Ethics - 11

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 Linkages
Santis
Committee
1. Corruption definition & forms. 2ndARC
Prerofcor

f Aet
2. Sources of Corruption. 4 sources Procedures
f I
3. Challenges of Corruption:
f II
i. Societal perspective. 1
Us mustbe
emphasized
ii. Administrative perspective.
iii. Political perspective.
iv. Judicial perspective.
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 decision
Corruption any making
thatdoesn't c toyougiven
to youbypeople
9
Corruption is the abuse of entrusted
power for private gain.
Savicytakon
-Transparency International
Collusive abroad
r
spwwfewrlf.EE
AfterBeling 4 B tread terms
f supply relatedto corruption
Giversife takerside
tepreparesmall
Bribery/Extortion Eternia.ie
Nepotism/Favouritism p
Whydoes it start
9
Influence peddling Howto control

Embezzlement Manindra
 A Tale of Corruption
Sita : smart, hard-working, honest.
Typical Indian family : salaried parents in pvt.
sector; one younger brother; all necessities, a few
luxuries happy family.
Completes education, gets hired work is not
satisfying decides to join bureaucracy.
Prepares in ORN, meets a boy, decide to marry.
Selected for IAS in 3rd attempt; gets married soon.

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 A Tale of Corruption
5 years later:
Work is hectic, salary is meagre, husband has no
stable work, parents retired- few material comforts.
Sees her colleagues misuse their position, but
remains honest- enjoys respect & admiration of all.
Brother graduated from good college; struggling to
find employment- colleague suggests using her
position to get him a job; parents pressurize Sita
succumbs.
Surprisingly, nobody questions her about it- this
further emboldens Sita.
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 A Tale of Corruption
15 years later :
Gains support of influential people by patronizing
them; gets husband placed on BOD of many pvt.
firms; amasses a lot of money and property.
Luxurious life, social stature & respect.
Starts contemplating a political career post-
retirement.

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 A Tale of Corruption
20 years later :
Notices that her children have started acquiring
bad habits, expensive tastes.
People fear rather than respect her rumours
behind her back.
Political parties are urging her to quit and join
active politics.

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 A Tale of Corruption glee
him

21 years later : Ex Lalu

ArnabGoswami
CBI raid arrested, imprisoned.
Husband sacked from all firms.
Children fend for themselves.
Reputation and future destroyed.
Howtosustain good
valuesystem
g
Was Sita corrupt or corruptible? Social
factors
Who could have helped her to remain honest?
Institutional
What encouraged her to remainfactors
corrupt?
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 Eachman
forhimself
SOURCES OF CORRUPTION
SOURCE PROBLEM
1 Economic Tendency to maximise own welfare.
(Pareto optimality)
felon yourtrelfavecompromises someone'selsebenefit

2 Institutional Weak standards; poor culture.

for
3 Societal
go.EE Lack of social will;
tolerance towards corruption.

f
4 Individual Weak moral character;
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high degree of corruptibility.
Corruption is defined as the abuseof entrusted powerfor

privategain Such an abuse can occur in many diff forms

etc
suchas bribery extortion nepotism ebezzlement
it is
Although its magnitude and motives may vary
is detrimental the
undeniable that corruption from
perspective of legality morality and equality
dimensional
Corruption is a complex and multi phenomenon
4
that exists and increases due to a correlation b w
elements
41Economic source Institutionalsource 3 Societal source
4 Role of Individual
1 Economic source Fromour economicperspective corruption
maximisetheir
begins when people start believing that they can
welfare even theexpenseofothers This happensbecause
d there are incentivestobecome corrupt in theformof high
levelsof discretion monopolisticnature offunctions weak
punishment mechanisms1etc
Q there are disincentivesagainstremaininghonest in the
formofpoor remuneration thepossibilityofvictimization
weak Meward of recognition mechanism etc
In such circumstances corruptionis perceived as a low risk
highreturn activity
 SOURCES OF CORRUPTION
SOURCE ISSUE

1 Economic C I - Incentives to be corrupt.flowremuneration

distortionishigh fnomecognition
vssuperiors
might
because monopolistic - Disincentives against honesty. harassyou
are
Services
- Low-risk, high-return activity.
2 Institutional - Officials have control over decisions.
have novoice
- Lack of GRMs. citizens
HIM a.copurrisumeul wouldn't bethere
15M Shah
times - Nexus. fieryoften
Jay ooo
16
income
- Superiors allow/command corruption.
- Service quality is kept poor; delivery
Loewe through illicit channels is improved.
corruption
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(Coercive corruption)fforceingtouseillicitchanned
 ColonelMNRoy

CASE - 01
During election duty at a check post, the SP seizes
the car of a ruling-party MLA for carrying large
amounts of cash.
Before an FIR can be filed, the MLA calls up the SP
makes lucrative offers & threatens him of dire
consequences. The DGP also expresses similar
sentiments and tells the SP to be practical not to
become a hero/martyr.

What should the SP do?

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 CASE - 02
Ram belongs to a small village in UP; shifted to Delhi
due to caste exploitation & lack of eco. opportunities.
Works as a fruit vendor outside railway station.
Applied for a license (through touts) many times over
the last 2 years but been granted one yet.
Pays monthly bribes to NDMC & Police to avoid
confiscation of his cart whenever they conduct raids.

What is the source of the problem?

What will aggravate the problem?
What would his well-wishers suggest?
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 SOURCES OF CORRUPTION
SOURCE ISSUE
3 Societal -Belief that corruption is efficient, esp.
corruption
Collusive
when supply is limited or quality is poor.
Education
- Citizens are not ashamed to perceive it as
Nursery
isthe a convenient necessity(Collusive C.).
Leg
-Societal standards degrade - teach and
glorify corruption.
4 Individual -Everyone is not corrupt but may be
resists
No girl corruptible.
gmmfotf.ee
Ex -Value education ignored.
p wry f -Negative reinforcement from environment.
Foeticide
female
female
want
but delivery -Temptations
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doo for -Role of bribe-giver is not addressed.
 CASE - 03
Ram is a 25 year old, who had recently started a
promising career in a reputed MNC.

One day, he meets with an accident. At the hospital,

the doctor tells his family that due to the rush of
patients, Ram will have to wait a few hours before
he can be operated upon. However, if they are
willing to pay a nominal bribe of Rs. 5000, he will be
operated upon immediately.

Is paying the bribe the correct course of action?

What if a family does not have the money?
If they pay the bribe, what will they tell others?
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 CASE - 04
Ram is a 32 year old tailor, who was recently married.
His wife is expecting a child soon.

One day, he is killed by a speeding car. The car was

driven by a drunk minor, who flees the spot. The family
goes to file an FIR, but the SHO tells them that the
family has already approached him with an
offer of Rs. 1 crore to hush up the matter. The SHO
assures family that if they can match the offer,
he will ensure that Ram gets justice.

Is paying the bribe the correct course of action?

What if the family does not have the money?
WhoseManindra
role is most vital here?
 Curbing Corruption
SOURCE SOLUTION
1 Individual Character building

2 Societal Social stigma; consensus

3 Institutional Strong standards; positive cultures

4 Economic Focus on public welfare

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Misconceptions regarding corruption
MISCONCEPTION POINTS TO PONDER
It promotes efficiency - Are systems with less corruption
inefficient?
- What if a person does not have
the means to bribe?
Small amounts of bribe - What are the salary & perks for?
act as a motivation - Slippery slope.
- Would we have any rights if
has no impact system was completely corrupt?
It is not possible to - Singapore
reduce corruption - e-governance
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 Challenges of Corruption
1. Societal perspective.
2. Administrative perspective.
3. Political perspective.
4. Judicial perspective.

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 Society becomes vulnerable to
Corruption when...
FACTOR IMPACT
1. It is divided, intolerant. Nepotism; Patronage
2. People have a herd mentality. Accept corruption as
a way of life.

3. People are needy or greedy. Wants > Needs.

4. People are passive & pessimistic. No complaints.
5. The culture is too lenient. Easy to get
forgiveness.
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 1. Societal Perspective
PARAMETER WHAT IS NEEDED HOW
1. Divisive societal -Foster Unity. -Proper value education.
norms -Promote Merit. -Role models.
-Common goals.
2. Herd mentality -Independent -Good CRP -positive regard.
thought. -Social stigma(bribe giver).

3. Need v/s Greed - Better services. -Value education.

-Overcome sense of -Balance b/w aspirations &
relative deprivation. potential.
4. Passivity & - Citizen Engagement. -Inform & facilitate.
Pessimism. -Safeguard.
-Incentivize (False Claims Act)
5. Lenient culture. - Zero Tolerance. -Exemplary punishment.
Manindra -Social stigma.
 Bureaucrats are prone to Corruption
because of...
FACTOR IMPACT
1. An unclear understanding of Unquestioning
roles/duties. obedience.
2. Excessive political interference. Seek patronage.
3. Centralization + discretionary Misuse for personal
powers. gains.
4. Monopolistic nature of Poor service quality.
functions.
5. Weak disciplinary action. Immune to A/C.
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 2. Administrative Perspective
PARAMETER WHAT IS NEEDED HOW
1. Role clarity -Integrity. -O. Structure (R/T/PA)
-Intellectual strength. -O. Culture.
-Code of Ethics.
2. Political -Cross validation. -Stability of tenure.
Interference -Multi-member bodies for
transfer/promotions.
3. Centralization - Rationalize. -Standardization of norms.
& Discretion -E-governance.
-Committees.
4. Monopoly -Promote competition. -Disinvestment.
-Downsize. -PPP.
5. Disciplinary -Time-bound. -Deptt. enquiries.
action
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-Exemplary. -Surprise inspections.
-Art. 311.
 Politicians are prone to Corruption
because...
FACTOR IMPACT
1.Their credentials are not assessed. Criminalization of
(Educational/Criminal/ Financial) politics.
2. The costs involved in contesting Reciprocal relations.
an election are very high.
3. The electorate is fractured on Identity-based
trivial issues. politics.
4. Voters are affected by spectacle Dynastic politics.
more than substance.

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 3. Political Perspective
PARAMETER WHAT IS NEEDED HOW

1. Credentials -Irreproachable. -Amendments.

-Statesman. -Recall / NOTA.
-Code of Conduct.
2. Funding - Financial -Audit.
independence. -State Funding.

3. Identity based - Issue-based politics -Anti- defection laws.

politics - Collective -91st A.A.
Responsibility
4. Dynastic Politics -Representativeness -Reservations.
-More participation. -Delimitation + Rotation.
-Voter education.
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 4. Judicial Perspective
PARAMETER WHAT IS NEEDED HOW

1. Contempt of -Encourage complaints. -Judicial Ombudsman.

Court -Encourage enquiries.
(Art. 129/215)

2. Appt. + -Transparency. -Multi-member bodies.

Removal - Impartiality.

3. Conduct - Above reproach. -Restatement of Values of

Judicial Life (SC-1997)

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 Reading
ur
National Commission to Review the
reporting
Working of the Constitution

Consultation paper on Probity in Governance

- Chapters 1, 2, 3B.

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