Qualitative Research Sample
Qualitative Research Sample
Qualitative Research Sample
A Qualitative Research
Presented to the Faculty of Ateneo de Davao University Senior High
School
Grade 12 - Dajani
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
October 2019
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ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Jacinto St., Davao City, Philippines
APPROVAL SHEET
__________________________________________
Clarice Angeline G. Reyes
Research Adviser
_________________________________________
Engr. Ottoman B. Montani, Jr., ME-ECE
Chairperson – Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
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ATENEO DE DAVAO UNIVERSITY
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL UNIT
Jacinto St., Davao City, Philippines
Declaration of Originality
Researchers
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers acknowledge with sincere appreciation and gratitude to
all the assistance and encouragement afforded them by the following persons
without which this humble work would not have found recognition and fulfillment
and whom God used to show His divine order for the success of this study:
Ms. Clarice Angeline G. Reyes, their thesis adviser, who despite of her
researchers. The researchers would like to thank her for unselfishly sharing her
Engr. Ottoman B. Montani Jr., ME-ECE, and Ms. Ericka Jan S. Gadat,
Ms. Aujefel Amor Y. Lee, LPT, for lending us the time to administer the
tests to their students and for treating the researchers nicely and welcoming
The families of the researchers namely: Mr. and Mrs. Banes, Mr. and
Mrs. Bantiding, Mr. and Mrs. Cabuenas, Mr. and Mrs. Lamoste, Mr. and Mrs.
Miranda, Mr. and Mrs. Pretila, Mr. and Mrs. Romero, for their moral and
To those who were not mentioned but in some ways helped the
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Eternal gratitude and adoration to the Lord, the source of blessings and
wisdom, for giving them the courage, the strength and perseverance, and for
His heavenly guidance in the accomplishment of this work. To Him be the glory,
The Researchers
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DEDICATION
Family Members
Friends
Classmates
STEM, 12 - Dajani
And
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ABSTRACT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Declaration of Originality iii
Acknowledgement Page iv
Dedication v
Abstract vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables viii
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION
Theoretical Lens 3-4
Research Questions 4
Significance of the Study 4-5
Scope and Delimitation 5-6
Definition of Terms 6-7
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 8-19
3 METHOD
Research Design 20-21
Research Participants 21-22
Role of the Researcher 22
Data Source 22-23
Data Collection 23-24
Data Analysis 24-25
Trustworthiness of the Study 25-27
Ethical Considerations 27-28
4 PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
The various experience of the sleep deprived participants. 29-34
The Challenges that Sleep-Deprived students face. 34-43
Students’ insights/realizations towards sleep deprivation. 43-52
5 DISCUSSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
Different experiences of the sleep deprived participants. 53-55
The Challenges that Sleep-Deprived students face. 56-57
Students’ insights towards sleep deprivation. 58-69
Implications on Sleep Deprivation 59
Implications on STEM Education 59-60
Concluding Remarks 60-61
REFERENCES 62-67
APPENDICES
A. Interview Questions 68
73
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F. Informed Consent of Participant D
74
G. Informed Consent of Participant E
75
H. Informed Consent of Participant F
76
I. Informed Consent of Participant G
77
J. Informed Consent of Participant H
78
K. Informed Consent of Participant I
79
L. Informed Consent of Participant J
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1. Different Experiences of the Students with regard to Sleep 30
Deprivation.
Table 2. The Challenges that Sleep-Deprived students face. 35-36
Table 3. Students’ insights/realizations towards sleep deprivation. 45-46
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
There was a case back in 1959 wherein a famous radio DJ, Peter Tripp
headache. This incident only proves that sleeping is essential in human life.
stimulus (Mandal, 2019). It has two main types: rapid eye movement (REM)
hand, non-rapid eye movement is an orthodox state of sleep that has lack of
motor activity and the electrocenphalogram (EEG) shows that brain appears to
be calm (Memar & Faradiji, 2018). Without proper amount of sleep, it can affect
Furthermore, this may lead to depression, anxiety and poor well-being among
shows that 97% of teenagers get less than the amount of recommended sleep
Chervin (2014), states that irregular sleep schedules are highly prevalent
among students and 87% of these students believe that insufficient sleep affect
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all educational institutions for it affects one’s physical and mental health that
allows more risk to health problems and behavioral changes towards students.
In the Philippines, the 2016 Healthy Living Index Survey discusses that
Filipinos have one of the highest rates of sleep deprivation in Asia wherein 46%
of Filipinos do not get enough sleep and 32% said that they only sleep for less
than 6 hours. Another study conducted by Pablo (2014), states that insufficient
amount of sleep is caused by the hectic class schedules of students that starts
drills and performance tasks. The Philippine Council for Health Research and
between the sleeping patterns of students and their health, allowing a person
to have more risk in getting physical or mental problems from insufficient sleep.
her respondents in Central Mindanao University admitted that they are sleep
stated that sleep deprivation causes lack of focus and concentration during
class hours.
accomplished to fill in the purpose of our study. First, we aim to determine the
productivity and mental competency, and how they could cope up with it.
Overall, we aim that through this study, we will understand sleep deprivation
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and its implications, and raise awareness by gaining information through the
to get restless nights. Since many schools start early in the morning, we tend
to cram and finish our assignments late at night and start to forget that we, too,
need sleep. Along with the arising number of sleep deprived students, it has
come to our attention that this is an important issue that needs to be addressed.
With this context, we would like to let students understand what sleep
deprivation is and what can happen when you have sleep deprivation.
Furthermore, this study is to let learners know how sleep deprivation can
change our mental and physical well-being, and that it can change how we act
Theoretical Lens
Working and moving around for a whole day requires rest to be able to
recover the energy that was lost. This can be explained through Oswald's
(1980) Restoration Theory of Sleep. It states that sleep allows the human body
processes that keeps the body healthy and the mind functioning properly. It
functions like muscle growth and tissue repair, the person must have enough
rest. This theory has been supported by a few reasonable evidences as well.
Experiments were also conducted to prove this theory and results show that
sleep allows the body to strengthen its immune system. This theory was used
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in our study as it shows the correlation of sleep and as to how it affects one's
to the aim of our whole research. Considering that we dealt with students who
acquire less than 5 hours of sleep per day only, we can use the theory as the
Sleep deprivation may cause a disruption with the restorative functions that
should be occurring in the body while at rest and therefore, it might be able to
Research Questions
This study aims to explore the effects of sleep deprivation on the mental
and physical well-being of Senior High School students. In this study, the
2. What are the challenges that the sleep deprived Grade 12 AdDU-
deprivation?
consequences. That is why this is an issue that everyone should be aware of.
The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of sleep deprivation on the
mental and physical well-being of the students. The results of the study will be
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Grade 12 AdDU-SHS Learners. The results will provide the students
who are more likely to experience sleep deprivation with knowledge on the
effects of loss of sleep or sleep deprivation in their physical and mental health.
It will raise awareness among the students and will help them in preventing the
Ateneo de Davao University Senior High School. The results will give
possible factors that causes the lack of sleep. In that way, the institution can
researchers who want to conduct a study in line with sleep deprivation or the
importance of sleep. The results will provide further information that could help
AdDU-SHS. To narrow the scope of our study, the participants were limited to
Grade 12 learners who acquire less than 5 hours of sleep. Our study was
covered the experiences and challenges of the students that are sleep deprived
in the 1st grading of the 1st semester in the school year 2019-2020, as well as
their insights. The students experiencing less than 5 hours of sleep per day
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This study did not cover students who are from Grade 11, as well as
those who are from other schools. Secondly, students who are experiencing
more than 5 hours of sleep per day were not considered to be possible
participants to this study. Furthermore, we, the researchers did not take into
school years. Lastly, the study did not use numerical data, which resulted to
non-conclusive data, and was not generalizable to other students in the AdDU-
Definition of Terms
Our study contains several important terms and this part provides the
definition of the specialized terms that our group will utilize. This is to prevent
realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can
work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his
the state of thriving in various areas of life, such as in school, work and
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he/she can separate his/her problems and the belief that he/she can handle
those problems. Having a comfortable and healthy mental state may be at risk
(2019), physical well-being is about being safe, sheltered and in good health
immune system.
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CHAPTER 2
questions that we have created. The following literatures discuss about different
factors on why they are experiencing sleep deprivation. Furthermore, this will
tackle about the challenges they have encountered, and their insights regarding
the topic.
Sleep deprivation is one of the prevalent problems that our society faces
right now, for it touches not just one, but different aspects of life. According to
the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2008), the amount of sleep a person
needs varies from one individual to another. Most of the adults must have about
seven to eight hours of sleep on average every night to feel well rested.
Teenagers are required to have nine hours of sleep every night and children
with the highest rate of sleep deprivation in Asia. It showed that 46% of the
Filipino population do not get enough sleep while 32% claimed that they sleep
means sleeping for less than 5 hours in a day (24-hour period), short-term sleep
deprivation is when one did not sleep for a day or two (24-48 hours) and long-
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term sleep deprivation is when a person did not sleep for more than two days
(more than 48 hours). It was said that experiencing lack of sleep can cause
negative impacts and effects on different aspects of a person’s life like its
1997). Some of these negative effects are abrupt change in one’s mood, gets
irritated and upset easily, experiences difficulty in focusing and can even lead
Results were similarly the same from the study conducted by Binks
(1999). Research shows that bad mood, utter sleepiness, exhaustion and
According to the study, people who lack sleep delineated their experience of
hallucinations and paranoia. Studies that are systematically and critically made
reported that total sleep deprivation has no permanent effects although it may
dangerous situations such as traffic and work accidents. It was observed that
in traffic accidents, the amount of sleep the driver obtains prior to the accident
inversely predicts the likelihood of a motor vehicle accident. This is the same
condition for work accidents as the manual laborers are under a much higher
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risk of getting into an accident in their workplace when they have insufficient
becomes extreme after being deprived from a single night of sleep. Without
competing stimuli, an individual that is sleep deprived can fall asleep within 2-
3 minutes the following day. This can cause significant effects on an individual’s
productivity. After about 48 hours of no sleep, micro sleeps are most likely to
an individual must increase effort to still be in good condition and have a stable
Goh et al. (2001) were influenced to study the effects of sleep deprivation in the
military. According to the authors, the study was conducted because there is a
need for development of valid and reliable techniques to study how sleep
related to 7 hours of sleep loss. It means that the longer the duration of sleep
deprivation, the more risk from disturbance. The study tested the effects of
sleep deprivation on productivity and performance using the rotary pursuit test.
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During the rotary pursuit test the participants were asked to place a stylus tip in
contact with the rotating target and maintain contact at all times. The sleep-
deprived group performed better than the control group. However, there was
no significant interaction found. The study shows that one night of sleep
A lot of people try to alter their schedule to accomplish more tasks that
causes sleep deprivation. Neurology (2019) stated that, lack of sleep can lead
to health problems which include poor memory, loss of attention, low immune
system, sudden changes of mood, and depression. Brains need enough sleep
al., 2007). Hippocampus is a part of the brain that stores new memories.
However, their ability to retain new information declines when the hippocampus
deprivation has similar effects to adults, teens, and even children. In fact, even
and anxiety, and can result to disorientation, weariness, and loss of stamina.
The studies indicate that sleep deprivation can affect mental health by hindering
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states that moods and behaviour can also be affected by the mental effects of
sleep deprivation.
lets us think more rigidly and less flexibly, and lessens our ability to be
experiences that can further make our lives harder. Finally, it can harm our
drunkenness.
People who experience sleep deprivation may feel sleepy during the day
example is that it may lead to more motor vehicle collisions. A study discovered
that people suffering from sleep deprivation due to sleep apnea are six times
more likely to be involved in a motor vehicle accident than a person who does
not suffer from fatigue. Furthermore, they are more likely to be involved in
The Mental Health America also conducted a study and found out that
brain cells do shrink when a person experiences sleep deprivation. The findings
of the study also show that then in fatigue neurons in the brain moves slower
than usual. Sleep deprivation also changes your appetite which can make your
body crave unhealthy food and may lead to stress eating, having unwanted
deprivation. In addition, when you sleep, your immune system regains its
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strength and creates antibodies, but because of sleep deprivation this disturbs
the development of antibodies and you are more likely to get sick than before.
There are various factors that causes a person to get insufficient sleep
that may lead to sleep deprivation. Chervin and Hershner (2014) conducted a
The results of the study showed that one factor that causes lack of sleep is
energy drinks intake and improper use of technology. Good sleep hygiene
includes a regular sleep and wake schedule, quite sleep environment, and
avoiding stimulating activities before sleep. However, many students are found
drink alcohol. Alcohol shortens sleep latency but then promotes fragmented
sleep in the latter half of the night. Also, alcohol may increase the risk of
increase arousal. It may also act on the neurons of the posterior hypothalamus
caffeine lasted from 5.5 hours to 7.5 hours, which implicates that the intake of
caffeine could impair the ability to sleep. Inadequate sleep hygiene can also be
attributed to the use of technology prior to bed. It was found out that light
exposure coming from the gadgets can suppress melatonin which helps in
onset.
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Sleep deprivation can also be caused by different medical problems
The study concluded that depression can lead to disturbed sleep which is
adolescents are getting less sleep hours than what is required of them to have.
The technical report emphasizes the serious health risk these adolescents
undergo in exchange of the lack of their sleeping time. Although this sleep
affect the students whom are in their adolescent years. This issue is then
world.
Based on the factors introduced by the report, there are five main
timing of sleep and causing the youth to have less nocturnal sleep. Third, the
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early school start times resulted in these adolescents gaining an average of
less than seven hours of sleep on weekdays which is less than the sufficient
sleep hours as they are students, they have the need to finish school projects
until late at night then wake up early for morning classes. Fourth is caffeine
consumption these students need to stay energized to finish the tasks required
caffeine tend to find sleeping difficult and end up with morning sleepiness.
Lastly, the other factors affecting sleep such as medical or mental issues as the
adolescents’ sleep results in poor quality, having different illnesses that may
in humans’ daily lives that it is integrated within us. It is made quite clear that
we would not be able to live without sleeping as the lack of sleeping deteriorates
the health of a human being. Sleep is part of the people’s daily schedule as it
is inevitable that humans must have a good-quality sleep in order for them to
with the length of sleep that is less than the required duration of sleep exhibits
the required duration. It was determined that sleeping disorders are prevalent
answered by the participants selected from five New Jersey high school
sleep schedules. Being high school students themselves, they have shown that
their sleep hours are different during school days and weekends. The self-
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estimated sleep hours of the students during school nights averaged a duration
quite less than the required number of hours that the adolescent needs to have
every day. However, during weekends, their sleep schedule was shifted
than what is required of them to have on the daily basis. From their reports of
inadequate sleep hours during weekdays, together with their reports of having
an excessive amount of sleep during weekends further supports the fact that
they sleep and wake cycles, shows signs of abnormality which is most likely
attend school and the late hour they stay up in order for them to do and finish
The results gathered from the questionnaire showed that there is a great
number of students who suffer from sleep deprivation. This can be assured by
the 80% of these participants as they report sleepiness during school days
(Rose, 2018). Most especially during the morning as they enter their own
educational institutions for early class schedules. The article then continues to
associate the abnormal sleep cycle to the schedule of classes these sleep
deprived students have. It has been deduced that the different schools’ class
hours especially when those class hours start early in the morning have
rendered its own students to have lack of sleep as they enter school.
awake in hours late into the night. The said schedule is being practiced by
almost every teenager as they can observe around their environment causing
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as behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome: classified as a sleep
Coping Mechanism
There are various ways of coping with sleep deprivation. As stated in the
article of Cruz et al. (2019), she presented numerous ways on how a person
can cope with this issue. A person who is sleep deprived can drink coffee since
it contains high level of caffeine, take a nap because it can actually recharge
the body, staying active and eating well. Taking short naps is the easiest way
to cope with sleep deprivation. As stated Henna (2018), people take naps to
cope with their personal jobs and responsibilities. After taking a short nap, it
insufficient sleep. There have been a lot of research studies that have proven
microsleeps. As sleep loss continues, lapses can range from 0.5 seconds to
over 10 seconds. A similar study was performed by Banks and Dinges (2005)
wherein healthy adults were kept in a laboratory for 20 days, grouping them to
test performance and working memory performance were tested every 2 hours
both in the psychomotor vigilance task and working memory performance, while
participants in the 8 hours condition have none. It was revealed that the
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behavioral alertness and cognitive performances of participants in both 4 and
sleep deprivation is often associated with larger body mass index (BMI) and
may influence morbidity and mortality. It may also lead to abnormal physiologic
activation of the sympathetic nervous system and reduced leptin levels. The
their appetite causing them to gain weight and have higher body mass index
(BMI). Lastly, the study of Banks and Dinges (2005) confirmed that chronic
human body. It was shown when the participants have higher risk to coronary
illnesses and influenza virus obtaining less than 7 hours of sleep only.
deprivation which is a very common stage where a person does not get the
determined the impacts of sleep loss on the daily lives of working mothers.
Findings of the study revealed that loss of sleep has mainly affected the working
from learning. These results led to conclude that sleep deprivation following
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The same results were presented by Alhola and Polo-Kantola (2007)
First, total sleep deprivation affects the attention and working memory. It also
impairs other functions, such as long-term memory and decision making. Partial
those who are not working in the industry. The study was designed to analyze
the significant relationship between sleep and two types of performance which
importance of sleep for students and employees in the hospitality field has
gotten less attention compared to other fields. It was also found that students
under this industry are more likely to experience sleep problems, fewer sleeping
hours, lower academic performance and lower job performance than the other
fields. The same results were demonstrated on the study conducted by Patrick
(2010) stated that various variables such as sleep habits, eating, and time
Synthesis
incorporated to college students and adults that mainly focuses on its effects
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adolescents and students, the prevalence of this issue in our society is getting
severe. In our study, we try to find out the effects, as well as the possible factors,
that could lead for a student to experience sleep deprivation. Studies on sleep
However, there are several studies that presented inconsistent results. That is
why we want to conduct this research study so that we will be able to prove that
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CHAPTER 3
METHODS
This chapter discusses the methodology that we will follow for your
research design to be followed, as well as how the participants are chosen and
source that we will utilize that would help us in gathering information from the
how to fully understand and transcribe additional data that will answer the
research questions being addressed. Lastly, the values that we will follow, and
Research Design
is sleep deprivation.
undergoing these particular happenings (Lune & Berg, 2012). This type of
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includes data that is measured by numerical coefficient and statistics.
or concept that then provides meaning for themselves and others. Through this
that may prevent the study from acquiring the desired experiential basis in
perceiving a phenomenon will be set aside and purely the incident longed for
appropriate research design for this study as through this, the participants’
those AdDU-SHS learners suffering from sleep deprivation, being able to focus
on different individuals and having varied information would be best suited for
the study we are administering. The data gathered was entirely subjective all in
Research Participants
common sample sizes used are 10, 20, 30 and 40 (Mason, 2010). Since
phenomenology was applied in our study, it only uses small sample sizes, often
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We selected 10 participants from the grade 12 learners of AdDU-SHS to
answer questions that are according to the concept of the study. Purposive
sampling method was used in order to gather the necessary data from the
involves the selection of participants that meet a certain criterion. In our study,
the participants underwent less than 5 hours of sleep often. It was experienced
during the first semester of school year 2019-2020. The criteria was followed to
researcher had different tasks and jobs to do throughout the whole process of
qualified with the criteria we have set. After which, the interview was conducted
and the participants have to answer all the qualitative questions we prepared
for them. All the statements that were collected served as records that were
translated and analyzed by us, the researchers. After the data analysis, we
Data Source
The subjective data utilized for this study were from the respondents
who fit the criteria where they are Grade 12 learners of AdDU-SHS 2019-2020
and experiencing sleep deprivation during the first semester of that school year.
According to Salkind (2010), there are two types of data sources, primary and
secondary sources. Primary data are first-hand data obtained directly from a
(Glen, 2018). On the other hand, according to Surbhi (2017), secondary data
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are second-hand information that has been already processed, gathered, and
reports, books, journal articles, websites and so on, that is easily accessible. In
this study, we intend to use qualitative interview, also called as intensive or in-
depth interview.
primary source for qualitative interviews which our group intends to use for this
conducted, the researchers had a particular focus about what we would like to
obtain from the respondents. Moreover, semi structured interview utilizes a set
of topics or guide questions that the interviewer wants to obtain throughout the
interview (De Carlo, 2018). Furthermore, throughout the interview process, the
Data Collection
are created and provide us detailed insights (Barett & Twycross, 2018).
According to Austin and Sutton (2015), to arrive with these insights, qualitative
research involves data that are essential in generating themes and findings
through analysis. Data collection is one of the most important part of a research.
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In conducting qualitative data collection, we first identified the possible
participants of our study. Students who normally take less than five hours of
sleep were considered. These identified participants were briefed about the
research and its purpose and we informed them that their participation is
voluntary which gave them the choice to be part of the study or not.
questions created by the researchers. These questions were made basing off
the research questions that would state the areas under this study. This type of
that there was no rigid adherence making the process more flexible and casual
and introduce a new line of inquiry. The data collected from the interviews were
recorded through a video or audio recording and were written in notes to fully
During the course of the study, large amounts of data may accumulate
and it may be stored in many ways such as original hard paper copies,
computer files or photocopies (Lin, 2009). The researchers of this study kept
copies of the data and were backed up. We also created an electronic copy of
the data which was stored with a length time ranging from 3 to 5 years. The
data shall be protected for possible future use in verifying the findings of the
research or reanalysing.
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Data Analysis
place ourselves in the other person’s perspective. One way is transcribing the
audio recordings to let us, the researchers, gone through the transcript carefully
with all details presented. Transcribing is important for the evaluation of the
common themes and patterns or differences that can emerge in the data. In
addition to this, we categorized the said data that suggested if additional data
then used thematic analysis for interpretation, which was defined by Clarke and
across qualitative data. Lastly, the said analyzed data provided answers to the
This section shows the different values that we, the researchers have
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confirmability. In our study, trustworthiness can be observed through applying
confidence in truth of the data that will be gathered. This can be established
when researchers clearly connect the research study’s results to reality in order
to show factuality on all data that will be collected. In our study, credibility was
applied through gathering authoritative sources that were used in making the
methodology of the study. In this case, it made our study more reliable and
refers to the application of the findings in other contexts and settings. This can
populations. This also means that future readers can generalize the results of
the study to their own context (Universal Teacher, 2019). In our study,
refers to the way in which all data are consistent and repeatable by future
researchers. This can be established when researchers aim to verify that all
findings are conformable with the data that will be collected. In other words,
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researchers should be consistent in order to have dependable results. In our
study, dependability was applied through audit trail wherein it was conducted
to strengthen the accuracy and validity of data. This was also observed by
having in-depth step by step process on the research activities that influenced
refers to the level of neutrality in the findings of the study. This can be
established when the results are mainly based on the participants’ responses,
coming from our participants objectively. Furthermore, our data gathered and
interpretations were presented without any bias. Lastly, audit trail was applied
wherein there was transparency of the research processes used applied from
Ethical Considerations
it can help in achieving a clean and polished output from the whole conduction
of the research. It safeguards not only the research participants but also us, the
of. As stated by Resnik (2015), ethics are norms for conduct that decides
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Confidentiality. Confidential communications were protected such as
personal records (Resnik, 2015). Whatever statements that are said by the
research participants will remain confidential and will only be used plainly for
the research. Also, instances that the participants would ask us not to include
of being unknown and not being acknowledged. The full names and identities
of the research participants were not revealed before, during, and after the
whole process. This ethical consideration is for their own protection of the
research. They were not forced or feel obliged to answer our questions. Also,
complete and comprehensive data for the participants’ to so that they can make
was informed that he/she was involved in a research study. Also, we were
whole study and the like. We were also obliged to answer all the questions of
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Honesty and Objectivity. According to Resnik (2015), honesty should
researchers, we set aside biases and sticked to whatever was said by the
participant. The statements that we put and encode in the paper were precise
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CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
The purpose of this chapter is to present the data collected from the
interpretation of the common major themes and core ideas. The corresponding
themes will be discussed and evaluated. In addition, the responses gathered from
deprivation.
Grade 12 AdDU-SHS learners that took part in our study were presented
questions that were considered essential for the study being conducted. Once the
interview was done, we have evaluated and interpreted the raw data gathered that
led us to formulate the summary of the essential responses that answered each
The first question is “What are the different experience of the students with
opinions regarding the life experiences of learners who are sleep deprived. Thus,
being able to assess whether there were different implications on learners who
themes that contributed and helped us in answering the research question. The
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Major Themes Core ideas / Responses
academic tasks
unproductive
experience sleepiness in
school.
sleeping late.
lead to sleep deprivation. Students tend to sacrifice their time due to heavy
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workloads of task in school. The responses gathered in this research question
responsibilities. But, most of the time, it is the idea that I have a lot of
[You can do all the things that you still need to work on. For
“…you can accomplish more because you have more time at night
so you can use that time to do things that you need to do.”
[…you can accomplish more tasks because you have a lot of time
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Due to feeling unproductive, students tend to feel academic pressure and
problems. There are certain experience in which they feel when they lack sleep.
this theme:
Students feel fatigue in school when they lack sleep. As responded by the
Participant 6:
“When I can’t fall asleep, most of the time I feel like tired and
restless.”
[It is tiring. I feel tired physically since I don’t have that much of
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[The following day, I do not have much energy at school.]
Lastly, the students also experienced tiredness when they are not able to
“When I cannot fall asleep, most of the time I feel tired and
restless.”
deprivation. Sleep deprivation can have an adverse impact to the mental and
thinking negative thoughts. Presented below are the transcript supporting this
theme:
Emotional stability can also be affected with the lack of sleep that was being
experienced by participant 7:
“Ano yang mainis ako kay kase hindi ako maka tulog.”
by participant 5:
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“I think of sad objects so that I can cry myself to sleep.”
“I feel sad pero it’s not sad na sad. It’s like forceful lang na sad
research question is “What are the challenges that sleep deprived students
face?” Through this question, we were able to extract the challenges that the
data was clustered to themes which is shown in Table 2. This table shows the
problems. nausea
unable to focus.
irritable
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The learners deal with time- Procrastination in working for
school
Disrupting daily
routine/schedule
bare minimum
academics
They all undergo some sort of bodily discomfort which challenges their standard
way of living, as the illness is difficult to adapt to. This theme discusses the
“I think major ones wala naman pero siguro the usual lang like,
headaches…”
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[I think major ones (illnesses) aren’t present but only the usual
like headache.]
lagnat.”
participant 1:
“It’s just starts to collapse even if I fight against it, I can’t really
control it and I just end up blacking out.”
[It (my body) just starts to collapse even if I fight against it, I can’t
48
Finally, the learners experience the challenge of sleep deprivation from
having a shortened attention span and the inability to focus like the response
of participant 8:
tasks.]
the time they deprive themselves of sleep. The actualization of their sleep loss
49
[…I just want to sleep rather than to interact with others.]
“…it’s the time of the day where I hate myself the most…”
[…it’s the time of the day where I hate myself the most…]
“…it’s that you just feel like dying I don’t know how to explain that.”
The learners are emotionally imbalance because they easily get moody
50
This response is then supported by the statements of participants 1, 4, and
6:
“If I lack sleep, I’m more impatient and it’s…I don’t understand
people well when I’m tired.”
[If I lack sleep, I’m more impatient and I don’t understand people
time. This can be said for their tardiness and procrastinating personality in a lot
of aspects of their daily life. This theme discusses the complications the
51
“…say for example I would want to do this research chapter tonight
then because I was sleep deprived the night before I wouldn’t be
able to do it kasi tulugan ko nalang.”
then because I was sleep deprived the night before I wouldn’t be able
The learners have difficulty in managing their time causing them to wake
[Then, there is the need to wake up early however I would still want
to sleep.]
already.]
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The participants’ answers help support the previous statement such as
“Sometimes, yes…”
It becomes a challenge towards the learners who are having a difficult time to
deal with their academic responsibilities. The outcome of the responses to the
performance is discussed in this table as a major theme. The support for the
results of this major theme concerning less productivity and inability to focus
This is then further supported by the statements from the responses of the
53
“…hindi ka makafocus sa subject nay un tapos minsan hindi ko
nalang rin maintindihan.”
[…I can’t focus on that subject and sometimes I can’t understand
productive anymore.]
54
[…I can think of not going to school.]
“What are the students’ insights towards sleep deprivation?” Through this
research question, we, the researchers were able to gather different opinions
participants find it difficult to deal with sleep deprivation, while others showed
Being able to successfully analyze the given data, we, the researchers
were able to identify 4 major themes coming from the responses of the
deprivation sleep
deprivation
55
sleep is essential to the
human body
students
of sleep
56
deal with sleep deprivation
already acceptable.]
“I suggest that they should have proper diet and proper dietary
structure and develop a routine that would help them balance the
negative effects of sleep deprivation.”
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[I suggest that they should have proper diet and proper dietary
hours of sleep is at least 8 hours. If this will not be practiced, then there would
were able to give insights on how important sleep is in dealing with sleep
deprivation.
“…I’m a teenager and I need sleep because I need all the energy
throughout the whole day. Because I’m a student nga and it takes
a lot of energy to-to get through the entire day. So yeah, it’s very
important for me and it’s a necessity.”
[…I’m a teenager and I need sleep because I need all the energy
throughout the whole day. Because I’m a student like I said, and it
takes a lot of energy to-to get through the entire day. So yeah, it’s
58
part in start in the next day. So it’s basically a reput you so type of
situation, if you don’t get enough sleep you’re gonna suffer the next
day and vice versa.”
have everytime like after a long days of work. So it’s really a crucial
part in start in the next day. So its basically a reput you so type of
situation, if you dont get enough sleep you’re going to suffer the
“Uhm, it’s very important to me cause it’s the only time that I feel
relaxed especially after a heavy load of work in school. Sleep if like
my way of rewarding myself for doing a good job in school.”
[It is really important to me because it is the only time I feel relaxed
Instead that you sleep in class, you can listen more, but sometimes
Moreover, participant 2 considers sleep a time for one’s body to rest. She
stated:
“…it’s also a time for our body system to rest kasi by that time jan
tayo nagpapahinga at walang ginagawa na ang system ng ating
body is naga repair ng sarili nya for other day.”
59
“… it’s also a time for our body system to rest because by this time,
it is the time that we rest and to get our body system rested for the
other day.”
whole being
Due to being sleep deprived, several changes have been noticed by the
people who this. These changes are both physical and mental changes. In
relation to experienced our study, the students were able to realize that lack of
implications. He stated:
[During PE, I observe that during grade 10, I still sleep early; that is why
I am still active. However, during this time, I can get easily tired just
On the other hand, participant 4 shares that lack of sleep affects her
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[And mentally, it also like tends to make you more irritable.]
[Lack of sleep can affect mental well-being by having less focus and
He stated:
capacity because as we all know, the brain also needs rest in order
a lot of people nowadays. These people who undergo sleep deprivation are
different, thus their insights towards this issue vary as well. In relation to our
study, the participants showed different opinions on how they face the issue.
Participant 2 stated that it is difficult for her to deal with sleep deprivation
because there are more responsibilities to do during Grade 12. She stated:
61
[Yes, especially on grade 12 schedule now because they are
things that you have to do but you have little time to do things.]
junior high school, but this time, I get only 5 to 6 hours of sleep and
On the other hand, participant 3 states that it is not difficult to deal with
stated:
[It is not difficult to deal with sleep deprivation because I just accept
the fact that I am more productive at night. That is why I will just
“For me at first yes, it’s okay at first. I mean it’s not okay at first, but
actually as you get used to it, for me lang ha, actually it gives more
benefits to me so I can actually do stuff at house than at school.
Just like example, sa vacant time, I’ll just sleep, so I’m not efficient.
However, if I am at the house, I can actually do more rather than
here.”
school. For example, during vacant time in school, I will just sleep
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Lastly, participant 8 emphasized that dealing with sleep deprivation is
not difficult because one can allot a time to recover from sleeping late.
“For me, I think dili man siya lisod kay sometimes I allot time para
dili mag wake up. I just let my body wake up on its own.”
[For me, I think it is not hard because we could allot a time to sleep.
63
CHAPTER 5
Findings and results from the research questions are discussed and linked to
each other. The discussion of the results are first presented individually and
below.
the interview show that the students had experiences of different physiological
measures. Results of the study conducted by Binks (1999) showed that bad
doesn’t get the enough amount of sleep has caused the experience of
apparently related to 7 hours of sleep loss. This suggests that the longer the
64
speech, and inactive corneal reflexes (Kloss, 2017). Also, it was observed that
total sleep deprivation caused changes in a person’s heart and respiratory rate,
sleep deprivation. The responses belonging to this theme show the emotional
sleep. These experiences implies that having lesser amount of sleep could lead
tempered, anxious, and sudden mood swing. Based form the study of Yoo et
the brain that stores new memories. However, their ability to retain new
Studies have shown that one sleepless night aggravate mood swing,
weariness, and loss of stamina (Saghir et al., 2018). Moreover, the literature
states that moods, emotions and behaviors can also be affected by sleep
deprivation may develop weakened problem solving skills and may lessen the
from a study presented that lack of sleep has substantial effect on mood and
cognitive performance in humans. The same results were shown by Alhola and
65
Polo-Kantola (2007) who suggested that total and partial sleep deprivation
causes changes cognitive ability. It also impairs other functions such as long-
interview show that students who are academically challenged are sleep
school activities and heavy workloads. According to Ming et al. (2011), sleep is
part of the people’s daily schedule as it is inevitable that humans must have a
good-quality sleep in order for them to live and perform normally. Results of the
study on high school students suggests that the self-estimated sleep hours of
the learners during school nights averaged a duration quite less than the
required number of hours that the adolescent needs to have every day (Ming
et al., 2011). From their reports of inadequate sleep hours during weekdays
and excessive amount of sleep during weekends supports that their wake cycle
waking up early hour in the morning in order to attend school and the late hour
they stay up in order for them to do and finish their school projects and
that 80 percent of the participants feel sleepiness during school days (Rose,
2018). This implies that learners that were classified as sleep deprived are most
66
Challenges that the sleep deprived Grade 12 AdDU-SHS Learners face.
The inquiry on the “What are the Grade 12 AdDU-SHS Learners’ insights
elaborated below.
deprivation can be first seen through looking at their body language. In this
sections, the respondents’ response mostly talked about what they were feeling
when sleep deprived. Sleep deprivation is often associated with larger body
mass index (BMI) and may influence morbidity and mortality, Taheri et al.
(2004). It has been observed that most of the respondents feel nauseous,
public health issue. Also, a study conducted by Banfi et. Al. (2019), says that
studies show that lack of sleep has linked to the increase of prevalence of
diabetes and/or obesity. Lastly, the study of Banks and Dinges (2005)
confirmed that chronic sleep reduction may affect the cardiovascular and
immune responses of a human body. It was shown when the participants have
higher risk to coronary illnesses and influenza virus obtaining less than 7 hours
of sleep only.
study of Saghir et al. (2018), it shows that sleep deprivation has similar effects
to adults, teens, and even children. In fact, even one sleepless night aggravates
mood swings, such as irritability, depression, and anxiety, and can result to
67
disorientation, weariness, and loss of stamina. Due to their lack of energy, their
toward things. Most participants, due to lack of energy, lose attention and get
very irritable easily. A similar result was from a study conducted by Al-Abri
stated that, lack of sleep can lead to health problems which include poor
memory, loss of attention, low immune system, sudden changes of mood, and
depression.
over-whelmed by the tasks given to them that limits them to do activities they
like. One of the factors is the schedule of the school, where they believe is too
early for them and others get frustrated because it disrupts their own schedule.
Trockel et al. (2010) stated that various variables such as sleep habits, eating,
deprivation has just not affected our bodies, but also our performance in school.
Most of the participants answered that due to lack of sleep, they are less
productive in school and tend to fall asleep during class hours. A study by
Patrick et. Al. (2017), shows that sleep deprivation is common among university
students and has been related with poor academic performance and physical
dysfunction. It has also been observed that most learners perform only at bare
minimum. The same results were presented by Alhola and Polo-Kantola (2007)
68
Students’ insights towards sleep deprivation.
sleep deprivation will be given focus. Their thoughts about this personally will
deprivation. There are different ways on how people can cope with sleep
deprivation like doing things to kill the time or even consider proper diet to be
able to deal with it but almost all response from the participants had a common
answer; they all cope with sleep deprivation by sleeping or taking short naps. It
was stated that taking naps for 20-30 minutes can help you be more refreshed
and helps you be more productive for the rest of the day (Cruz et al., 2016).
Furthermore, Henna (2018) stated that taking short-term sleep or also known
as naps can increase one’s alertness and makes a person do better at his job.
to a journal article by Ming et al. (2011), sleep is inevitable that humans really
need to have a good quality of sleep to live and perform normally. Sleep is
essential for physical growth, helps in aiding with the interest of a learner to
listen and participate in class, and also, sleep is a good way to relax after a long
day at school. According to Holmes (2016), having a good quality type of sleep
helps one to remain sharp and alert. Also, it was stated that it helps improve
whole well-being. Not being able to acquire good quality of sleep can cause
69
responses of the participants have shown that the students address to these
effects and they actually take notice as to how it changed their physical and
mental state. According to Saghir et al. (2018), it was seen that even with just
one sleepless night, it can already aggravate one’s mood swings, irritability and
also anxiety. Aside from affecting the mental state, students also recognized
the physical effects of sleep deprivation. Neurology (2019) stated that lack of
sleep can cause health problems and one of which is low immune system.
sleep has different effects on people. The learners who experience sleep
deprivation have different thoughts and ideas towards this. Some find it difficult
to deal with the issue, some do not. Some find sleep deprivation as an
for even just a night can cause a change in a person’s mood. There’s also a
study that says being sleep deprived can be a factor to the development of
health implications (Neurology, 2019). Just like these studies, it proves that
sleep deprivation contributes a lot of negative effect which can help us conclude
that people who experiences this have a hard time with dealing with it.
The presented results show that sleep deprivation or lack of sleep has
significant effects on the Grade 12 learners. It does not only affect the learners’
physical health but as well as its other aspects such as mental health, social
interactions and more. It also implies that sleep deprivation does not only lead
70
such as weakened concentration, impaired memory, longer reaction time,
lesser productivity and emotional disturbances. To address the said issue, this
study suggests that the current school should help in identifying the students
who are sleep deprived and create a program that would help them deal with
sleep deprivation and provide them possible solutions to solve their problems
on sleeping.
social media dependency. To address this issue, the study suggests that the
sleep deprivation and present some coping mechanisms that could help the
Concluding Remarks
when it comes to the importance of sleep. Some students say that getting the
right amount sleep is important for it plays a major role in our daily life. Some
71
say that sleeping late is also helpful because during that time, you could reflect
today’s society.
72
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Appendix
A. Interview Questions
79
B. Permission Letter to the Assistant Director of Academics
80
C. Informed Consent of Participant A
81
D. Informed Consent of Participant B
82
E. Informed Consent of Participant C
83
F. Informed Consent of Participant D
84
G. Informed Consent of Participant E
85
H. Informed Consent of Participant F
86
I. Informed Consent of Participant G
87
J. Informed Consent of Participant H
88
K. Informed Consent of Participant I
89
L. Informed Consent of Participant J
90
CURRICULUM VITAE
Address: Blk 1, Lot 19, Fairmont st., Damosa Fairlane, Brgy. Anglionto, Lanang,
Davao City, Philippines
Gender: Male
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Ateneo de Davao
University
91
CURRICULUM VITAE
Address: Block 32 Lot 2 Gallera De Oro Subdivision, Bago Aplaya, Davao City
Gender: Male
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Ateneo de Davao
Grade School S.Y. 2005-2014
University
92
CURRICULUM VITAE
Gender: Male
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
93
CURRICULUM VITAE
Gender: Female
Father’s Name:
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Grade School
San Lorenzo College S.Y. 2005-2014
of Davao
94
CURRICULUM VITAE
Gender: Female
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Grade School
Ateneo de Davao
University S.Y. 2005-2014
95
CURRICULUM VITAE
Gender: Female
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
96
CURRICULUM VITAE
Gender: Female
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
97
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