COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

ARRAY ANTENNA SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY:
SHAMEER AHMED (12417)
HAMMAD MAQSOOD (12427)
ATTA-UR-REHMAN (12430)
FAIZAN TARIQ (12182)
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. FARHAN SOHAIL
DATE OF SUBMITTION:
JANUARY 9th, 2023
Table of Contents
ARRAY ANTENNA SYSTEM .................................................................................................................. 2
OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................. 2
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 2
ANTENNA: ................................................................................................................................................. 2
ARRAY ANTENNA ................................................................................................................................... 2
WORKING OF ARRAY ANTENA SYSTEM: ....................................................................................... 3
BASIC BUILDINGS BLOCKS ................................................................................................................. 3
MAIN ELEMENTS: ............................................................................................................................... 3
PHASE SHIFT .................................................................................................................................... 4
POWER DIVIDER ............................................................................................................................. 4
FREQUENCY SCANNING ARRAY ................................................................................................ 4
ANTENNA SYSTEM COMPONENTS ON ARS (ANTENNA RECEIVING SUBSYSTEM) ........... 4
USE OF DSP IN ARRAY ANTENA SYSTEM: ...................................................................................... 5
SISO ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
MIMO .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
SIMO ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS OF ARRAY ANTENNA SYSTEM: . 5
ADVANTAGES: ..................................................................................................................................... 5
DISADVANTAGES:............................................................................................................................... 5
APPLICATIONS: ....................................................................................................................................... 6
MAJOR DESIGN CONSTRAINTS FOR ANTENNA SYSTEM: ......................................................... 6
HOW ENGGINEER OVERCOME THE DESIGNE ISSUE ................................................................. 6
CONCLUSIONS: ........................................................................................................................................ 7
REFRENCES: ............................................................................................................................................. 7

Table of Figures
Figure 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 3 ......................................................................................................................................................... 4

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 ARRAY ANTENNA SYSTEM

OBJECTIVES:
 To know about array antenna system and its basic building blocks.
 Analyze DSP processes required to achieve the goals of an array antenna system.
 Major design constraints for this system.

INTRODUCTION:

ANTENNA:
An Antenna is a transducer, which converts electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice
versa.
An Antenna can be used either as a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna.
 A transmitting antenna is one, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic
waves and radiates them.
 A receiving antenna is one, which converts electromagnetic waves from the received
beam into electrical signals.

ARRAY ANTENNA:
An Antenna Array or Array Antenna is a set of multiple connected Antennas which work
together as a single Antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. The individual Antennas are
called elements. Which are usually connected to a single receiver or transmitter by feedlines.
That feed the power to the elements in a specific phase relationship.
The radio waves radiated by each individual antenna combine and superpose, adding together
interfering constructively to enhance the power radiated in desired directions, and cancelling
interfering destructively to reduce the power radiated in other directions. Similarly, when used
for receiving, the separate radio frequency currents from the individual antennas combine in the
receiver with the correct phase relationship to enhance signals received from the desired directions
and cancel signals from undesired directions. More sophisticated array antennas may have
multiple transmitter or receiver modules, each connected to a separate antenna element or group
of elements.
An Antenna Array can achieve higher gain directivity that is a narrower beam of radio waves, than
could be achieved by a single element. In general, the larger the number of individual antenna
elements used, the higher the gain and the narrower the beam. Some antenna arrays (such as
military phased array radars) are composed of thousands of individual antennas. Arrays can be
used to achieve higher gain, to give path diversity (also called MIMO) which increases
communication reliability, to cancel interference from specific directions, to steer the radio beam
electronically to point in different directions, and for radio direction finding (RDF).
The term antenna array most commonly means a driven array consisting of multiple
identical driven elements all connected to the receiver or transmitter. A parasitic array consists of

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a single driven element connected to the feedline, and other elements which are not, called
parasitic elements. It is usually another name for a Yagi-Uda Antenna.

Figure 1

WORKING OF ARRAY ANTENA SYSTEM:

A phased array usually means an electronically scanned array a driven array antenna in which
each individual element is connected to the transmitter or receiver through a phase
Shifter controlled by a computer. The beam of radio waves can be steered electronically to point
instantly in any direction over a wide angle, without moving the antennas. The term "phased
array" is sometimes used to mean an ordinary array antenna.
An antenna, when individually can radiate an amount of energy, in a particular direction,
resulting in better transmission, how it would be if few more elements are added it, to produce
more efficient output. It is exactly the idea, which led to the invention of Antenna arrays.
An antenna array is a radiating system, which consists of individual radiators and elements. Each of
this radiator, while functioning has its own induction field. The elements are placed so closely that
each one lies in the neighboring one’s induction field. Therefore, the radiation pattern produced by
them, would be the vector sum of the individual ones. The following image shows another example
of an antenna array.
The spacing between the elements and the length of the elements according to the wavelength
arealso to be kept in mind while designing these antennas.
The antennas radiate individually and while in array, the radiation of all the elements sum up, to
form the radiation beam, which has high gain, high directivity and better performance, with
minimum losses.

BASIC BUILDINGS BLOCKS:

MAIN ELEMENTS:
 INDIVIDUAL ANTENNA
 PHASE SHIFTER
 POWER DIVIDER

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 Figure 2

PHASE SHIFT:
Adding a phase shift to the signal received or transmitted by each antenna in an array of antennas
allows the collective signal of these individual antennas to act as the signal of a single antenna with
performance vastly different from the individual antennas in the array.

POWER DIVIDER:
The power divider is a fundamental block of an antenna array system, operating in either equal or
unequal split ratios. Power dividers play a vital role in various radio frequency and communication
applications. A power divider can be utilized as a feeding network of an antenna array. For the
synthesis of a radiation pattern, an unequal-split power divider is required.
FREQUENCY SCANNING ARRAY:
The frequency scanning array is a special case of the phased array antenna, in which the beam
steering is controlled by the transmitter's frequency without use of any phase shifter. The beam
steering is a simple function of the frequency. The elements are arranged like a matrix. The flat
arrangement of all elements forms the entire antenna. The beam steering is a simple function of
the frequency.

ANTENNA SYSTEM COMPONENTS ON ARS (ANTENNA RECEIVING

SUBSYSTEM)

Figure 3

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USE OF DSP IN ARRAY ANTENA SYSTEM:
That one of the most important and critical parts of the hardware implementation of an Antenna Array is
how the functions and tasks are allocated to the DSPs, so that the real-time constraints can be fulfilled.
Specially when the algorithms are mathematically complex and have a high computational load. The
complexity of several multi-antenna algorithms for communication systems. SISO, SIMO in frequency and
in time domain, and MIMO. The interest of such space diversity techniques to improve the performances
of the transmission system in terms of BER and to reduce interference effects. The feasibility of real-time
implementations of such techniques in a hardware system.

SISO:
In Single Input Single Output system only one antenna is used at transmitter and one antenna is
used at Receiver SISO has been in use since the invention of wireless system SISO is used in
radio, satellite, GSM and CDMA systems.

MIMO:
Multiple Input Multiple Output concept has been recently added to the wireless system. There are
different MIMO algorithms which has been developed for two main reasons to increase coverage.
MIMO have multiple antennas used at transmitter and receiver. MIMO is used in next generation
wireless technologies such as mobile wimax -16e, WLAN-11n.11ac,11ad, 3GPP LTE etc.

SIMO:
Single Input, Multiple Output is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which
multiple antennas are used at the destination (receiver). The antennas are combined to minimize
errors and optimize data speed. The source (transmitter) has only one antenna

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS OF ARRAY

ANTENNA SYSTEM:
ADVANTAGES:
The following are the advantages of using antenna arrays:

 The signal strength increases

 High directivity is obtained
 Minor lobes are reduced much
 High Signal-to-noise ratio is achieved
 High gain is obtained
 Power wastage is reduced
 Better performance is obtained
DISADVANTAGES:
The following are the disadvantages of array antennas:

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  Resistive losses are increased
 Mounting and maintenance is difficult
 Huge external space is required

APPLICATIONS:
The following are the applications of array antennas:

 Used in satellite communications

 Used in wireless communications
 Used in military radar communications
 Used in the astronomical study

MAJOR DESIGN CONSTRAINTS FOR ANTENNA SYSTEM:

Design constraints have become more important issues that antenna developers must work
through, in tandem with terminal designers. “Design constraints are very intertwined with almost
every aspect of perfect and low cost.
Ideally, there should be a free-space clearance zone around the antenna of at least d. The largest
dimension of the antenna, D, and the operating wavelength determine this distance. For example,
if the largest dimension of the antenna is a half of a wavelength, the minimum clearance zone is a
half-wavelength.
Fundamental parameters like, Coupling and distance between the single element calculations.
Radio Coverage, Macro Cellular Infrastructures, Multi-Cell Analysis, Network Interference.
Not all antennas are created equal, and when it comes to frequency different antenna styles perform
better at some frequencies and not at others. Some special considerations are sometimes required
in antenna design typically at very high and very low frequencies. Take an antenna for a low
frequency in the kHz range. A single wavelength at this range is on the order of miles long. Even
a ¼ wavelength antenna at kHz frequencies is impractical at around 10,000 ft long.
Other antenna design factors such as bandwidth are frequency-dependent as well. High
frequencies require more precise length elements, making it more difficult to construct a wide
bandwidth high frequency antenna, but some designs manage to achieve this.

HOW ENGGINEER OVERCOME THE DESIGNE ISSUE:

While these modern uses of antennas present challenges with regard to directionality, frequency
variation, isolation, and testing for the antenna designer, microwave absorbers and dielectric
materials are now providing a viable way to deal with and mitigate these challenges. With its
industry- leading microwave absorber and dielectric materials, Laird is uniquely well positioned
to meet the needs of engineers designing antennas.

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CONCLUSIONS:
In this report we have discussed array antenna system and how antenna has transformed in to array
antenna. In this report working of array antenna system and the building blocks of array antenna
system has discussed both at transmitter and receiver end. This report is also useful in
understanding the use of dsp in array antenna system and the tools of dsp which are useful in array
antenna system. Advantages, disadvantages and applications of array antenna system has also
discussed. In last part of this report the major constraints of array antenna system has discussed.
And how engineer overcome the design constraints are also in this report. This report is helpful to
understand the basics of array antenna system and how modern world is using array antenna
system to enhance the communication system.

REFRENCES:
https://www.antenna-theory.com/arrays/main.php
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_array
https://www.antenna-theory.com/arrays/main.php#phased