousandanony
mousaudi
enceonamassi
vescal
e.
Themessagesar
etr
ansmi
tt
edpubl
i
clyandar
etr
ansi
enti
nnat
ure.Thecommuni
cat
or
wor
ksi
nacompl
exor
gani
zat
ion.Themassmedi
aincl
udest
hef
oll
owi
ng:

 Pr
intmedi
a:Newspaper
s,magazi
nes,
post
ers,
books.

 El
ect
roni
cmedi
a:Radi
o,t
elev
isi
on,
audi
oorv
ideor
ecor
ding

TELECOMMUNI
CATI
ON:Thi
sty
peofcommuni
cat
ionusesel
ect
romagnet
icdev
icest
o
sendmessages.Theyi
ncl
ude:t
elephones,mobi
l
ephones,r
adi
o,t
elev
isi
on,t
elegr
aph
andf
ax.

SECONDLEVELOFCLASSI
FYI
NGFORMSOFCOMMUNI
CATI
ON.
 1.I
NTRAPERSONALCOMMUNI
CATI
ON:Thi
sfor
m ofcommuni
cat
iont
akespl
ace
wi
thi
nani
ndi
vi
dualwher
einhei
sbot
hthesenderandr
ecei
veroft
hei
nfor
mat
ion
ormessage.I
tincl
udeshi
ssol
i
loqui
es,t
hinki
ng,deci
ding,r
emember
ingandday
-
dr
eami
ng.

2.I
NTERPERSONALCOMMUNI
CATI
ON:I
tist
hepr
ocesswher
easenderi
nter
act
s
wi
thar
ecei
verf
acet
oface.I
tincl
udesconv
ersat
ions,di
scussi
ons,l
ect
ures,
i
nter
viewsandmeet
ings.Thesenderget
shi
sfeedbacki
nst
ant
ly.

CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFI
NTERPERSONALCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

 Thei
nter
act
ioni
sfacet
ofacesot
hatal
lthehumansensesar
eut
il
izedbyt
he
par
ti
cipant
swhoar
einonepl
aceatt
hesamet
ime.

 I
tcr
eat
es r
oom f
orf
ocused i
nter
act
ion si
nce t
he par
ti
cipant
s ar
ein cl
ose
pr
oxi
mit
y,assucht
heycanpayv
isual
cogni
ti
veat
tent
iont
ooneanot
her
.

 Thei
nter
per
sonalset
ti
ngi
snotst
ruct
ures,assucht
her
ear
enotmanyr
ules
gov
erni
ngt
hef
orm orcont
entoft
hemessagest
ransmi
tt
ed.

EFFECTI
VENESSOFI
NTERPERSONALCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

 I
tiseasyt
oinf
luenceandi
mpactpeopl
e,peopl
e’
sbehav
ior
,at
ti
tudeandact
ions
geteasi
l
yinf
luencednegat
ivel
yorposi
ti
vel
y.

 Thecont
entandst
ruct
urei
sfl
exi
ble,t
her
efor
eyoucoul
dchangeany
thi
ngt
hat
mi
ghtbeabar
ri
ert
ocommuni
cat
ion.

 Thepar
ti
ci
pant
scanaskquest
ionsanddi
rectt
hepr
ocessashe/
shedeemsf
it
.
Thi
smeanst
hatt
heper
sonhassomef
orm ofcont
rolov
ercommuni
cat
ionand
canexer
cisei
t.

 Ther
eis a chance f
orqui
ck exchange ofi
nfor
mat
ion.You geti
mmedi
ate
f
eedback,
eval
uat
e,cor
rectandexpl
ain.
  I
tispossi
blet
ost
imul
ateanyot
hersensewhi
chcanhel
ponet
ocommuni
cat
e
mor
eef
fect
ivel
y.

 Ther
eishi
gh per
cent
ageofnon-
ver
balcommuni
cat
ion whi
ch enhancest
he
pr
ocess.Her
e,t
hecommuni
cat
ioni
snotdependentonl
yont
hev
erbalaspect
;
bodyl
anguagei
sinv
olv
edaswel
lwhi
chmakesi
tmor
eef
fect
ive.

THEBASI
CSOFSUCCESSFULCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

1.Honest
y

2.Ther
ightat
ti
tude

3.I
nter
esti
ntheot
herper
son

4.Opennessabouty
our
sel
f:Don’
tpr
etend

5.Keepi
tsi
mpl
e:av
oidj
argons

6.Ti
mei
smoney
-don’
twast
eit
,gost
rai
ghtt
othepoi
nt

7.Knowy
oursubj
ect
/topi
c

8.Bebol
d,av
oidbei
ngshy

LI
STENI
NGSKI
LLS

Li
steni
ngi
sani
mpor
tantaspectofl
i
fe;wi
thoutwhi
chonecoul
druni
ntoser
iesof
pr
obl
emsanddi
ff
icul
ti
es.Asunder
graduat
es,
agoodnumberofy
ourt
imewi
l
lbespent
l
i
steni
ngt
olect
uresandt
aki
ngdownnot
es.I
tisper
ti
nentt
odev
elopagoodl
i
steni
ng
habi
tinor
dert
otakedownusef
ulnot
es.Li
steni
ngi
saf
undament
alski
l
lwhi
l
ereadi
ng
andwr
it
ingar
esecondar
y.Li
steni
ngandhear
ingar
etwodi
ff
erentconcept
;yout
endt
o
hearev
ery
thi
ngasf
arasy
ouraudi
tor
yor
gansar
efunct
ioni
ngpr
oper
ly.Li
steni
ngi
sa
f
orm ofconcent
rat
edhear
ing;i
tisadel
i
ber
ateactofpay
ingcl
oseat
tent
iont
othe
i
mmedi
atesoundsoft
eachi
nggoi
ngonar
oundy
ou.Li
steni
ngi
nvol
vescl
oseat
tent
ion
t
owhaty
ouhearsoast
oabsor
bthei
nfor
mat
ionandactaccor
dingl
y.

EFFECTI
VEWAYSOFLI
STENI
NG:Goodl
i
steni
nghasnot
hingt
odowi
thy
ourl
evelof
educat
ion,i
ntel
l
igenceorsoci
alst
atus.I
tcomest
hroughsel
f-
disci
pli
neandconst
ant
pr
act
ice.

1.Takel
i
steni
ngser
iousl
y-seei
tasanact
ivepr
ocess,
itr
equi
resconcent
rat
ion.

2.Resi
stdi
str
act
ions:
eli
minat
eal
lphy
sical
andenv
ironment
aldi
str
act
ions

3.Focusony
ourl
i
steni
ng:l
i
stent
othemai
npoi
nts,
elabor
ati
onoft
hemai
npoi
nts,
met
hodsoft
eachi
ng.

4.Don’
tbedi
ver
tedbyappear
anceordel
i
ver
y:don’
tbecar
ri
edawaywi
tht
he
per
son’
sbeaut
yorv
icev
ersa

5.Suspendj
udgment

CAUSESOFPOORLI
STENI
NG

1.Poorconcent
rat
ion:
itcoul
dbement
al,
phy
sical
orenv
ironment
al.

2.Li
steni
ngt
oohar
d

3.Jumpi
ngt
oconcl
usi
on

4.Focusi
ng on del
i
ver
yand per
sonalappear
ance:don’
tpayat
tent
ion t
oyour
l
ect
urer
sappear
ance.

READI
NGSKI
LLS

Readi
ngi
sani
mpor
tantaspectofst
udent
sandshoul
dbegi
venut
mostat
tent
ion.Most
peopl
eof
tenbel
i
evet
heycanr
eadwel
landassuch,f
eel
sthatt
eachi
ngi
tisnot
i
mpor
tant
.Asst
udent
s,r
eadi
ngi
sver
yessent
ialandy
ouhav
etodev
elopnewerr
eadi
ng
st
rat
egi
esf
orcopi
ngatt
hisl
evel
.Youar
enotexpect
edt
oreadt
hesaywayy
oudi
d
whi
l
einpr
imar
yandsecondar
yschool
.Theywayy
our
eadanewspaper
sisdi
ff
erent
f
rom t
hewayy
our
eadwhi
l
epr
epar
ingf
ory
ourSSCEANDJAMBexami
nat
ions.For
somef
oot
bal
lfans,
thewayt
heyf
li
pthr
oughanewspaperj
ustt
oreadt
hespor
tnewsi
s
di
ff
erentf
rom t
hewayt
heywi
l
lani
nter
est
ingnov
el.

Readi
ng i
s a ski
l
lwhi
ch hel
ps one t
o acqui
ret
he abi
l
ityt
otr
ansf
orm t
he v
isual
r
epr
esent
ati
onofl
anguagei
ntomeani
ng.

Wehav
efi
vet
ypesofr
eadi
ngandt
heyar
easf
oll
ows:

1.Scanni
ng

2.Ski
mmi
ng

3.Speedr
eadi
ng

4.Li
ghtr
eadi
ng

5.St
udyr
eadi
ngorr
eadi
ngt
ost
udy

SCANNI
NG

Scanni
ngi
sal
sor
efer
redt
oassear
chr
eadi
ngwhi
chent
ail
sgl
anci
ngr
api
dlyt
hrougha
t
ext
,di
agr
am,t
abl
eorgr
aph.Scanni
ngi
susedi
nsear
chi
ngf
oraspeci
fi
cpi
eceof
i
nfor
mat
ion,
findoutt
hemeani
ngofawor
dint
hedi
cti
onar
yandal
so,
findouti
fat
exti
s
sui
tabl
eforagi
venpur
pose.Wheny
ousear
chf
ory
ournameonl
i
stont
henot
iceboar
d,
y
ouar
escanni
ng.Youey
esmov
equi
ckl
ythr
ought
hel
i
stt
il
lyouf
indy
ournameor
what
every
ouar
elooki
ngf
or.

SKI
MMI
NG

Ski
mmi
ngi
scl
osel
yrel
atedt
oscanni
ngi
nthesenset
hatt
heybot
hrequi
ref
astr
eadi
ng.
I
tgi
vesagener
alov
erv
iew oft
het
exty
ouar
ereadi
ng.Youski
mtoi
dent
if
ythemai
n
poi
nts,getasummar
yofwhatt
het
exti
sabout
,seehowt
heaut
horor
gani
zedt
het
ext
aswel
last
odet
ermi
newhet
herat
exti
ssui
tabl
efory
ourpur
poseornotbygl
anci
ng
t
hrought
het
abl
eofcont
ent
s.

I
nski
mmi
ngexer
cise,y
ouar
erequi
redt
oident
if
ythemai
npoi
ntsandgi
veasui
tabl
e
t
it
let
oapassage.Ski
mmi
nghel
psy
out
odeci
dei
fat
exti
susef
ulf
ory
ourpur
pose
especi
all
yinabookshop.I
tal
sopr
epar
esy
ouf
oramor
edet
ail
edst
udyoft
het
ext
.

SPEEDREADI
NG

I
tinv
olv
est
heabi
l
ityt
oreadacer
tai
namountofmat
eri
alwi
thi
nashor
tti
meand
under
standwhaty
ouhav
eread.Youmustshow ev
idenceofy
ourspeedr
eadi
ngby
answer
ingquest
ionst
hatf
oll
ows.Speedr
eadi
ngey
emov
ementandf
lexi
bil
i
ty.Ey
e
r
eadi
ngi
sat
echni
quet
hatf
aci
l
iti
esspeedr
eadi
ng.A f
astr
eadermakesf
ewerey
e
mov
ement
sthanasl
owone,
afastr
eader
’sey
etakei
nsev
eral
wor
dsatat
ime.

LI
GHTREADI
NG

Thi
sinv
olv
esr
eadi
ngf
orl
eisur
e;y
our
eadatapacet
haty
ouar
ecomf
ort
abl
ewi
th.You
maywantt
oincr
easey
ourpacei
fthet
exti
sful
lofsuspenseandi
nter
est
ing.Youmay
al
soski
psomepar
tsoft
het
exti
ftheyar
ebor
ing.Thi
sty
peofr
eadi
ngusual
l
yinv
olv
es
r
eadi
ngf
orent
ert
ainmentandy
oumaynotwantt
oreadi
nor
dert
orememberorr
ecal
l
t
hedet
ail
s.I
tisnotusef
ulf
orst
udy
.

READI
NGFORSTUDY

Thi
sist
hemosti
mpor
tantaspectofr
eadi
ngf
orst
udent
sandy
ouneedt
obecar
eful
whi
l
ereadi
ngbecausei
tmayr
equi
reev
aluat
ionorsummar
y.I
tissl
owert
hant
he
nor
malr
atewher
eyouri
nter
esti
stogett
hemai
nideasandt
hei
rrel
ati
ont
odet
ail
s.
Her
e,y
ouri
ntent
ioni
smor
edel
i
ber
atebecausey
ouneedt
oret
ainwhaty
ouj
ustr
eadso
ast
oremembert
hem dur
ingexami
nat
ion.Youmayr
eadat
extt
woort
hreet
imesi
n
or
dert
odi
gesti
taswel
lunder
standal
laboutt
het
ext
.Int
ert
iar
yinst
it
uti
ons,y
ouar
e
r
equi
redt
oreadandunder
standal
l
.Thi
smet
hodenabl
esy
out
owr
it
ewel
liny
our
exami
nat
ionsandassuch,
ser
iousat
tent
ionshoul
dgi
vent
oit
.

Readi
ngf
orst
udyr
equi
resani
ntensi
veandext
ensi
vef
orm ofr
eadi
ng.Theobj
ectof
ext
ensi
ver
eadi
ngi
stocov
ert
hegr
eat
estamountoft
exti
nasshor
taper
iodoft
imeas
i
tispossi
ble.I
ntensi
ver
eadi
ngi
sconcer
nedwi
tht
hest
udyoft
hosef
eat
uresof
l
anguage-
synt
act
ic,
lexi
cal
thatt
hest
udentorr
eaderr
equi
resordr
awsuponi
nor
dert
o
i
nter
pretamessage.Ext
ensi
ver
eadi
ngi
nvol
vesawi
dercov
erageofr
eadi
ngmat
eri
als
whi
l
eint
ensi
ver
eadi
ngdemandsahi
ghdegr
eeofconcent
rat
ion.Bot
hty
pesar
e
i
mpor
tantf
orst
udent
sint
ert
iar
yinst
it
uti
ons.

Badr
eadi
nghabi
tst
oav
oidi
ncl
ude:

 Headmov
ement

 Poi
nti
ngt
owor
ds

 Vocal
i
zat
ion

 Sub-
vocal
i
zat
ion

 Ey
emov
ement

 Regr
essi
on:
thebackwar
dmov
ementoft
heey
esi
nor
dert
ore-
readwor
ds,
phr
asesandsent
encest
hathav
eal
readybeenpassed.