POLYPHASE INDUCW.ON MOTORS. 277 Example 3.7. In a 6-pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz motor with star-connected rotor, the rotor resistance per phase is 0.3 Q, the reactance at standstill is 1.6 Q per phase, aud an emf, between the slip rings on open circuit is 175 V. Find : (@) Slip at a speed of 950 r.p.m. ; (ii) Rotor e.m.f. per phase ; ii) Rotor frequency and reactance at a speed of 950 r.p.m. (B.L.E. Pb., 1997) Solution. Given : p 50 Hz ; Ry = 0.3. Q, Xp = 1.5 9; N = 950 r.pam, 120f _ 120.x 50 Synchronous speed, N, = 120/ - 120 @ Slip, = 1000 r.p.m. Ns~N _ 1000-950 —— = 1 (Ans.) NM 1000 0:05 or 5%. (Ans. (i) Rotor em. per phase, Ey: Rotor e.m-f. per phase at standstill = 73 = <7" = 101 Viphase Rotor e.m-f, at 5% slip = sH2 = 0.05 x 101 = 5.05 Viphase. (Ans.) Gii) Rotor frequency and reactance at a speed of 950 r.p.m. : Rotor frequency, f, = s x f= 0.05 x 50 = 2.5 Hz. (Ans.) Rotor reactance = sX» = 0.05 x 1.5 = 0.075 Q/phase. (Ans.) Example 3.8. A 50 Hz, 440 V, 3-phase, 4-pole induction motor develops half the rated torque at 1490 r-p.m. With the applied voltage magnitude remaining at the rated value, what should be its frequency if the motor has to develop the same torque at 1600 r.p.m. ? Neglect stator and rotor winding resistances, leakage reactances and iron losses. (GATE, 1995) Solution. Given : f = 50 Hz jp =4;N = 1490 r-p.m. ; New speed, N, = 1600 r.p.m. Synchronous speed, N, = ar. 0x50 = 1500 rpm. Ez _ 175 7 Ns-N _ 1500-1490 _ Slip at a speed of 1490 r-pm.,9 = —— = Tea = 0.00667 ‘Since torque developed by an induction motor, T « sV* (Refer Art. 3.11) Slip s for constant torque and constant applied voltage remains unchanged. Nn 1600 New synchronous speed, Non = 7 0.00667 = 1610.7 r-p.m xNen _ 4x 1610. New frequency, fa= a a fear = 53.7 Hz. (Ans.) "Example 3.9. A 3-phase slip ring induction motor gives a reading of 60 V across slip rings on open circuit when at rest with normal stator voliage applied. The motor is star-connected and has impedance of (0.6 + j6) Q per phase. Find the rotor current when the machine is : (i) at standstill with slip rings Joined to a star-connected starter with a phase impedance of (5 + j4) Q ; and (ii) running normally with a 4 per cent slip. Solution. Impedance of motor per phase = (0.6 + j6) Q Phas » impedance of star-connected starter = (5 + j4) Q @ At standstill : Induced e.mf. in the rotor winding per phase, By = SF = 34.64on ELECTRICAL MACHINES Resistance per phase in the rotor circuit, Ry =0.6 +5 =5.6Q Reactance per phase in the rotor circuit, Xp=6+4=102 Impedance per phase in rotor circuit, Zq=VRq? + Xo? = V(5.6)" + (10)* = 11.46 Q Rotor current per phase, 1, - 22 Bee 3.02 A. (Ans.) a Us Power factor, cos ¢z= z 2 = 0,488 (lag). (Ans.) Gi) Running at 4 per cent slip: Induced e.m.f. on the rotor winding per phase = 6B = 0.04 x 84,64 = 1.38 V Rotor impedance per phase, Zq=VRe + (8X2) = V(0.6)? + (0.04 x 6)? = 0.646 2 (Here R2 = 0.6 Q] Rotor current per phase, hee 238 2.136 A. (Ans.) Power factor, 008 2 = 5 ae = 0.928 (lag). (Ans.) 2 * 0. t3Example 3.10. A 3-phase induction motor has a star-connected rotor. The rotor e.m.f. (between slip rings) at standstill is 50 V. The rotor resistance and standstill reactance are 0.5 Q and 3. Q respectively. Find : (i Rotor current per phase at starting and the slip rings short-circuited. (i) Rotor current per phase at starting if a star connected rheostat of resistance 6 Q per phase is connected across the slip rings. (ii) Full-load rotor current and rotor power factor if the full-load slip is 4 per cent. (iv) Rotor e.m.f. per phase under full-load condition. Solution, Rotor e.mJf. at standstill (between slip rings) =50V Rotor e.m.f/phase at standstill, ack 2 yg Rotor resistance/phase, Fz =0.5Q Rotor reactance/phase, X2=3Q @ At starting se ‘We know that rotor current/phase (Jz) is given by, Ea I= ti) Viz? + (6X2 . Rotor current/phase at starting Ey 28.87 Sse = = 48 A. (Ans VR? +X? V(0.5)" + (3)? (Ans)POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 279 (i) Total resistance in the rotor circuit = rheostat resistance + rotor resistance = 6 + 0.5 = 6.5 2 Rotor current/phase with rheostat resistance, 28.87 I, = 857 - 4.03 A. (Ans.) Vi65e +3)? (ii) Full-load slip, 5p = 4% = 0.04 Full-load rotor current (as per eqn. (i)), Ip = 0.04 x 28:87___ 9.946 A. (Ans.) (0.5)? + (0.04 x 3)? Rotor power factor . Ro 0.5. = 0.972. (Ans.) VP + 6X2" V0.5)? + (0.04 x 3)? (v) Rotor e.m.f./phase under full-load condition = Eq = 0.04 x 28,87 = 1.155 V. (Ans.) Example 3.11. (a) Explain why the rotor of a polyphase induction motor can never attain synchronous speed. ()A 1100 V, 50 Hz delta connected induction motor has a star-connected slip ring motor with «a phase transformation ratio of 3.8. The rotor resistance and standstill leakage reactance are 0.012 @ and 0.25 Q per phase respectively. Neglecting stator impedance and magnetising current, determine : @ The rotor current at start with slip ring shorted ; Gi) The rotor pf. at start with slip ring shorted ; (iii) The rotor current at 4% slip with slip ring shorted ; (iv) The rotor power factor at 4% slip with slip ring shorted ; () The external rotor resistance per phase required to obtain a starting current of 100 A in the stator supply lines. (AMIE Summer, 1997) Solution. (a) When the rotor speed equals the speed of rotating flux therelative speed between rotor and stator flux ceases and induced current in rotor becomes zero. There is no other agency to develop torque in rotor at N, = N,. Hence it is not possible for rotor to run at synchronous speed. As the rotor will approach synchronous speed its torque becomes zero and it falls back to lower speed. pa the only possibility for rotor is that it always rotates at a speed N, , lower than synchronous speed. () Phase voltage of stator winding = 1100 V ‘Transformer ratio =38 1100 . Phase voltage induced in the rotor winding at standstill, Zp = “3 = 289.5.V Rotor resistance per phase, Rz = 0.012 2 Rotor reactance per phase, X2 = 0.25 2 Rotor impedance at standstill = V0.012 + 0.25” = 0.25 2 (@ Rotor starting current per phase at normal voltage with slip ring shorted 289.5 _ = 005 = 1158 A. (Ans.) (ii) Rotor pf. at start with slip ring shorted 10.25. D013 |= 9-048 tag. (Ans.) = os (tan280 ELECTRICAL MACHINES (iii) At 4% alip, rotor o.m.f. = 0.04 x Hg = 0.04 x 289.5 = 11.58 V Rotor reactance at 4% slip = 0X, = 0.04 x 0.25 = 0.01 2 Rotor impedance at 4% slip = V0.012 + 0.01? = 0.0156 & . Rotor current at 4% slip = Abiag = 742.8 A. (Ans.) Ry 2 0156 = 769. (Ans.) (W) Rotor current corresponding to stator line current of 100A 100 (iv) Rotor p.f. at 4% slip = «3.8 = 219.4 A Rotor impedance = pig 4 71322 . Rotor resistance required = V1.32? - 0.26? = 1.296 2 External rotor resistance per phase required = 1.296 — 0.012 = 1.284. (Ans.) Example 3.12. The slip ring rotor resistance and standstill reactance per phase of a 3300 V, 24-pole, 60-Hz, S-phase star-connected induction motor are 0.02 Q and 0.3 Q respectively. Calculate : (@ The speed at maximum torque. (ii) Ratio of full-load torque to maximum torque if full-load torque is obtained at 246 r.p.m. Solution. Slip ring rotor resistance, Re = 0.02 Q Standstill reactance, We know that for maximum torque, or = 0.0667 or 6.67% (® Rotor speed at maximum torque, N= (1~sm7) Ny But, N= a = ioe 59 _ 250 rpm. Speed at maximum torque, NN = (1 - 0.0667) x 250 = 233.3 r.p.m. (ii) Full-load slip, 57 5 2g 24s = 0.016 or 1.6% Ty 2p. Smt . Ty, 2p: 8nt © Eqn. (8.17) Now Tabane? te Eqn Ro _ 0.02 where tar = 32 = Gq = 00867 Y 2 x 0.016 x 0.0667 _ 0.002134 gas = = 0 5 Tm ” (0.016)? + (0.0667)? 0.0047 = 0-454 (Ans.) 5% Example 3.13. 6-pole, 3-phase, 60-Hz induction motor runs on full-load with a slip of 5 percent If the rotor standstill impedance is (0.015 + j0.075) Q, calculate the available maximum torque 18 terms of full-load torque. Also determine the apeed at which the maximum torque occurs Solution. Number of poles, ps6 Rotor resistance per phase, Ry = 0.0150POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS. 281 Rotor standstill reactance per phase, Xz = 0.075 @ Full-load slip, 4, = 5% = 0.05 i) Tm Oe Ratio of maximum torque (’,,) to full-load torque (1) is given by Tm _ 92+ 8m” Ty 288m R; where sar = 32 = Sore = 02 Tm _ (0.05)? + (0.2)? ae = 2.125 Ty 2x005x0.2 ">! ". Maximum torque, 7, = 2.125 T;. (Ans.) (i) Speed at which maximum torque occurs, N : Slip corresponding to maximum torque, Speed corresponding to maximum torque, N=N,(-5n7) = 22050 Example 3.14. A 6-pole, 3-phase, 50-Hz induction motor develops maximum torque of 300 Nm at a speed of 960 r.p.m. Determine the torque exerted by the motor at 5 per cent slip. The rotor resistance (1-0.2) = 800 r.p.m. (Ans.) per phase is 0.6 Q. Solution. Number of poles, p = 6 Maximum torque, Tp = 300 Nm Speed, N = 960 rpm. Rotor resistance per phase =062 Synchronous speed, N= om ae z 50 _ 1000 p.m. N,-N _ 1000 - 960 . Percentage slip, AO pee x 100 = 4 per cent. For maximum torque, Re = 8utXe Rz = 0.6 Q, 8m7 = 4% or 0.04 Now, and where T is the torque at 5% slip Ry? + 5?X,? Ry? + 0? X,? mola, Fave 4a Free Ry? + bm °Xq? 8 Ry? + Sr *Xz" 04 , (0.6)? + (0.05 x 18)? _ 0.04 | 0.36 + 0.5625 (0.6)? + (0.04 x 16)? 0.05 * 0.36 +036 .06 "(0.6)" + (0.04 x 16)" 0.05 0.96 + 0.86 = 1.025282 ELECTRICAL MACHINES Hence, torque developed by motor at 5% slip = 292.68 N-m. (Ans.) Example 3.15. An induction motor runs at a slip frequency of 2 Hz when supplied from a three-phase 400 V, 50 Hz supply. For the same developed torque, find the slip frequency at which motor will run when supplied from a three-phase 340 V, 40 Hz system. Slip at which the machine develops maximum torque using 50 Hz supply is 0.1. Neglect the stator impedance and assume linear torque-slip characteristic between zero torque and maximum torque in the working region. (GATE, 1998) Solution. Rating of induction motor = 400 V, 50 Hz Slip frequency = 2 Hz Slip at maximum torque, 8,7 = 0.1 When the slip frequency is 2 Hz, the slip at this frequency, 5; = a = 0.04 Let the slip at 340 V, 40 Hz be sp. 8K? Re? + (8X0) Here stator impedance is neglected and as such V= Ey ‘Torque T « Also slip at maximum torque, 5p = z =01 : Ry =0.1Xp Substituting this value in (i), we get a (0.01 + 82)XQ? Since the developed torque for both the cases is same, therefore, V2 82Vo" (0.01 + 542)Xp? (0.01 + 59°)X2” 82x (840)? °r “0.01 + ea 6400 _ 82x 115600 or 0.0116 “0.01 + 932 or 6400(0.01 + 82”) = 0.0116 x sp x 115600 or 64 + 6400 9” = 1340.96s2 or 64008? — 140.968, + 64 = 0 1340.96 + V(1340.96)? - 4 x 6400 x 64 or NS a 0.136 or 0.0735 As the slip cannot be high, thus select the value of slip as 0.0735. Slip at 40 Hz = 0.0785 Hence, slip frequency = 0.0735 x 40 = 2.94 Hz. (Ans.)POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 283 Example 3.16. A 3-phase star-connected 6.6 RV, 20 pole 50 Hz induction motor has rotor resistance of 0.12 Q and standstill reactance of 1.12 Q. ‘The motor has speed of 292.5 r.p.m. at full load. Calculate slip at maximum torque and ratio of maximum torque to full load torque. (AMIE Summer, 1996) Solution. Given : p = 20 ; f = 50 Hz ; Ry = 0.12 Q; Xp = 1.129; N = 292.5 p.m. Tm SmTi Tr Slip corresponding to maximum torque is given by .107 or 10.7%. (Ans.) ‘We know that, (Eqn. (3.17)] Now = 300 rpm. _ 120 x 50 =""20 Ns-N _ 300 - 292.5 pe aay = 0025 Substituting the values in the above equation, we get Tr ae oie = 0.443 Tm — (0.107) + (0.025) T, 1 Hence 70a" 257. (Ans.) Example3.17.A 3.phase induction motor has starting torque of 100% anda maximum torque of 200% of the full-load torque. Find slip at maximum torque. (UPSC, 1994) Solution. Given : Starting torque, Ty, = 100% of Tyor = Ty Maximum torque, Tn = 200% of Ty or = 2Ty Slip at maximum torque, Sur We know that, (Eqn. (3.18)] or OF Sq? —48mr+ l= 0 va? x 5 tar * phen ated = 0.268 (rejecting higher value) Slip at maximum torque, ¢mr = 26.8%. (Ans.)284 ELECTRICAL MACH@eps Example3.18. A delta-connected, 6-pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase induction motor has a rotor resistance of 0.15 Q per phase and exerts maximum torque at 880 r-p.m. Calculate the percentage maximun. torque that would be exerted (@ at standstill ; (i) at 940 rpm. (AMIE Advanced Elect. M/Cs., Winter 1806) Solution. Given : f = 50 Hz ; p = 6 ; Ry = 0.15 Qiphase, N = 880 r.p.m. Percentage maximum torque Synchronous speed, N= a a 120250 = 1000 r-p.m. Slip corresponding to maximum torque, sar = @ At standstill : pleco eae or T= 0.23667, or 23.66 percent maximum torque. (Ans.) Gi) At a speed of 940 r-p.m. o « - 1000-940 Slip, TOO = 0.08 T _ %ssmr_ _ 2x 0.06 x 0.12 Tm SP smr* 0.06? + 0.12 or T=0.87,, or 80 percent maximum torque. (Ans.) Example 3.19. In a 3-phase induction motor : ‘Maximum torque = 2 x full-load torque Starting torque = full-load torque. =08 Caleulate (i) Full-load speed ; and (ii) slip at which maximum torque occurs Solution. Maximum torque, Tm, = 2 x Ty Starting torque, Te= Ty @) Now, ratio of starting torque to maximum torque, Ry B =f ut, % or 0.5 (92m7 +1) = 28m_7 oF 7 42V4?-4 4evI_ 429.464 oar 8 = 0.268 neglecting higher value Let 4/2 full-load slip Also,POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 285 Ty 2x 5px 0.268 20; 57? + (0.268) 05 = S867 _ 37? + 0.0718 or 0.5 (s/? + 0.0718) = 0, 536s, or sy? + 0.0718 = 1.072s, or 8/2 1.0725, + 0.0718 = 0 1.072 + V(1.072)?- 4 x 0.0718 _ 1.072 + 0.928 “ i a = 0.072, rejecting the higher value Full-load speed, Nj=N, (1-8) =N, (1 ~ 0.072) = 0.928 N,. ie, 0.928 times the synchronous speed. (Ans.) @) Slip corresponding to maximum torque, R: Smt -( | 0.268 (or 26.8%). (Ans.) Example 3.20. A 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor has a starting torque which is 1.25 times full-load torque and a maximum torque which is 2.5 times the full-load torque. Neglecting stator resistance and rotational losses and assuming constant rotor resistance, find : @ Slip at maximum torque ; (it) The slip at full-load ; (iii) The current at starting in per unit of full-load current. (Punjab University) Solution. Given : f = 50 Hz ; Ty = 1.25 Ty 3 Tm = 2.5Ty @ The slip at maximum torque, s,.r: Tu __ 2m Tm Oqp+1 25 42V4?—4 or Smn= 5 — = 0.268, rejecting higher value. =05 or sip 45n7+1=0 Hence slip at maximum torque = 0.268 or 26.8%. (Ans.) (i) The slip at full-load, s,: Ty 28psmt_ 2spx 0.268 Tm 9p? +5mt? 25 9? + 0.268" or 97? — 1.8487 + 0.0718 = 0 or oe 1.94 = VoLtay 4 x00rts 1.34 « 1.228 = 0.056, rejecting higher value 2 = 0.056 or 6.6%. (Ans.) Rotor current at start, Is,Rotor current at full load, I; = ——**—— V (apes % _ Vere ViBETe 1 REF "imp (uf roses \t pase | *2 eso *Vio26s = 1 wiosss “47 ik 3 = sar = 0.258, as show 4 ©. Starting current is 4.722 times fulload current. (Ans) Example $.21. An induction motor runs at a slip frequency of 2 Hz when supplsed fro « S-phase, 400 V, 50 Hz supply. For the same developed torque, find the slip frequency of whack © === run when supplied from a 3-phase 340 V, 40 Hz system. Slip at which the mackine develops =S==S= torque using 50 Hz supply is 0.1. Neglect the stator impedance and assume linear torger my characteristics between zero torque and maximum torque in the working region. (GATE, 1997) ‘Solution. The maximum torque in a $-phase induction motor, with stator impedance ==ar== is given by : For 400 V supply, When f = 50 Hz, = For f= 40 Hz, sane EE - From (i) and (ii), we have 50 Smri = O.1 x 45 = 0.125 Maximum torque, T= 3 am or Te Co me femd get ‘Astorque-slip characteristicis linear between zero torque and maximum torque, the devebape? torque (T.) at a slip of 0.04 (f, = 2esx 50 or s=0.04) Tm 400)” 0.04 Tas 7 x0.04 (So) «or r For 340 V, 50 He, T=(%)POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 287 For the same developed torque, from (i) and (ii), we get (apy -aae (ay n where s is the new slip 50 01 ~( 40 125 400)? 0.04 40)" = (400), 0.04 x{A%) = 0.0443 * (3) G4 0.105 (0) 0.04 Slip frequency = of = 0.0443 x 40 = 1.772 Hz. (Ans.) 6 Example 3.22. A 4-pole, 50-Hz, 3-phase, induction motor develops a maximum torque of 110 N-m at 1360 rp.m. The resistance of the star-connected rotor is 0.25 Qlphase. Calculate the value of resistance that must be inserted in series with each rotor phase to produce a starting torque equal to half maximum torque. (S.C.E.W.B. 1998) Solution. Number of poles, 4 Resistance of star-connected rotor, Ry = 0.25 Qiphase Maximum torque developed at 1360 r-p.m. = 110 Nem Synchronous speed, ny, = 220 . 120 250 = 1500 p.m. P Slip corresponding to maximum torque, Also Now [where K = kE2?) = yrnges = 0-186K If is the external resistance inserted per phase in the rotor circuit, then RE:? (Ro +r) K(0.25 +r) ji 7, - Btarting torque, Rar + (Xp (0.25 +r)? + (2.688) Ty =1x Tm (given) (0.25 + 7)? + (2.688)? oe 2(0.25 + r) = 0.186[(0.25 + r)* + (2.688)") 2 = 2 [56 (0-25 + 7) = (0.25 +r)? + (2.688)? 2.688 + 10.75r = 0.0625 + r? + 0.5r + 7.225 7? -10.25r + 4.6=0 10.25 + V(10.25) -4x 4.6 10.25 + 9.31 2 2 or r=9.78Q or 0.479. (Ans.) r288 ELECTRICAL MACHINES Example 3.23. A 4-pole, 50-Hz, 3-phase, induction motor has rotor resistance and reactance of 0025 Q and 0.1 Q per phase respectively. Determine : (@ The value of speed at which maximum torque occurs. (i) The value of external rotor resistance per phase to be inserted to obtain 80% of maximum torque at staring. Solution. Number of poles, p = 4 Rotor resistance/phase, Rp = 0.025 2 Rotor reactance/phase, _X) = 0.1 Synchronous speed, No= a 5 120x590, = 1500 r-p.m. Slip corresponding to maximum torque, (@ Speed corresponding t» maximum torque, N=N,(~Spp) = 1500 (1 ~0.25) = 1125 rpm. (Ans.) (i) Let ©’ be the external resistance inserted in the rotor circuit. Ratio of rotor circuit resistance to standstill reactance, on = READ 2 0.025 417 @ mt = —X 0.1 Ratio of starting torque to maximum torque, or 0.86% i741) =28_r Or sy p tl = 2.55 yr or np 2.5 imp +1=0 252V(25)-4x1 25215 2 ~ 2 = 0.5, rejecting the higher value Substituting s.r = 0.5 in expression (i), we get 05= 0,025 +r = OL r= 0.5 x 0.1 ~0.025 = 0.025 Q Hence, external rotor resistance per phase to be inserted = 0.025. (Ans.) Example 8.24. A $-phase induction motor has rotor (star-connected) resistance and standstill reactance of 0.025 Q and 0.35 2 respectively. The full-load slip is 5 per cent. Calculate the resistance er phase of a star-connected rheostat which when connected to the rotor, will give a pull out torque at one-half of the full-load speed. What is then the power factor ? Solution. Rotor resistance, Ry = 0.05 Q Rotor standstill reactance, X, = 0.350 or SnrPOLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 289 ‘The full-load slip, 87 = 5% = 0.05 Full-load speed, Nj= Ny (1—a) = N, (1 ~0.05) = 0.95 Ny One-half of the full-load speed, ain, = 995 y - N= 5N= 9D? N, = 0475 N, Slip at one-half of the full-load speed, _Ng- 0475 Ny os = 0.525 Rotor reactance per phase at one-half of full-load speed = 9X = 0.525 x 0.35 2 = 0.184 2 Let ‘r’ be the resistance per phase of a star-connected rheostat connected to the motor. Pull out torque cr maximum torque will be at one-half of full-load speed, if resistance per phase in the rotor cireuit is equal to reactance per phase of the rotor at one-half of full-load speed. i 0.05 +r = 0.184 5 r= 0.1349. (Ans.) Power factor, erp Rotr 0.05 + 0.134 V(Ro +r)? + (6X2)? V(0.05 + 0.134)? + (0.184) _ 0.184 ~ 0.2602 Hence, power factor = 0.707 (lag). (Ans.) Vitxample 3.25. A 746 kW, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 16-pole induction motor has a rotor impedance of (0.02 + j0.15) Q at standstill. Full-load torque is obtained at 360 r-p.m. Calculate @ The ratio of maximum to full-load torque ; (ii) The speed for maximum torque ; (iii) The rotor resistance to be added to get maximum starting torque. (Nagpur Univ., 1998) Solution. Given : f = 50 Hz ; p = 16, Rp = 0.02 9; Xp = 0.15 2; N= 360 r-p.m. Ny, = 220f _ 120250 _ 375 ppm ie, = 0.707 (lag) Synchronous speed, A a Ne-N, - Full-load slip, og l= neo = 0.04 0.133 Slip corresponding to maximum torque, snt= % = 15 (@ The ratio of maximum torque to full-load torque, Ty : 2sp8mr We know that, Tm 972+ 8nt (Eqn. (3.17)] = 0.5516 (0.04)? + (0.133) Tr Fp 7 M18. (Ans) (ii) The speed for maximum torque, N: N=N,(1-8mr) = 375(1 ~ 0.133) = 325 r.p.m. (Ans.)290 ELECTRICAL MACHINES (ii) The rotor resistance to be added to get maximum starting torque, r: For obtaining maximum starting torque, (Ro+r) aoe or Ro+r=Xp or 0.02+r=0.15 Gs = 0.13.9. (Ans.) Example 3.26. The starting and maximum torques of a 3-phase induction motor are 1.6 times and 2.5 times its full-load torque. Determine the percentage change in rotor circuit resistance to obtain a full-load slip of 0.03. Neglect stator impedance. (Pb. Univ., 1998) Solution, Given : Ty: = 1.5 Ty; Tm = 2.5 Ty; 6/= 0.03. Percentage change in rotor circuit resistance : Toe _28mr__ 1.5 ae 06 Tm 2p 1 28mp = 0.6(52 yp + 1) or np — 8.3338qp + 1 =0 3.333 + V3.333? - or Sn = SSR SVS AA 3.808 = 2.656 = 0.833 (rejecting higher value) R or Smt = u = 0.333 or Rotor resistance, Rp = 0.333 Xp Ty 28/8 Also Tn sear 1 2x 0.08 x Sar i 2.5 0.087 + 68 ap or 0.03? + sap = 2.5 x 2 x 0.03 x Sm 7 = 0.158q 7 or 8797 — 0.158m7 + 0.0009 4 x - agro 882 a 4x 0.0009 _ 0.15 20.1875 9 1497 (other value is not feasible) . New rotor resistance, Ry’ = 87 Xz = 0.1437X2 Percentage reduction in rotor resistance . (Ans.) Example 3.27. In a 3-phase induction motor, maximum torque is twice the full-load torque and starting torque is 1.5 times the full-load torque. In order to get a full-load slip of 4 per cent calculate the percentage reduction in rotor circuit resistance. Neglect stator impedancePOLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS cid, Solution. Given : Tm, = 2T;; Ty = 1.5T/;57= 4% or 0.04. Percentage reduction in rotor-circuit resistance : ‘We know that, (Eqn. (2,16) 7 or 0.15(6% m7 + 1) = 26ur or 8 mp — 2.6678 q7 +1 =0 tan BST gsi? 4 2661s 1.764 9.45 of 221 Thus, 8mr = 0.45 (rejecting the higher value) ‘The negligible stator impedance, Fa oan = 045 or Ry = 0.45X2 Xo For a full-load slip of 0.04, we have iy 2578mp_ _ 2x 0.04 * Sms Tm 2” of? +8°mp (0.04) + eo mTl or (0.04)? + sary = 2% 2 x 0.04 Sry or 8 m7 ~ 0.16871 + 0.0016 = 0 ee or smn = 238 2Viox6i 4x0.0016 0.16 20508 = 0.1406 or 0.0106 Smt = 0.1495 (rejecting the other value) :. New rotor resistance for obtaining a slip of 4%, Ray = 0.1495X2 Thus, reduction in rotor circuit resistance = 0.45Xp — 0.1495Xp = 0.8% Percentage reduction in rotor-cireuit resistance 0.8X2 = 0.4BXg x 100 = 66.67%. (Ans.) 1@Example 3.28. A 3- induction motor has a rotor resistance and reactance of 0.016 and 0.1 Q ‘per phase respectively. At normal voltage, the full-load slip is 4 per cent. Calculate : (i) Percentage reduction in rotor voltage to develop full-load torque at half full-load speed. (ii) Power factor. Solution. Rotor resistance/phase, Rp = 0.016 Rotor reactance/phase, X_=012 Full-load slip, 8, = 4% (or 0.04) Let N, be the synchronous speed. ‘The full-load speed, Ny= N, (1-9) = N, (1 - 0.04) = 0.96 N, “™24 ELECTRICAL MACHINES, Synchronous wattage of an induction motor equals the power transferred across the air-gap to the rotor. 3.17.3. Factors Determining Torque. When a 3-phase induction motor is operating on a certain load with slip s, then . Induced e.m_f. per phase in rotor Rotor impedance per phase, Z2 = (where Rp and X; are rotor resistance and standstill reactance per phase) (where Ep = standstill rotor induced e.m.f.) foto current pr phase = SE « 182 2 VRP + 5°Xq? R Rotor circuit power factor, cos ¢ = ——*— VR? + 3°XQ? ‘Total rotor copper loss = number of phases rotor induced e.m.f. per phase x rotor current per phase x rotor current power factor R 3Re s*Ey” = 8 xsE_ x ey» = 18.26) Var s°X:? VR +X? Roos Xz x Tx 2aN, Also, total rotor copper loss = s x rotor input = ~~ = Tx2aN, 3Rps*E,” S860 RP a 2X? 3 Res? or Torque developed by the rotor, T = 57g) Sa 5 3 (3.27) bs loped by the rotor, "= (@aN,/60) “Ry? + 5°Ey? 2 3 _Rashs 13.27 (@)) "Ry? + 8°By? Ro sEo Ry sVi" or pa ashe, fet Ry + Xo? Ry? + 5?X_” . Ce Ez Vj, the supply voltage) ROTOR OUTPUT, LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY Example 3.29. The power input to a 3-phase induction motor is 50 kW. The stator-losses total 1.2 KW. If the motor is running with a slip of 3 per cent, find the total mechanical power developed Solution. Stator power input = 50 kW Stator losses =12kW Slip 3% (= 0.08) Mechanical power developed : Rotor input stator output = stator input — stator losses 50-12 =48.8kW Now mechanical power developed = (1s) rotor input = (1 - 0.03) x 48.8 = 47.34 kW. (Ans.) §@Example3.30.A 6-pole, 50-Hz, 3-phase induction motor running on full-load with 3% slip develops torque of 160 N-m at its pulley rim. The friction and windage losses are 210 W and the stator copper and iron losses equal 1640 W. Calculate (i) Rotor output, (ii) Rotor copper loss, and ii) Efficiency at full-load.POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 295 Solution. Number of poles, ‘Supply frequency, Slip, $ = 3% or 0.03 Torque developed at full-load, Ty = 160 N-m Friction and windage losses = 210 W Stator copper and iron losses = 1640 W Synchronous speed, N= a = 12050 _ 1900 rpm. 6 Actual rotor speed, N= (1~s)N, = (1 ~0.08) x 1000 = 970 r.p.m. @ Rotor output = PNT, _ 2 970 «160 _ 1959.5 W. (Ans. (W Rotor gross output = rotor output + friction and windage losses = 16252.5 + 210 = 16462.5 W Also, Tater gross output __N_ rotor input Ny tput x Ne Power input = £0U0 sPOSS output» Ne 16462.5 x 1000 : = 16971.6 W 970 <: Rotor copperloss = 16971.6 - 16462.5 = 509.1 W. (Ans.) Gii) Stator output = rotor input = 16971.6 W . Stator input tator output + stator copper and iron losses 16971.6 + 1640 = 18611.6 W % Overall efficiency at full-load = Tt" output stator input _16252.5, ~ 18611.6 iple 3.31. The power input to the rotor of a 440 V, 50-Hz, 3-phase, 6-pole induction motor is 50 RW. It is observed that the rotor e.m.f. makes 120 complete cycles per minute. Calculate x 100 = 87.32%. (Ans.) @ Slip, ii) Rotor speed, (ii) Rotor copper loss/phase, (iv) Mechanical power developed, and (v) Rotor resistance/phase if rotor current is 50 A. Solution. Supply voltage = 440 V Supply frequency, = 50-Hz Number of poles, p=6 Rotor input = 50 kW or 50000 W Rotor frequency, f= Be =2Hz fr 2 (® Slip, 9785 7004 or d%. (Ans) (ii) Rotor speed, No(1- ogo (1-2) x OEELECTRICAL MACHing . =(1-0.04) x 10x50 = 960 r.p.m. (Ans.) ti (ix) Rotor copper loss = x rotor input = 0.04 x 50000 = 2000 W Rotor copper loss/phase = 229° _ 666.67 W. (Ans.) (iv) Mechanical power developed = (L~s) x rotor input = (1 - 0.04) x 50000 = 48000 W or 48 kW. (Ans.) lor = rotor input — total copper loss] (v) Let Rz be the rotor resistance/phase 8Ig?Ro = 2000 2000 2* 3x50 x 50 ~ 72672 Hence, rotor resistance/phase = 0.267 @. (Ans.) Example 3.32. A 50 H.P., 6:pole, 50 Hz, slip-ring induction motor runs at 960 r.p.m. on full-load with a rotor current of 40 A. Allowing 300 W for copper loss in the short-circuiting gear ani 1200 W for mechanical losses, find the resistance Ry per phase of the 3-phase rotor winding. (GATE, 1998) = 36775 W ; p = 6; f = 50 Hz ; N = 960 r.p.m. ; Ip = 404 }00 W ; mechanical loss = 1200 W. Solution. P,.,, = 50 H.P. = 50 x 735: copper loss in the short-circuiting gear Resistance, R,: Rotor output = motor output + short-cireuiting gear loss + mechanical losses = 86775 + 300 + 1200 = 38275 W Synchronous speed, _N, = a = 22050 ©1000 rpm. Ns-N _ 1000-960 _ Slip, en ae = 0.04 Rotor copper losses = 3pR = Botoroutput Boe eno x 0.04 = 1594.8 W or —_ Rotor resistance, Ry= = 0.332 Q. (Ans.) Example 3.33. (a) Sketch the torque-speed characteristics of 3-phase induction motor. Show the regions of stable and brake modes of operation. What will be the effect of the following operations on the characteristics ? @ Applied voltage with normal frequency is reduced to half. (ii) Both the applied voltage and the frequency are reduced to half. (©) The star-connected starter winding of a 3-phase, 6-pole induction motor is supplied from = 240 V, 50 Hz source. The rotor resistance and standsti!l reactance are 0.12 Q and 0.85 Q per phose respectively. She stator to rotor turns ratio is 1.8. Find the pull out torque and the corresponding spec (AMIE Winter, 1998 Solution. (a) Fig. 3.20 shows the torque-speed characteristics of a 3-phase induction matar showing the regions of stable and brake modes of operation Tre torque equation is given by : __keRoEy* © RP + PX?POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 299 Since stator resistance is negligible stator losses can be neglected. Since friction and windage losses are 4rd of no-load losses, therefore, stator iron losses are 23rd of no-load losses or double of friction and windage losses. Total losses at full-load = stator iron losses + rotor copper losses + friction and windage losses or 6857 = stator iron losses + stator iron losses + 7 stator iron losses + Rotor copper losses equal iron losses and friction and windage are half of stator iron losses] . Stator iron losses S857. 9743 Ww Rotor copper losses stator iron losses = 2743 W Friction and windage losses = 4 x stator iron losses = } x 2743 = 1371 W Mechanical power developed = motor output + friction and windage losses = 36000 + 1371 = 37371 W Rotor input = mechanical power developed + rotor copper losses = 37371 + 2743 = 40114 W Since, rotor output = (l=) x rotor input o __,) = Totor output (gross) _ 37371 _ 9 939 . G8) ee rotor input 40114 > . Motor speed at full-load N,(.-5) = 22 0992 = 2059 0.992 = 1898 rpm. (Ans.) Example 3.36. A 3-phase, 400 V, 4-pole, 50-Hz induction motor has a star-connected stator and rotor. The rotor resistance and standstill reactance(phase are 0.25 Q and 1.2 Q respectively. The ratio of stator to rotor turns is 1.3. The full-load slip is 4 per cent. Calculate : (®) The power and torque developed at full-load. (ii) Maximum torque and the speed at which it occurs. Solution. Rotor resistance/phase, Ry = 0.25 2 Standstill reactance/phase, Xp=129 Rotor turns __1_(_ 4) Stator turns ~ 1.3 ~ Full-load slip = 4% or 0.04 Supply voltage = 400V Phase voltage = * = 230.9V Standstill e.m.f/rotor phase, Ey = 230.9 x 71g = 177.6 V Zq=VRz + (sXq)? = V(0.25)" + (0.04 x 1.2)? = 0.2540 177.6 = 27974300 ELECTRICAL MACHINES ‘Total copper lossos m= By"Ry © 3 x (27.97)? x 0.26 = 586.7 W ‘Algo, Rotor copper loss Rotor gross output” (2% Rotor gross output = rotor copper lous x ( Hence, power developed at full-load = 14081 W or 14.081 kW. (Ans.) Rotor speed = 1-9) Ny= 0-008) « 2 120 x 5 = (1= 0.04) x 440 r.p.m. Gross torque developed, rotor gross output 14081 (2xN/60) 2x x 1440/60 = 93.87Nm. (Ans.) 14081 x 60 2n/1440 (i) Maximum torque and speed : We know that for maximum torque : Ry =sXq Ro _ 0.25 E, = sEy = 0.208 x 177.6 = 36.9 V Za=WRq + (6Xq)* = V(0.25)? + (0.208 x 1.2)? = 0.353 1, = 389 0.353 Rotor copper losses = 3 x (104.5)? x 0.25 = 8190 W = 104.5 Rotor output = rotor copper loss x ( it ) = 8100. (F969) = 81185 W oF 3 185 kW 120/ Speed, N = 9) Ny = (10208) «BOF = (1 = 0.208) x = 1188 r.p.m. (Ans.) 120 x 50 4 Toy = TOF Bross output | _31185_ 7 2nN/60 ‘nx 1188/60 €¥ Example 3.37. A 3-phase, 6-pole, 50-Hz induction motor has 160 N-m as its useful full-load torque The rotor e.m.f. is observed to make 90 cycles per minute. Calculate @ Motor output in kW, (ii) Copper losses in rotor, (it) Motor input, and (iv) Efficiency if mechanical torque lost in friction and windage 1s 20 N-m and stator losses are 800 W. = 250.67 Nm. (Ans.)POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 301 Solution. Number of poles, p = 6 Supply frequency, f=50 Hz Rotor e.m.£f. frequency, fe 20 Useful full-load torque, Typ = 160 N-m Torque lost in friction and windage = 20 N-m Stator losses = 800W Slip, fis. lip, 507 0.03 Rotor speed, N=(1-s)N, = 1 = 0.08) x 220L = 0.03) x 29D 970 r.-p.m. 2ANTsh _ 2x x 970 x 160 (@ Motor output = PENTA _ 2x 970x160 _ 16959 W or 16.252 kW. (Ans.) i) Rotor copper losses : Gross torque, Tey + Tro = 160 + 20 = 180 N-m Rotor input 2 Dale = 2521000 » 180 = 18850 .. Rotor copper loss x rotor input = 0.03 x 18850 = 665.5 W. (Ans.) ii) Motor input rotor input + stator losses = 18850 + 800 = 19650 W. (Ans.) Gv) Efficiency : Efficiency = Motor output _ 16252 , 199 - 92.7%, (Ans.) ‘motor input ~ 19650 Example 3.38. A 4 kW, 6-pole, 3-phase, 50-Hz induction motor operates with a slip of 2.2 per cent and requires 11.5 amperes and 3500 watts when delivering its usual load. When operating without load machine receives 4.4 amperes and 300 watts. When the rotor of the machine is locked, 445 watts at 50 volts are required to circulate a current of 15 amperes. Calculate output torque and efficiency of the motor when delivering its usual load. Solution. Rotor (or motor) output = 4 kW or 4000 W Number of poles, =6 Supply frequency, f= 50 Hz Slip, 2.2% or 0.022 Power input to machine at normal load = 3500 W No load losses =300W Power input to rotor at full-load = 3500-300 = 3200 W rotor output _;_ We know that, rotor input sl-s . Rotor output 1-8) x rotor input = (1 — 0.022) x 3200 = 3130 W or 3.13 kW Rotor speed, NeaQ 9, = (= 0.022) 121 2nNT op Also, rotor output = -n418 ELECTRICAL MACH (B) 1. Increasing the number of slots per pole. 2, Skewing the poles through one slot-pitch. ; 3. Making the number of slots per pole pair an odd number. This eliminates tooth ripy., completely from the waveform. Third harmonics in the e.m.f. waveform arein time-phase in all three phases. When the phar, are delta connected these harmonics become additive around the closed cireuit and produce , circulating current. Given : Phase e.m.! Ey = 2200 V Hence, third harmonic/phase .05 x 2200 = 110 V Output = 750 kW Resistance/phase, Roh = 0.25 Q Reactance/phase at third harmonic frequency, Xp = 8% 0.7 = 2.12 Ampedance per phase at this frequency, Zp = V (0.25)? + (2.1)? = 2.112 Circulating current 5 red =521A Copper loss in three phases = 3 x (52.1) x 0.25 = 2035.8 W Percentage of full load output 2035.8 = 2085.8, 109 = it. (Ans.) = 70 x 1000 * 100 = 0.271 per cen| 58 Example 5.4. A 3-phase, 16-pole alternator has the following data : Number of slots = 192 ; Conductors slot = 8 (conductors of each phase are connected in series), coil span = 160 electrical degrees ; speed of the alternator = 375 r.p.m. ; flux /pole = 55 m Wb. Calculate the phase and line voltages. Solution. Number of poles, p= 16 Number of slots = 192 Conductors/slot =8 Coil span = 160° (electrical) Speed of the alternator = 375 rpm. Flux/pole, $ = 55 mWb = 0.055 Wb Here, a = 180° - 160° = 20° Pitch factor, = cos * = cos 2 = cos 10° = 0.9848 2 2 Number of slots/pole,SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS OR ALTERNATORS at Distribution factor, ieee asink 4xsin Now, total number of slote/phase = 122 764 Number of conductors/slot =8 Given) :. Total number of conductors/phase =64x8 = 512 :, Turns/phase, Tya= a2 = 256 _ Np _ 875 x16 Also, frequency, f= eS f= 50-Hz Now, Using the relation, Ey, = 4.44fTyakpka volts 4.44 « 50 x 0.55 x 256 x 0.9848 x 0.9577 = 2948 V Line voltage, Ex = V3 Epn = V3 x 2948 = 5106 V. (Ans.) 1 Example 5.5. A 3-phase, star-connected alternator has the following data : voltage required to be generated on open-circuit = 4000 V (at 50-Hz) ; speed = 500 r.p.m. ; stator slots/pole/phase = 3 ; conductors/slot = 12. Calculate : @ Number of poles, and i) Usefuel flux pole. ‘Assume all conductors per phase to be connected in series and coil to be full pitch. Solution. Line voltage, E, = 4000V Exma/phase, Fp, = 409° = 2309 V Speed of the alternator, N= 500 rpm. Number of slots/pole/phase, q=3 Number of conductors/slot = 12 Frequency, f= 60-Hz, @ Number of poles, p: , i Np Using the relation, fi _120f _ 120 x 50 _ or p= 12h, 120-90 - 12 poles. (Ans.) Gi) Useful fluxipole, ¢: Pitch factor, ipa) (given) [+ Coils are full pitched] Number of slots/pole, n= 3x 3=9 Angular displacement between slots, sin( 27) sin 30 . Distribution factor, =—— ( 0° ) "Sane 3xsin{ 0.96 2480 ELECTRICAL MACHINES Number of turns/phase, 7, = 2h _ 129 «12 ie Peg 7216 Now, using the relation, Ecma/phase = 4.44f9Tyykyhq volts 2309 = 4.44 x 50 x9 x 216 x 1 x 0.96 2309 °° Fads 50 x 2160.06 = 0.08 WP Hence, _useful flux/pole = 0.05 Wb. (Ans.) Example 5.6. A 3-phase, 10-pole alternator has 2 slots per pole per phase on its stator with 10 conductors per slot. The air gap flux is sinusoidally distributed and equals to 0.05 Wb. The stator has double layer winding with a coil span of 150° electrical degrees. Ifthe alternator ts running at 600 np.m., calculate the emf. generated per phase at no load. (AMIE Winter, 1997) Solution. Given :p = 10 ; q number ofslots/pole/phase = 2, conduetors/slot = 10, 6 = 0.05 Wb, coil span = 150° (electrical), N = 600 r.p.m. £.m£. generated per phase, Ey: Number of slots/pole, n = 2x3 =6 Angular displacement between the slots, p = 182° _ 180° _ 39» maaan Angle of chording 180° — 150° = 30° . Pitch factor, = cos ( ae ) = 0.9659 sin (2) sin ( 2x30" } Distribution factor, kg = —— 0.9659 asin( asin ( 5 2) txs0("F) Number of conductors in series/phase, Z,y, = 10 x slots/phase = 10 x (2 x 10) = 200 Z Number of turns/phase, Ty = “B= a =100 Eqn = 444f $ Typ Ra volts = 4.44 x 50 x 0.05 x 100 x 0.9659 x 0.9659 = 1035.6 V. (Ans,) Example 5.7. Calculate the speed and open-circuit line and phase voltages of a 4-pole, 3 phase, 50 He star-connected alternator with 36 slots and 30 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 0.05 Wb sinusoidally distributed. (Madras Univ. April, 1997) Solution. Given : p = 4 ; f = 50 Hz ; number of slots = 36 ; number of conductors per slot = 30 ; @ = 0.05 Wb. Speed, phase and line voltages : Speed of the alternator, N = aa = 12059 1500 rpm. (Ans.) Number of conductors connected in series per phase, Zips = No-of slots « no. of conductors per slot 36 x 30 ea No. of phases 3 Zpn _ 360 _ 2732 360 Number of turns per phase, Tyy = 180SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS OR ALTERNATORS oe Assumptions inherent in the synchronous impedance method. The assumptions are as follows : (@ The effect of the armature-reaction flux can be replaced by a voltage drop proportional to the armature current. The substitution of voltage for flux is the reason that the synchronous- impedance method is also called e.m.f: method. (i) Since the voltage caused by the main-field flux is added vectorially to that caused by the armature flux, it is also assumed that both fluxes have sinusoidal distribution. Little error is introduced because of this with non-salient-pole machines, but the error is much greater in the case of the salient-pole ones which have concentrated field windings. ii) The magnetic reluctance to the armature flux is constant regardless of the power factor. ‘This is substantially true for a non-salient, or round-rotor machine, whose air gap is almost constant but introduces considerable error with salient poles, since the position of the armature flux relative to the field poles is determined by the power factor. (iv) There is no saturation effect, (©) The flux under test conditions is the same as that under load conditions. Example 5.14. (a) Compare the constructional features of hydel and turbo-generators. (©) A 200 kVA, 480 V, 50 Hz Y-connected synchronous generator with a rated field current of 5A was tested, and the following data were obtained : — Open circuit terminal voltage 540 V (line-to-line) — Short circuit current 300 A. When a d.c. voltage of 10 V was applied to two of its terminals, a current of 25 A was measured. Find the value of the synchronous reactance. (AMIE Summer, 1998) Solution. (a) A comparison of constructional features of hydel and turbo-generators in a tabular form is given below : Constructional features of hydel and turbo-generators : S.No. “Aspects ‘Hydel generators Turbo-generators 1. | Numbers of poles ‘large numbers of poles Only two poles 2 | Speed Low High (normally 3000 r.p.m.) 3. | Pole construction Salient ‘Smooth rotor eonstruetion 4. | Length, diameter Less, more Large, smail 5. | Cooling Indirect Direct 6 | Rating Less, lower rated comparatively | 11 kV, upto 550 MW (©) Given : Rating : 200 kVA, 480 V, I;= 5 A, O.C. terminal voltage = 540 V (line-to-line) ; S.C. current = 300 A ; D.C. voltage = 10 V, current = 25 A. Synchronous reactance, X, : open-circuit voltage/phase _ 540/V3 _ ae 2.="~ short-cireuit current ~ 300 ~h04® _ D.C. voltage _ 10 current 25 ” X, = VZ,? - R.? = V1.04? - 0.47 = 0.96.2. (Ans.) Example 6.15. A 600 V, 60 AVA, single-phase alternator has an effective resistance of 0.2 A field current of 10 A produces an armature current of 210 Aon short-circuit and an e.m.f. of 480 V on open-cireuit, Calculate : (@ Synchronous impedance and reactance. (ii) Full-load regulation with 0.8 p.f. lagging. 4 Q Resistance, Ra494 ELECTRICAL MACHINES Solution. Terminal voltage, V = 600 V Alternate output in kVA =60 kVA Armature effective resistance, Ry = 0.22 On short-circuit : Field current Armature current Open-cireuit voltage = 480V. (@ Synchronous impedance and reactance : Synchronous impedance, z, ~ obemcireuit voltage on short-circuit “ short-circuit current 480 = 3107 2.28Q. (Ans.) Synchronous reactance, X,=VZ,2-R2 = V0.28?- (0.2) = 2.272. (Ans.) (i) Full-oad regulation with 0.8 pf. lagging: Refer Fig. 5.22 IX Vv Sind ZS) | __ yeuo—____-L in, Fig. 5.22 Eo = V(V cos + IRq) + (V sin 6 + 1X,)* Now cos @ = 0.8 and sin @ = 0.6 60 x 1000 Full-load current = Oe = 100A Ep = V(600 x 0.8 x + 100 x 0.2) + (600 x 0.6 + 100 x 2.27)? = V(480 + 20) + (360 + 227)? = 771V V_ 771-600 G09 * 100= 28.5%. (Ans.) Percentage regulation = —SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS OR ALTERNATORS o tFExample 5.16. 3-phave star-connected alternator is pated at 1600 kVA, 1000 V. The armature effective resistance and synchronous reactance are 2 Q and 36 (2 reapectinely your phan, Calenliste the percentage regulation for a load of 1200 kW at power factors of () 0.8 lagging Gi) 0.8 leading. Solution. Terminal voltage, Hy, = 12000 V Alternator rating = 1600 kVA 4200 Load = 1200 kW = "gg = 1600 KVA Armature effective resistance/phase, Ry = 20 Synchronous reactance/phase, X, = 35. Phase voltage, Hiyy (= V = ao = 6928 V. (@ When power tactor is 0.8 lagging : cos = 0.8 und sin 4 = 0.6 Open-cireuit voltage/phase, Ey = VV con + May? + (Vin g + 1X)” Now load current at a load of 1200 kW, 0.8 pal _ 1200 x 1000 © 0.8 x v3 «12000 © = Eq = V(6928 x 0.8 + 12.2 x 2)" + (6928 x 0.6 + 72. = V(5686.8)? + (66838)? = 8775.7 V Percentage regulation Ey-V =“ * 100 = (i) When power factor is 0.8 leading : cos @ = 0.8 and sing = 0.6 Open-circuit voltage/phase, VV cos § + Ha)? + (V sin 6 ~ 1X.) Eg = V(6928 x 0.8 + 72.2 x 2)? + (6928 x 0.6 - 72.2 35)" = V(6686.8)" + (1629.8) = 5915.7 V Percentage regulation 22h x Bh) 8775, he + 100 = 26.07%, (Ans.) iy-V 0 iy * 100 = 5915.7 - 6928 (915. SExample 6.17. A 3300 V, 3-phase star-connected alternator has a full load current of 100 A. On short-circuit a field current of 5 amperes was necessary to produce full-load current. The e.m.f. on open-circuit for the same excitation was 900 volts. The armature resistance was 0.8 /phase. Determine the full-load voltage regulation for : () 0.8 pf. lagging (i) 0.8 pf. leading *100 =~ 17.11%, (Ans.) Solution. Rated voltage (line) = 3300 V Rated voltage (phase) = 3009. 1905 v E.m.f, on open-circuit corresponding to a 5 A excitation = 900 V Short-circuit current for the same excitation = 100 A496 ELECTRICAL MACHD@s Synchronous impodance/phase, 9 z,.%4 99 100 Resistance/phase, Ry = 0.89 Full-toad current, 11004 Synchronous reactance, X, = VZ,? - Ry? = V9? - (0.8)? = 8.96 2 () At 0.8 pf. lagging. Refer Fig. 5.23, $< enep ting E- Fig. 5.23 = VV cos 9+ IR + (V sing + IX. = V(1905 «0.8 + 100 x 0.8)" + (1905 0.6 + 100 x 8 96)" = V(1604) + (2039) = 2594.3 V. g-V _ 2594.3 - 1905 yoo 1905 (ii) At 0.8 p.f. leading. Refer Fig. 5.24 | ‘Rap = ft IX. VSin® Es Percentage regulation x 100 = 36.18%. (Ans.) TR Bo ® VV con ¢ + Malt «(Vain IX.) = ¥(1905 «0.8 + 100608)? (1905 «06 100. 8 86)” = V1604)? « (247)® » 16229VSVNCHRONOUS CHNERATORS OR ALTERNATORS dL Ky-V » % Ropralati = OY 09 = 1822.0 = 1906 199 2 — 14.8% (Am culation 100 ae 10 8.) Baxample 6.18, Ai. kV, 3.phane starsconnected alternator has a full-load current of 100 A, Uncler short-cineuit condition if takes 6 A field current to produce full-load short-cireuit current, The mf on open cinvuit forthe same excitation ix 900 V (ine-tortine). The armature resistance is 0.9 2iphase. Determine asynchronous reactance per phase and regulation for (i) 0.8 p-f. lagging, (i) 0.8 pf. tenting (AMIE Winter, 1996) Oy = 619.0 0.6, voltage "S.C, current 519.6 = Top = 5196.8 V2.2 Ry? = V6.1962 - 0.9% = 6.117 2 Solution. Torminal voltageyphase on O.C, = Now, aynchronous impedance, © for the same field excitation Pereentaye regulation : Q) ALON pf lagging _ 3s x 1000 va VV 608 6+ Ty)? + (V sin + IXY = V(1905.3 « 0.8 + 100 x 0.9)? + (1905.3 x 0.6 + 100 x 5.117)" © V(16 14.24)" + (1654.88)? = 2311.8 V Ko~V _ 2911.8 - 1905.3 Fo DOB * 100 = 21.38%, (Ans.) Given rated phase voltage 1906.3 V No Percentage regulation = W) ACOS pf loading = V(1905.8 0.8 + 100 x 0.9)? + (1905.8 x 0.6 ~ 100 x 5.117)" = Vas t4.24)? + 31.48)? = 1733.4V Percentage regulation = fas a vi x 100 = - 9.02%. (Ans.) Example 6.19. A iphase, sfar-connected, 1000 kVA, 11000 V alternator has rated current of SAGA. The A.C. resistance of the winding per phase is 0.45 Q. The test results are given below : OC. test: Field current « 12.5, voltage between lines = 422 V S.C. test: Pield current = 12.6 A, line current = 52.5 A. Determine the fulllond voltage regulation of the alternator (a) 0.8 pf. lagging and (b) 0.8 pf. leading (Madras Univ. April, 1998) Solution, Given : Rating: 1000 kVA, 11000 V ;1 = 62.5.4; Ry = 0.45; Ig =f, = 52.5.4, 60 alternator is star-connected) ; 0.C. line voltage = 422 V. Pulload voltage regulation Synchronous impedance, Z, = OC, phase voltage _ (422/V3) ©. eurrent per phase Synchronous reactance, X, © VZ,2~ Ra? = V4.64? - 0.45? = 4.62.0 Byate Vd = NO? 4 361 v = 4649498 ELECTRICAL MACHINES (a) When power factor is 0.8 lagging : Eo = V(V cos 6 + IRq)? + (V sin 9 + IX)” = V(6351 x 0.8 + 52.5 x 0.45)? + (6351 x 0.6 + 52.5 x 4.62)? = V(5104.4)? + (4053.15)? = 6518 V Eo-V 6518 - 6351 x 100 = 8518-6851 199 = 2.63%. (Ans. 7% 100 = Te x 10 (Ans.) (6) When power factor is 0.8 leading : Eq =V(V cos $+ IRq)* + (V sin 9 - IX)” = V(6351 x 0.8 + 52.5 x 0.45}? + (6351 x = V(5104.4)° + (8568.05)? = 6228 V Fo-¥ 100 = 6228 695) 100 = 1.94%, (Ans.) Example 5.20. (a) Develop the terms generally used for reducing harmonic voltages from the induced e.m.f. (©) A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 6000 RVA, 6000 V star-connected alternator has an effective resistance of 0.2.9.A field current of 10 A produces 480 V on open circuit and a field current of 5A gives armature current of 105 A. Calculate the voltage regulation of this alternator at 0.8 power for lagging. (AMIE Summer, 1996) Solution. (a) For reducing the harmonics from the induced e.m.f. the windings to be designed properly. The different methods of reducing harmonics are : 1. Distribution. The magnitude of harmonic e.m.fs. depends upon their distribution factors The distribution factor is small for higher order harmonics. -. Percentage regulation = . Percentage regulation = 2. Chording. The e.m{. generated is proportional toeos _ J where ais the angle of chording andnis the order of harmonic. The harmonic e.m.f.can therefore be considerably reduced by choosing proper value of a) 3. Skewing. The slot harmonics can be eliminated by skewing the pole face 4, Fractional slot winding. The harmonic e.m.fs. can be considerably reduced by using fractional slot windings on account of the fact that these windings give a much smaller distribution factor. 5, Large length of air gap. By using large air gap length, the reluctance is increased and therefore the magnitude of slot harmonics is reduced. (©) Given : Rating : 6000 kVA, 6000 V ; R, = 0.2.2 ; cos $ = 0.8 6000 x 1000 TE sage: = 977.35 A As the O.C. voltage of 480 V appears at a field current of 10 A, hence the field current of 10 A under 8.C. test will give an armature current of 105 x 2 = 210 A. Phase voltage = 8 . 3464 V Full-load current, T= = OC. voltage/phase | (480/V3) _ Synchronous impedance, 2, = gow ake/Phs circa aioe Ig = 1820 X, = VZ,? - Ra? = V1.32?— 0.2? = 1.305.SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS OR ALTERNATORS: = Now, E, = VV cos + 1Ra)® + (Vain § + 1X)” = V(3464 « 0.8 + 577.35 x 0.2)? + (3464 « 0.6 + 677.5 = V(2886.67)* + (2831.84)? = 4043.8 V Percentage regulation = $048.8 — 3464 x 100 = 16.74%. (Ans.) Example 5.21. (a) Why the modern alternators are designed with a high ratio of armature synchronous reactance to resistance ratio ? Why in addition external reactors are provided in veries with each phase of an alternator ? ()A 3-phase, Y-connected, 11 kV, 165 MVA alternator has a synchronous reactance of 1 ohm and armature resistance of 0.1 ohm per phase. Calculate short circuit current at the instant of short cireuit and sustained short cireuit current. (©) The data obtained on 100 kVA, 1100 V, 3-phase alternator in d.c. resistance test, E between lines 6Vde. Tin lines =10Ad.. Open circuit test, Field current = 12 Adc. Line voltage = 420 Vac. Short circuit test, Field current = 12.5 Adc. Line current = rated value Calculate the voltage regulation of alternator at 0.8 pf lagging. (AMIE Winter, 1993) Solution. (a) Modern alternators are designed with larger values of reactance 80 as to protect, them in the event of a short circuit near the alternator terminals. As a consequence their voltage regulation is inherently poor. But this problem can be overcome by providing automatic voltage regulators. When large number of alternators operate in parallel, the fault current increases considerably when a short circuit occurs in the system. In order to limit the fault current external reactors are connected in series with the generators. Again due to expansion of the existing power system the fault current may become so large that the existing circuit breakers may not be able to clear this fault current. By adding reactors it may become possible to use the existing circuit breakers. (b) The value of the short circuit current at the instant of fault depends upon the value of voltage at the instant and the value of subtransient reactance. Since nothing is stated, it is assumed that sub-transient is same as synchronous reactance. VRq? + X,? = V(1)? + (0.0? Z,=1.005Q S.C. current at the instant of fault Synchronous impedance Eph 2 005 11000 Eph | _N3_ is 005 (c) Assuming the alternator to be star-connected. oo «1901000 6 Armature resistance per phase = 5-"/5 = 0.9.2 (The D.C. voltage is across the two phases) = 17873.56 A. (Ans.) Sustained S.C. current 6319.26 A. (Ans.) = 5248 A500 ELECTRICAL MACHINES Synchronous impedance, Z, = 9-C. voltage/phase 4, same excitation S.C. current Synchronous reactance, X, = VZ,? Rj? = Va.62" 0.3? = 4.619 By = VV cos @ + TRa)? + (Vin 6+ IX)” / 1100 e (2igP x08 seasx0s) +(x x 0.6 + 52.48 «4.61 = V(523.81)" + (622.98)? = 813.93 V Percent ion = 818.93 - 1100(V3) . 99 - 5 tage regulation (1100/V3) 100 = 28.16. (Ans. Example 5.22. A 1500 kVA, 6600-V, 3-phase star-connected alternator with a resistance of 0.4 ohm and reactance of 6 ohms per phase, delivers full-load current at power factor 0.8 lagging, and normal rated voltage. Estimate the terminal voltage for the same excitation and load current at 0.8 power factor leading. (AMIE Summer, 1999) Solution. Given : Rating : 1500 kVA, 6600 V ; R, = 0.4 Qiphase ; X, = 6 Q/phase ; cos @ = 0.8, Terminal voltage, V: 1500 x 10° FLL. output current “Ween oa A IR, drop 164 x 0.4 = 65.6 V IX, drop 164 x 6 = 984 V Terminal voltage/phase = 9500 - ssiov. 4 = cos (0.8) = 36.87°, sin = 0.6 . Generated emf, E=V(V cos + [gRq)? + (V sino + [aX,)" (pf. lagging) = V(3810 x 0.8 + 65.6)" + (3810 x 0.6 + 984)” = V(3113.6)" + (8270)? = 4515 V. Now for the same excitation and load current at 0.8 p.f. leading, the voltage equation is E=V(V cos 6 + [gR,) + (V sin } ~ [4X,)” o 4515 = V(V x 0.8 + 65.6)? + (V x 0.6 - 984)" or 4515 = V0.64V? + 4303.4 + 104.96V + 0.36V* + 968256 - 1150.8V or 4515 = VV? - 1075.84V + 972559 or V? - 1075.84 V + 972559 = 20385225 V? — 1075.84 V - 19412666 = 0 vel + V(1075.84)" +4 x 19412666 1075.84 + 8877 7 2 V = 4976.4 volts. (Ans.) Example 5.23. (a) A 3-phase, star-connected, 5 kVA, 40 V, 50 Hz, 4-pole alternator has the following test data at rated speed :