Matrix

Matrix
-Rectangular array consisting of elements written in arrows of column.
1-9 elements of matrix A
1 4 7
A= 2 5 8 rows – horizontal lines
3 6 9
columns- vertical lines
Type of Matrices
1.) Square matrix- matrix in which the number of rows equals the number of columns.
1 0 2
A= 0 4 5
3 7 9
2.) Identity matrix- square matrix which the diagonal elements are “one” and all off
diagonal elements are “zero”.
1 0 0
A= 0 1 0 (important in Gaussian & Gauss Jordan elimination)
0 0 1
3.) Row matrix- matrix having only row and “n” columns.
A= { 1 2 3 }
PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

Engr. Melannie P. Adante Page 1
4.) Column matrix- matrix having only one column and “n” rows.
1
A= 2
3
5.) Diagonal matrix- square matrix which every term off main diagonal is “zero”.
3 0 0
A= 0 1 0
0 0 2
6.) Scalar matrix- square matrix for which all terms on the main diagonal are equal.
3 3 0
A= 7 3 2
5 0 3
7.) Zero or Null matrix- matrix whose elements are equal to zero.
A= { 0 0 0 }
8.) Triangular matrix- square matrix whose elements above of below the principal
diagonal are zero.
4 1 2 5 0 0
A= 0 3 5 A= 8 2 0
0 0 8 9 3 4
9.) Transpose of a matrix (AT) (important in Inverse of a matrix)
1 2 3 1 4 7
A= 4 5 6 A T= 2 5 8
7 6 9 3 6 9

Operation of Matrix
1.) Addition and subtraction
- 2 matrices A and B can be added or subtracted if they are of same order. The
sum or difference is obtained by adding or subtracting their elements.
Example 1: consider the following matrices
1 2 0−3 −1 0 4 5
A= 4 5 71 B= 1 2 −3 4
3 2 10 0 5 6 7
0 2 4 2 2 2 −4 −8
A+B= 5 7 4 5 A-B= 3 3 10 −3
3 7 7 7 3 −3 −5 −7
Since only matrices of the same size can be added, only the sum F + H is defined
(G cannot be added to either F or H).

2.) Multiplication – The matrices A and B can be multiplied if A and B are conformable
with each other
3 6 7 2 1
A= 4 −3 8 B= 3 2
5 4 −7 5 3
3x3 conformable (3x3) 3x2
( 3x2 ) product
3(2) + 6(3) + 7 (5) 3(1) + 6(2) + 7( 3) 59 36

AB= 4(2) + −3(3) + 8(5) 4(1) + −3(2) + 8(3) AB= 34 22
5(2) + 4(3) + −7(5) 5(1) + 4(2) + −7(3) 13 −6
Example 2: Consider the matrices
If A is multiplied on the right by B, the result is
but if A is multiplied on the left by B, the result is

PROBLEM SET NO. 3. Matrix Operation
1. Perform the indicated operation for A + C.

2. Perform the indicated operation for ( A + C ) + ( C − A )

3. Perform the indicated operation for F − D.

4. Calculate, if possible, the product of B and E.
• Matrix B
• Matrix E

5. What is the product of matrix C when multiplied by itself?

Determinants
1.) Basket Method (limited only to 3x3 matrix order)
2.) Minors and Co- factors
4 0 5
D= −1 2 3 (-1)rxc positioning
3 1 2
2 3 0 5 0 5
D = 4 (-1)1+1( ) + (-1)(-1)2+1( ) + 3(-1)3+1( )
1 2 1 2 2 3
D= 4 (-1)1+1 (4-3) + (-1)(-1)2+1 (0-5) + 3(-1)3+1(0-10)
D= -31
3.) Pivotal Element Method (positioning)
2 3 7 9
3 𝟏 8 0
−5 2 3 5
6 −4 5 − 6
2 − (3)(3) 7 − (8)(3) − 9 − (0)(3)

D= 1(-1)2+2 −5 − (3)(2) 3 − (8)(2) 5 − (0)(2)
6 − (3)(−4) 5 − (8)(−4) − 6 − (0)(−4)
−7 −17 9
D= −11 −13 5 = - 1216
18 37 −6

4.) Special Case Pivotal Element
5 2 3 4 5 1 3 4
D= 2 2 4 3 = 2(-1)2+2 2 1 4 3
3 3 5 8 3 3/2 5 8
0 6 7 7 0 3 7 7
5 − (2)(1) 3 − (4)(1) 4 − (3)(1) 3 −1 1

= (2) 3 − (2)(3/2) 5 − (4)(3/2) 8 − (3)(3/2) = 2 0 −1 7/2 = 147
0 − (2)(3) 7 − (4)(3) 7 − (3)(3) −6 −5 −2
Inverse of a Matrix (Adjoint)
3 4 2
A= 6 -5 3
2 3 -6
Solution: 1.) |A| ≠ 0
|A| = 287

3 6 2 R1
2.) AT = 4 -5 3 R2
2 3 -6 R3
+ - +
3.) Adjoint of AT = -5 3 4 3 4 -5
3 -6 2 -6 2 3
- + -
6 2 3 2 3 6
3 -6 2 -6 2 3
+ - +
6 2 3 2 3 6
-5 3 4 3 4 -5
21 30 22
Adjoint of AT = 42 -22 3
28 -1 -39

21/287 30/287 22/287
4.) Inverse of Matrix A= adj AT / det. |A| = 42/287 -22/287 3/287
28/287 -1/287 -39/287

PROBSET NO.4 - DETERMINANTS
1.) Minors and Cofactors
A= 3 4 2
6 -5 3
2 3 -6

2.) Pivotal Element Method
A= 2 3 7 9
3 1 8 0
-5 2 3 5
6 -4 5 -6

3.Basket Method
1 4 9
7 8 3
2 5 6

4. Inverse of Matrix ( Adjoint)
2 0 9
0 -7 8
3 6 5

Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations with “n” unknowns.
1.) Cramer’s Rule
X-y–z=3 x=2
-x – y + z = 5 x=1
X+y+z=1 z=-2
1 -1 1
D= -1 -1 1 |D|= -4
1 1 1
3 -1 -1
D= -5 -1 1 Dx= -8 x= Dx /D= -8/-4 = 2
1 1 1
-1 3 -1
D= -1 -3 1 Dy= -4 y= Dy /D= -4/-4= 1
-1 1 1

1 -1 3
D= -1 -1 -5 Dz= 8 z= Dz /D= 8/-4= -2
1 1 1
2.) Gaussian Elimination
1 -1 -1 3 x= 2
-1 -1 1 -5 y= 1
1 1 1 1 z= -2
1 -1 -1 3
0 -2 1 -2 (R2 + R1)
0 2 2 -2 (R3 – R1)
1 -1 -1 3
0 1 0 1 (R2/-2)
0 2 2 -2

1 -1 -1 3
0 1 0 1 (R3-2R2)
0 0 2 4
1 -1 -1 3
0 1 0 1 (R3/2)
0 0 1 -2
1 0 −1 4
0 1 0 1 (R1+R2) z= -2 ; y= 1
0 0 1 −2
X + 0(y) – 1(z) = 4
X + 0(1) – 1(-2) = 4 ; x= 2

3.) Gauss-Jordan Elimination
1 -1 -1 1 0 0
-1 -1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0 1
1 -1 -1 1 0 0
0 -2 1 1 1 0 (R2+R1)
0 2 2 -1 0 1 (R3-R1)
1 -1 -1 1 0 0
−1 −1
0 1 0 0 (R2/-2)
2 2
0 2 2 -1 0 1

1 -1 -1 1 0 0
−1 −1
0 1 0 0
2 2
0 0 2 0 1 1 (R3 x 2R2)
1 -1 -1 1 0 0
−1 −1
0 1 0 0
2 2
11
0 0 1 0 (R3/2)
22
1 −1
1 0 -1 0
2 2
−1 −1
0 1 0 0
2 2
1 1
0 0 1 0 (R1+R2)
2 2
x y z

x y z
1 0 0 1/2 0 1/2 x
0 1 0 -1/2 -1/2 0 y
0 0 1 0 1/2 1/2 z
x= 1/2 (3) + 0(-5) + 1/2(1) x= 2
y= -1/2(3) – 1/2(-5) + 0(1) y= 1
Z= 0(3) + 1/2(-5) + 1/2(1) z= -2
Recall:
1 0 0 3 x
0 1 0 5 y
0 0 1 1 z
x-y–z=3
-x – y + z = 5
x+y+z=1

PROBLEM SET NO. 5
Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations ( 3 methods)
1.2x -4y +3z –w =5
-x +y -2z +2w = 1
3x + 2y -4z –w = -8
-2x + 5y +z + 4w = 12
A. Cramer’s rule

B. Gaussian elimination

C. Gauss-jordan elimination


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Matrix

-Rectangular array consisting of elements written in arrows of column.

1-9 elements of matrix A

columns- vertical lines

diagonal elements are “zero”.

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

diagonal are zero.

9.) Transpose of a matrix (AT) (important in Inverse of a matrix)

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

1.) Addition and subtraction

sum or difference is obtained by adding or subtracting their elements.

Example 1: consider the following matrices

Example 2: consider the following matrices

(G cannot be added to either F or H).

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

with each other

Example 1: consider the following matrices

3x3 conformable (3x3) 3x2

3(2) + 6(3) + 7 (5) 3(1) + 6(2) + 7( 3) 59 36

Example 2: Consider the matrices

If A is multiplied on the right by B, the result is

but if A is multiplied on the left by B, the result is

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

1. Perform the indicated operation for A + C.

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

1.) Basket Method (limited only to 3x3 matrix order)

2.) Minors and Co- factors

D= 4 (-1)1+1 (4-3) + (-1)(-1)2+1 (0-5) + 3(-1)3+1(0-10)

3.) Pivotal Element Method (positioning)

2 − (3)(3) 7 − (8)(3) − 9 − (0)(3)

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

5 − (2)(1) 3 − (4)(1) 4 − (3)(1) 3 −1 1

Inverse of a Matrix (Adjoint)

Solution: 1.) |A| ≠ 0

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

4.) Inverse of Matrix A= adj AT / det. |A| = 42/287 -22/287 3/287

28/287 -1/287 -39/287

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

1.) Minors and Cofactors

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

1.) Cramer’s Rule

D= -5 -1 1 Dx= -8 x= Dx /D= -8/-4 = 2

D= -1 -3 1 Dy= -4 y= Dy /D= -4/-4= 1

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

D= -1 -1 -5 Dz= 8 z= Dz /D= 8/-4= -2

2.) Gaussian Elimination

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

PetE 405-Advanced Mathematics for PetE

x= 1/2 (3) + 0(-5) + 1/2(1) x= 2