Hazardous Waste Management Series

HAZWAMS/30/2005-06

GUIDELINES
FOR
COMMON HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATION

Central Pollution Control Board

Ministry of Environment & Forests
e.mail: cpcb@alpha.nic.in Website: www.cpcb.nic.in

June, 2005
Dr. V. Rajagopalan
Chairman
Foreword

Hazardous wastes generated by the industries are required to be

managed as per the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules,
1989, as amended. About 4.4% of hazardous waste generated in the
country is of the nature, which has to be incinerated. Besides, segregated
organic residues, highly concentrated effluents such as mother liquors
and toxic effluents not feasible for physico-chemical, biological treatment
also require proper disposal through incineration.

Hierarchy of options in hazardous waste management, in sequence, is to

switchover to cleaner technologies, cleaner production options and
exploring the potential for re-using, recycling, recovering, renovation
before sending to incineration and secured land filling.

Common incineration facilities are now in operation in the country.

Incineration of hazardous waste from many industries is a task that
requires comprehensive knowledge & skill in respect of chemistry,
thermal engineering and environmental engineering. Therefore, the
Central Pollution Control Board studied the common incineration facilities
and formulated guidelines for proper design, operation and to meet the
standards. While framing the guidelines, CPCB considered the
preliminary draft prepared by the Committee constituted by the
Chairman, CPCB, technology & operation of Indigenous incineration
facilities and experiences of European incineration facilities. I take this
opportunity to register the sincere efforts made by Er. N.K. Verma and Er.
N. Sateesh Babu in bringing out the guidelines with the association of
GTZ-ASEM experts, in particular, Prof. Thomas Kolb, Karlsruhe University,
Germany.

I understand this publication will be highly useful for the existing common
incineration facilities, for those planning to set-up new facilities,
regulatory officers and all others concerned to the pollution control and
hazardous waste management in the country.

(V. Rajagopalan)

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 TEAM

Project Team : Sh. N.K. Verma, Additional Director, CPCB

Sh. N. Sateesh Babu, Env. Engineer, CPCB
Dr. Peter Henschel, Senior Adviser, GTZ-ASEM

Report : Sh. N. Sateesh Babu, Env. Engineer

Preparation

Technical : Prof. Thomas Kolb, Thermal Waste Treatment Division,

Editing Karlsruhe University, Germany
Sh. N.K. Verma, Additional Director

Report : Dr. V. Rajagopalan, Chairman, CPCB

Finalization Dr. B. Sengupta, Member Secretary, CPCB

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 Contents
S.No. Topic Page
no.
1.0 Preamble 5
2.0 Common Incineration Facilities 5
3.0 Transportation of Hazardous Waste 6
4.0 Storage of Hazardous Waste 8
5.0 Analytical Laboratory Facilities 10
6.0 Waste Feeding Mechanisms 11
7.0 Combustion Chambers 14
7.1 Rotary Kiln 17
7.2 Secondary Combustion Chamber 18
8.0 Pollution Control Devices 18
9.0 Monitoring and Online Display Requirements 20
10.0 Ash / Slag Management 24
11.0 Bleed / scrubber Liquor Management 25
12.0 Organizational Structure 25
13.0 Others 26

Annexure
Annexure - I Emission Standards for Common Hazardous 28
Waste Incinerators

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1.0 PREAMBLE

Thermal oxidation through incinerator is one of the proven technologies

for destruction of hazardous waste in all the forms i.e. solid / semi solid
/ liquid and gaseous, based on the feeding system, so as to render them
innocuous in the form of non-toxic and non-hazardous residues. Though
it is a solution for destruction of complex hazardous waste, requires
knowledge to judge the compatibility of various wastes for the purpose
of homogenization of feeding waste, to operate and maintain thermal
processes, pollution control devices, which demands skill & experience,
in order to comply with the environmental regulations for common
hazardous waste incineration facilities (ANNEXURE - I).

The Common incineration facilities are, in principle, expected to handle

the hazardous waste in solid and liquid forms having high degree of
variation in respect of characteristics due to different nature of member
industries, which will have direct bearing on efficiency of combustion
system and pollution control devices. Therefore, experience in other
parts of the world, particularly in case of handling hazardous waste in
solid form, drive us to adopt rotary kilns followed by secondary
combustion chambers as a set-up for combustion part of the
incineration system, unless other combinations demonstrate equally in
delivering required efficiency. As such, in India, existing three common
incineration facilities do have the same combination; therefore the
guidelines presented in this document cover such set-up.

2.0 COMMON INCINERATION FACILITIES

Common hazardous waste incineration facilities are those facilities,

which handle hazardous waste from more than one industry either
installed as an integral part or located elsewhere.

Various concerned components of common incineration facility include

proper transportation, storage, analytical laboratory facilities, feeding
mechanism, incineration system (rotary kiln & post combustion
chamber), gas cleaning system, tail gas monitoring facilities with
automatic on-line monitoring & control facilities, ash/slag management,
bleed/scrubber liquor management and measures for health protection
of workers. Guidelines for maintaining each of these components in
order to comply with the prescribed standards are given in the
subsequent chapters.

3.0 TRANSPORTATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

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All the provisions corresponding to transportation of
hazardous wastes under various Acts including the
Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules &
subsequent amendments and Motor Vehicle Act, shall be
duly complied with, in all respects (coding, containers,
manifest system etc.). Guidelines for transportation of
hazardous waste include, but not limited, to the following:
Generators responsibilities:

a. Generator of the hazardous waste shall ensure that wastes are

packaged in a manner suitable for safe handling, storage and
transportation. Labeling on packaging is readily visible and material
used for packaging shall withstand physical and climatic conditions.

b. Generator shall ensure that information regarding characteristics of

wastes particularly in terms of being Corrosive, Reactive, Ignitable or
Toxic is provided on the label.

c. All hazardous waste containers shall be provided with a general

label as given in Form 8 in Hazardous Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules, 1989, as amended.

d. Transporter shall not accept hazardous wastes from an occupier

(generator) unless six-copy (with colour codes) of the manifest (Form
9) is provided by the generator. The transporter shall give a copy of
the manifest signed and dated to the generator and retain the
remaining four copies to be used for further necessary action
prescribed in the Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1989, as under:

Copy 1 (White) Forwarded to the Pollution Control

Board by the occupier
Copy 2 (Light Signed by the transporter and retained
Yellow) by the occupier
Copy 3 (Pink) Retained by the operator of a facility
Copy 4 (Orange) Returned to the transporter by the
operator of facility after accepting
waste
Copy 5 (Green) Forward to Pollution Control Board by

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 the operator of facility after disposal.
Copy 6 (Blue) Returned to the occupier by the
operator of the facility after disposal.

e. Generator shall provide the transporter with relevant information in

Form 10 i.e. Transport Emergency (TREM) Card regarding the
hazardous nature of the waste and measures to be taken in case of
an emergency.
Transporters responsibilities:

a. Obtaining permission from SPCB for transport of hazardous waste

[in addition to any other permissions that may be required under the
Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act of 1988].
b. The transport vehicles shall be designed suitably to handle and
transport the hazardous wastes of various characteristics.

c. Maintaining the manifest system as required.

d. Transporting the wastes in closed containers at all times

e. Delivering the wastes at designated points

f. Informing SPCB and other regulatory authorities immediately in

case of spillage, leakage or other accidents during transportation

g. Cleanup in case of contamination.

4.0 STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

a. Separate area should be earmarked for storing the waste and

storage area may consist of different cells for storing different kinds
of hazardous wastes.

b. Ignitable, reactive and non-compatible wastes shall be stored

separately.

c. Adequate storage capacity shall be provided in the premises

d. No open storage is permissible and the designated hazardous

waste storage area shall have proper enclosures, including safety
requirements.

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 e. In order to have appropriate measures to prevent percolation of
spills, leaks etc. to the soil and ground water, the storage area may
be provided with concrete pavement and / or welded iron sheet
depending on the characteristics of the waste handled.

f. Storage area shall be designed in such a way that the floor level is
at least 150 mm above the maximum flood level.

g. Proper stacking of drums with wooden frames shall be practised.

h. Incase of spills / leaks, cotton shall be used for cleaning instead of

water.

i. Signboards showing precautionary measures to be taken, in case of

normal and emergency situations shall be displayed at appropriate
locations.

j. To the extent possible, manual operations with in storage area are

to be avoided. Incase of personnel use, proper precautions need to
be taken, particularly during loading / unloading of liquid
hazardous. Waste in drums

k. A system for inspection of storage area to check the conditions of

the containers, spillages, leakages etc. shall be established and
proper records shall be maintained.

5.0 ANALYTICAL LABORATORY FACILITIES

a. Generators sending hazardous waste to the incineration facility are

required to provide necessary test report of hazardous waste to the
operator along with the information on the process(s) of its
generation.

b. The tests to be conducted at incineration facility shall be with an

objective to study i) Storage & feeding requirements; ii) operating
conditions of the furnaces; iii) Feed concentration within the
efficiency levels of air pollution control devices to comply with flue
gas standards. The activity specific relevant parameters are
indicated below:

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 Â Storage & feeding requirements: Physical form of waste, pH,
hazardous waste properties such as inflammability, reactivity,
compatibility with other wastes etc. for segregating the waste
and to store accordingly, in order to suit feeding mechanism.

 Operating conditions of the furnaces: viscosity, moisture

content, total organic carbon, calorific value, volatility of the
waste, special incompatible wastes, inorganic salts, metals etc.

 Air pollution control devices: chlorides & other halogens,

sulphur, nitrates, mercury & other heavy metals etc.

Therefore, relevant parameters may be analyzed while accepting

the waste.

c. The laboratory facilities shall give clear directions to the operators,

two days in advance as far as possible, regarding type of waste to
be incinerated in a particular date and its properties.

d. Therefore, the laboratory at the incineration facilities shall be

capable of monitoring all the above parameters.

6.0 WASTE FEEDING MECHANISMS

a. Maintaining designed heat capacity of the combustion chambers

under varying feed calorific values demands skill. In absence of
proper hands on training and adequate knowledge, the minimum
negative pressure could not be maintained at all the times leading
to diffused emissions / sudden puffing of emissions into the
secondary combustion chambers constraining the retention time
resulting in poor efficiency. Besides, these temperature fluctuations
will have negative bearing on refractory and insulation material.

b. Therefore, continuous feeding of homogeneous waste having same

/ similar calorific value to the combustion chambers is the desired
choice. However, often maintaining homogeneous feed of waste is
not feasible due to incompatibility of different wastes for mixing.
Conventionally, hazardous wastes in solid form are fed through a
hydraulic system, which will have automatic two gates i.e. once the
outside plate is closed, inner side plate is opened and solid waste
mass is hydraulically pushed inside the Kiln and once the inner side
plate is closed, outer plate is opened for next batch of solid waste.
This system, besides negative pressure in the combustion chambers

9
 is required to ensure safety and to prevent workmen exposure to
thermal radiation.

c. Thus, waste-feeding mechanism plays an important role to achieve

desired combustion efficiencies. For example, the variety of wastes
received from the member industries can be classified into
following for better control of combustion:

Waste in solid form

Property Options
High calorific value Quantity of solid mass feeding may be
containing waste reduced in each charging to contain
(organic residues) temperature shoot-ups.

Besides, following are used in specific cases:

Low calorific value liquid waste may be
parallelly injected; and/or

Steam may be parallelly injected

Reactive waste, which Sealed drums, as such, may be charged into
can not be mixed with the kilns.
others
Depending on calorific value, size of the
drum / container may be specified to the
member industry for such waste.
Other mixable solid May be homogenized to the extent possible
waste having and charged to the kilns at desired quantity
moderate calorific of packets and frequency.
value
Specific materials Here, the possibility would be to ask the
which melts on member industry to store in required
heating capacity of the container, which can be
directly injected with out heating; or to
provide a system by which such drums can
be heated-up and can be charged through
closed-loop pressurized nitrogen.
Waste in semi solid form

Property Options
Very high solids Fully shelled (to prevent diffused
concentration emissions) screw pumps may be a choice

10
 Relatively low conc. of Pumps similar to the one used for cement
solids / low viscosity concrete charging may be used.

Waste in semi solid form

Property Options
Highly reactive / May be directly injected into combustion
inflammable liquids chambers without mixing with other
wastes. The charging from the containers
may be through closed loop nitrogen
pressure purging.
Liquids having high Can replace auxiliary fuel requirement,
calorific value (ex. once the combustion chambers reaches to
contaminated solvents) its designed temperatures.
Liquids having properties Once it is established, these liquids can be
similar to that of used for raising the initial temperature of
auxiliary fuel the combustion chambers. However,
specific tests in support of such claims be
produced by a recognized credible third
party.
Liquids having low These may be injected in to kilns to
calorific values suppress the temperature shoot-ups due to
high calorific solid/ other special liquid
waste feeds.

d. Depending on type of wastes received, the scheme shall be

established by the common incineration facility and the member
industry shall place the corresponding code number/ sticker and it is
to be verified by analytical laboratory of common incineration facility
to ensure appropriate feeding by operator of the facility.

e. While charging the liquid hazardous waste, filtering the liquids may be
required to avoid chocking of pumps.

f. Non-easily pumpable wastes (ex. High viscous, having high solids

content etc.) may require pressurized nitrogen purging for charging
the liquid to the combustion chambers.

g. Incase of emptying liquid waste containing drums by inserting suction

pumps & induced draft (hoods and ducts), set-up above such drum
emptying area for collection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
must be ensured. These collected diffused emissions must be
controlled / routed to the combustion chambers.
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 h. Feeding pipeline and equipment are to be cleaned before a new type
of waste is fed to the combustion system to avoid undesired
reactions.

7.0 COMBUSTION CHAMBERS (Rotary Kiln and Secondary Combustion

Chamber)

a. Incineration plants shall be designed, equipped, built and operated

in such a way that the gas resulting from the process is raised, after
the last injection of combustion air, in a controlled and homogenous
fashion.

b. Incineration plant shall be equipped with at least one auxiliary

burner. This burner must be switched on automatically with the
temperature of the combustion gases after the last injection of
combustion air falls below specified temperature. It shall also be
used during plant start-up and shut-down operations in order to
ensure that the minimum specified temperature is maintained at all
times during these operations and as long as unburnt waste is in the
combustion chamber.

c. During the start-up and shut-down or when the temperature of the

combustion gas falls below specified minimum temperature, the
auxiliary burner shall not be fed with fuels, which can cause higher
emissions than those resulting from burning of gas oil /liquefied gas
/ natural gas.

d. The burners may be pressure-atomized type with approved

certification from the Bureau of Indian Standards or equivalent.

e. In case of low calorific value liquid fuels are proposed to be injected

into kiln, then double fuel injection burners may carry auxiliary fuel
or equivalent liquid waste in one injection tube and low calorific
value waste feed in other.

f. Kiln and secondary combustion chamber of the incinerator may be

made of mild steel conforming to IS: 2062 and of suitable thickness
lined with high-grade refractory and insulation, so as not to buckle in
or bulge out.

g. Combustion chambers (Kiln & secondary combustion chamber) shall

be supplied with excessive air to ensure complete burning of wastes.

12
 The blower shall have the capability to provide appropriate supply of
combustion air.

h. An inventory of fuel oil for 5days continuous operation of the

incineration facility may be kept in reserve.

i. Incinerator facility shall have a window fitted with safety view glass
to view the kiln (axially) and flame in secondary combustion
chambers.

j. As the common incineration systems will be handling wastes having

varying heat value, and while ensuring TOC and LOI requirements in
the ash/slag, there are possibilities for sudden rise of temperatures
in the kiln. Therefore, the facilities may like to have thermal
refractory bricks and insulation capable of withstanding a minimum
temperature of 1,300°C (typically, corundum / chromium bricks).

k. Needful safety arrangement must be provided in case of high-

pressure development in the furnace.

l. Interlocking arrangements for CO and temperature controls (in

primary and secondary chamber) with feeding devices shall also be
provided.

m. All the burners are to be equipped with flame control system (if no
flame is detected, fuel injection has to be stopped, automatically –
use of fast-stop-valve).

n. Whenever the pressure in the combustion chambers becomes

positive, immediately the feeding of waste shall be stopped and
needful measures be taken to restore negative pressure.

o. Exit doors shall be provided at suitable place, one each on the

primary kiln and the secondary chamber of the incinerator for ease
in inspection and maintenance.

7.1 Rotary Kiln

a. To maintain designed heat capacity of the kiln, quantity of the solid

waste injection package (kg/single injection) shall be adjusted w.r.t.
calorific value of the waste feed.

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 b. When a high calorific value possessing solid waste is injected in
packets, the size of each injection may be reduced, such that the
peak CO concentration in the Kiln does not exceed too high in the
initial stage, creating shooting of emissions to the secondary
chamber, thereby crisis in ensuring the required retention time.

c. Appropriate slope (in general, 3 degrees), rotation rates (around

10/hr) and solid waste residence time (1-10 hrs) may be adjusted
for the kilns, in order to achieve total organic carbon (TOC) and loss
on ignition (LOI) requirements in the ash/slag.

d. To ensure life of refractory and insulation bricks, it is a practice to

feed silica and glass in appropriate ratios to the kilns to form a
cover over the refractory lining, as and when the thickness of the
layer reduces.

e. It has been reported that reduction of out-side surface temperature

of the rotary kiln enhances the life of refractory bricks and lining.
Thus may be explored, where feasible.

f. In the rotary kiln, the temperature shall be maintained at 800+°C in

order to ensure complete burning of solid waste. Controlled flow of
air shall be maintained for complete volatilization of solid waste.

7.2 Secondary Combustion Chamber

a. Minimum temperature requirement in the secondary combustion

chamber is 1100oC. This may be ensured by averaging the
temperature measurement of three detectors (not exactly
positioned in the burner flame) at the same time with in the
combustion chamber.

b. The design and operating conditions shall demonstrate a minimum

of 2 seconds residence time in the secondary combustion
chambers, under critical feed conditions, so as to bring complete
combustion of volatile matter evolved from the primary combustion
chamber.

c. Incase, the consistent compliance with standards based on

continuous monitoring results over a period of two weeks, under
critical feed conditions, is successfully demonstrated, then State

14
 Pollution Control Board / Pollution Control Committee, can
recommend the proposal made by the incineration facility for
relaxation in temperature and residence time, but in any case not
less than 950 °C and 1.5 seconds, for the consideration and
approval of the Central Board.

8.0 POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES

a. Pollution control devices are required to comply with prescribed

standards for particulate matter, HCl, SO2, CO, Total Organic Carbon,
HF, NOx (NO and NO2 expressed as NO2), Hydrocarbons,
Dioxins/Furans, Cd +Th (and its compounds), Hg (and its
compounds), Sb + As + Pb + Cr + Co + Cu + Mn + Ni + V (and their
compounds). Besides above, the State Board / Pollution Control
Committee can prescribe additional parameters, as deem fit, in
consultation with the Central Pollution Control Board.

b. Incineration facility shall explore, to the extent possible, for heat

recovery.

c. There are many combinations of treatment units installed for gas

cleaning and removal of air pollutants, to comply with the standards.
Designed treatment scheme shall comprise of following equipment,
in combination, with adequate efficiencies to meet the emission
standards:

Dioxins: Keeping De-novo synthesis in the backdrop, steps must be

taken to prevent reformation of dioxins by rapidly lowering the flue
gas temperatures, particularly from 500oC to less than 200oC by
adopting rapid quench / catalyst / adsorption by activated carbon
etc.

Particulate matter: Fine particulates in the flue gases requires

specific dust separation technologies such as bag filters, electro
static precipitator etc. in order to meet flue gas standard. In case of
electro static precipitators, special care is required to avoid electric
sparks due to the dust to avoid reformation of dioxins and
adsorption to the fine dust.

Mercury: If the feeding waste contains mercury and its compounds,

there is an every chance of these emissions to get air borne.
Therefore, requires specific treatment for control of these emissions.

15
 (Ex. activated carbon, conversion into mercuric chloride and then to
mercuric sulphide etc.)

SO2: Sulphur in the feeding waste upon thermal oxidation forms

sulphur dioxide, which requires control measures to meet the
standard. Conventional method followed is scrubbing by alkali
(alkali dry / wet scrubber with hydrated lime or sodium hydroxide
injection)

HCl & HF: In order to control halogen emissions to the desired level,
in particular chlorides and fluorides, conventionally water/alkali
scrubbers are in use.

Mist: Often there is a need to eliminate the mist in the stack

emissions, therefore, where necessary de-mister may be provided.

Stack height:

 Stack height shall not be less than 30 meters, in any case.

 Stack height requirement based on sulphur dioxide emissions

by using the equation – stack height = 14 (Q)0.3 [where, Q is the
emission rate of SO2 in kg/hr]

 By using simple Gaussian plume model to maintain ambient air

quality requirements for all concerned parameters, in the
receiving environment.

The required stack height shall be the maximum of the above three
considerations.

9.0 MONITORING AND ON-LINE DISPLAY REQUIREMENTS

a. Sampling platform shall be provided as per CPCB norms to collect

stack samples from the chimney for monitoring the air pollutants,
as and when required. Holes need to be provided on chimney as per
standard CPCB norms, following diametric calculations.

b. Frequency of monitoring for various parameters is given below:

16
S.No. Parameter Location Frequency
1 Temperature Secondary Continuous
combustion monitoring
chamber, stack
emissions
2 Carbon Stack emissions Continuous
monoxide
3 Excess oxygen Secondary Continuous
combustion
chamber, stack
emissions
4 Pressure Combustion Continuous
chambers
5 Total Stack emissions Continuous
particulate
matter
6 HCl Stack emissions Continuous
7 HF Stack emissions Once in every month,
initially for first year.
If the correlation with
HCL scrubbing
efficiency is
established, the
frequency may be
relaxed by the State
Boards/ Pollution
Control Committees
appropriately
8 SO2 Stack emissions Continuous
9 NOx Stack emissions Continuous
10 TOC Stack emissions Continuous
Residues from the Once in every week
combustion (pooled sample),
processes (slag / initially for first year.
ash) If there is
consistency in
meeting the
standard, may be
relaxed to once in a
month (pooled
sample)

17
11 Loss on Residues from the -do-
ignition (LOI) combustion
processes (slag/ash)
12 Mercury Stack emissions Twice a year, under
critical operating
conditions
13 Heavy metals Stack emissions, Twice a year, under
critical operating
conditions
14 Dioxins and Stack emissions, Twice a year under
furans ash/dust, scrubber critical operating
liquors, quench conditions
liquor

c. Access shall be provided, online, to see the continuous monitoring

data by the local regulatory Board/ Committee and annual
environmental report giving complete details of operation &
compliance with regulatory requirements need to be published and
made available to the public.

d. Formula to calculate the emission concentration at standard

percentage of oxygen concentration

Es = (21 – Os) (Em)

-----------
(21 – Om)

Where,
Es = Calculated emission conc. at the std. Percentage oxygen
concentration
Em = Measured emission concentration
Os = Standard oxygen concentration
Om = Measured oxygen concentration

The above correction to the measured concentrations is to be done

only when the measured % oxygen conc. is higher than the standard
% oxygen conc. (i.e. 11%)

e. Dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: Analysis of dioxins and furans

as well as reference measurement methods to calibrate automated
measurement systems shall be carried out as given by CEN-
standards. If CEN-standards are not available, ISO standards,
18
 National or International Standards, which will ensure the provision
of data of an equivalent scientific quality, shall apply.

The total concentration of dioxins and furans is to be calculated by

multiplying mass concentrations of following Dibenzo-p-dioxins and
dibenzofurans with their toxic equivalence factors, before summing:

Name of congener Toxic

equivalence
factor
2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 1.0
1,2,3,7,8 Pentachlorodibenzodioxin 0.5
1,2,3,4,7,8 Hexachlorodibenzodioxin 0.1
1,2,3,6,7,8 Hexachlorodibenzodioxin 0.1
1,2,3,7,8,9 Hexachlorodibenzodioxin 0.1
1,2,3,4,6,7,8 Heptachlorodibenzodioxin 0.01
Octachlorodibenzodioxin 0.001
2,3,7,8 Tetrachlorodibenzofuran 0.1
2,3,4,7,8 Pentachlorodibenzofuran 0.5
1,2,3,7,8 Pentachlorodibenzofuran 0.05
1,2,3,4,7,8 Hexachlorodibenzofuran 0.1
1,2,3,6,7,8 Hexachlorodibenzofuran 0.1
1,2,3,7,8,9 Hexachlorodibenzofuran 0.1
2,3,4,6,7,8 Hexachlorodibenzofuran 0.1
1,2,3,4,6,7,8 Heptachlorodibenzofuran 0.01
1,2,3,4,7,8,9 Heptachlorodibenzofuran 0.01
Octachlorodibenzofuran 0.001

10.0 ASH / SLAG MANAGEMENT

a. Water locking arrangement shall be provided for removal of

ash/slag from the combustion chambers.

b. Where appropriate, options may be explored for recycling of

ash/slag either with in the facility or outside. Depending on the
soluble fraction of the slag, as approved by concerned authority,
slag can be used for utilization of metals, as road construction
material etc.

c. Dry slag and ash (residues from combustion processes, boiler dust,
residues from treatment of combustion gases etc.) shall be placed
in closed bags, containers etc. to prevent diffused emissions

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11.0 QUENCH / SCRUBBER LIQUOR MANAGEMENT

a. Appropriate treatment to the wastewaters from the cleaning of

exhaust gases be provided.

b. The treated wastewater shall conform to the disposal specific

effluent standards.

c. If forced evaporation is considered as a treatment option for

quench/ scrubber liquor, the organic emissions, if any, shall be
collected and returned to incinerator.

d. Re-feeding of these liquors into the system may enhance the

concentration levels therefore, adequate sink capacity shall be
ensured.

12.0 ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE

The Chief executive Officer of the facility is responsible for all the
activities at the incineration facility. He can establish an appropriate
organizational structure and suitably allocate the responsibilities. This
organizational structure shall be made available on-site to regulatory
officials. A typical organizational structure for reference is shown in
Figure-I.

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 Chief Executive Officer Safet
y
Finance
Personal div.

Waste Acceptance Operational

Division Division

•Verification of transport •Waste feeding to

Manifestations Combustion chambers
•Verification of waste quality – •Operation of thermal
Analytical laboratory Processes in combustion
•Waste acceptance Chambers
•Un-loading of waste •Heat recovery,
•Feeding scheme-specific •Pollution control equipment
Storage of waste etc. •Compliance with emission stds.
•Ash / slag management
•Wastewater management
•Monitoring
•Regulatory procedural req.
•Environmental reporting etc.

Analytical chemists Thermal / env. engineers

Figure 1: A Typical Organizational Structure

13.0 OTHER REQUIREMENTS

a. Proper sign boards shall be placed at all concerned areas

b. Incase of emergency, protocol to be followed shall be established

and all operating staff shall be trained, accordingly. Inter-locking
systems and alarm systems shall be provided at all reasonably
possible areas

c. Abnormal operations and emergency situations should immediately

be brought into the notice of the local regulatory Board /
Committee.

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d. While handling odourous wastes, care shall be taken (sealed
containers, vapour balancing, nitrogen blanketing etc.) to avoid
smell nuisance.

e. Efforts must be made to provide diffused emissions collection and

control / routing to combustion chambers

f. Medical camps/ health check-ups of all the workmen of the

incineration facility shall be conducted quarterly by registered
medical practitioners.

g. Adequately qualified and trained staff shall be deputed for the

operations, being sensitive in nature. No adhoc appointments be
made or no un-skilled personnel shall be engaged for operation of
the incinerators. All the personnel involved in handling of
hazardous waste and incineration shall be on pay roll.

h. The incinerator shall incorporate all safety measures so as to

provide complete protection to the operator and the unit against all
possible operational/machinery failures.

i. Dedicated back-up power facility shall be provided with

arrangement to automatically start functioning immediately, incase
of power failures.

j. The whole equipment, not necessarily kiln, may be painted with two
coats of heat resistant (aluminium) paint.

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 ANNEXURE - I

EMISSION STANDARDS FOR COMMON HAZARDOUS WASTE

INCINERATORS
A. Flue Gas Emission Standards

Treated flue gas emissions discharge through stack to atmosphere shall

always be less than or equal to the following parameter-specific
emission standards:

Parameter Emission standard

Particulates 50 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to half hourly
average value
HCl 50 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to half hourly
average value
SO2 200 Standard refers to half hourly
mg/Nm3 average value
CO 100 Standard refers to half hourly
mg/Nm3 average value
50 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to daily average
value

Total Organic 20 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to half hourly

Carbon average value
HF 4 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to half hourly
average value
NOx (NO and NO2 400 Standard refers to half hourly
expressed as NO2) mg/Nm3 average value
Total dioxins and 0.1 ng Standard refers to 6-8 hours
furans TEQ/Nm3 sampling. Please refer
guidelines for 17 concerned
congeners for toxic equivalence
values to arrive at total toxic
equivalence.
Cd + Th + their 0.05 Standard refers to sampling
compounds mg/Nm3 time anywhere between 30
minutes and 8 hours.
Hg and its 0.05 Standard refers to sampling
compounds mg/Nm3 time anywhere between 30
minutes and 8 hours.
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 Sb + As + Pb + Cr + 0.5 mg/Nm3 Standard refers to sampling
Co + Cu + Mn + Ni time anywhere between 30
+ V + their minutes and 8 hours.
compounds

Note: All values corrected to 11% oxygen on a dry basis.

B. Operating Standards:

I. All the facilities shall be designed to achieve a minimum temperature

of 1100°C in secondary combustion chamber and with a gas
residence time in secondary combustion chamber not less than 2
(two) seconds.

II. The incineration facilities after initial operation of minimum one year,
as per the guidelines and standards, can submit a proposal for
relaxation in temperature and retention time requirement if it can be
demonstrated that the flue gas standards and operation standards
can be complied with at lower temperatures and residence times. The
State Pollution Control Board / Pollution Control Committee, upon
successful demonstration of compliance with flue gas standards by
the facility, can recommend the proposal made by the incineration
facility for relaxation in temperature and residence time, but in any
case not less than 950 °C and 1.5 seconds, for the consideration and
approval of the Central Board.

III. Incineration plants shall be operated (combustion chambers) with

such temperature, retention time and turbulence, so as to achieve
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content in the slag and bottom ashes less
than 3%, or their loss on ignition is less than 5% of the dry weight of
the material.

IV. Guidelines published by the Central Board from time to time for
common incineration facilities shall be referred for implementation.

V. All the project proposals submitted for establishment of the common

incineration facilities shall be examined and cleared by the Task Force
constituted by the Central Board.

VI. Notification of compliance: The operator of the incinerator shall

undertake comprehensive performance test. Within 90 days of
completion of comprehensive performance test, the operator shall
issue a notification of compliance documenting compliance or non-
compliance, as the case may be, for public information / notice.

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