RESUME 1

DASAR PERUMAHAN DAN PERMUKIMAN

CLASS Q

Name : Annisa Febriani Putri

NRP : 0811184000028

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER

2019/2020
 Group 1

Housing in human Perspective

A. Housing
House not only a building. But a place to find protection from the dangeror element else.
“One of man's basic concern is a house, a place to find protection from the rain and
elements. But a house can be much more than a building. It is the social context of his
family life, the place where he loves and shares with those who are closest to him. And in
the world where poorer people are striving for a higher standard of living, a house can be a
symbol of mass self‐ respect.” (Very Reverend Pedro Arrupe, S.J)

B. How important is housing in the human race?

Housing often described as a "basic necessity" alike to food and clothing. yet, among
several ofthe world's peoples, both clothing and housing are so minimal to suggest
thatthey're almost nonexistent. For example is Borobudur temple.

C. Shelter and human needs

 Examining housing in the light of maslow's hierarchy:

- First level :physicological needs

Where ever minimal shelter (a shelter that only provides place to rest/sleep) exist, other
physical needs may be met outside the shelter.
- Second level : security and safety
Housing creates a shell for its occupants and protects them from the outside world.
Security is experienced as predictability. Security include: food supply, human relations,
predictable routines, ceremony enter human life, and supranatural stuff.
- Third level :Social needs
Housing provides a setting for interaction and the intimate activities that make up our
social experience. And include feeling of belonging, acceptance and being loved.
- Fourth level :Self esteem and human needs
Housing has a status-conferring function. Every culture has an image of how its people
ought to live. To the extend that shelter conforms to the norms of society, self-esteem is
enhanced. we can seek ways to express self-esteem in the place we inhabit.
- Fifth level :Self actualization needs
This function can be differ with every type of occupant. For self-actualizing person,
housing is more than just a place to live. It's the place to be and the place to become
what each person alone/as a part of a group is uniquely capable of becoming. For
example is self development, self expressions, and self relazation.

D. Needs, wants, life-styles

Life-style may be defined as the way of life followed by any group or individual. The
factor that most important in establishing life style : 1) age, 2) occupacation, 3)mantal
status, 4) education, 5)income-influence social roles. And, different life style make up
“different” kind of place to stay :
a. Dormitory
b. Honeymoon cottage
c. Retirement home
E. Housing and human ecology.
Claude Raffestin and Roderick Lawrence University of Geneva, Switzerland Centre for
Human Ecology. : Human ecology is a term that has been used frequently since the
beginning of this century to examine some of the relationship between people and their
surroundings.“To survive the human species must cooperate in maintaining delicate
balance between all living creatures and the natural environment on which all life
depends.”
Concerns with demographic problems human ecology provides way of looking at human
beings and their habitat and the interaction between others.

F. Ecological interdependance.
 Define :All living things need space in which to live . That space provides the living
organism with life-giving substances such as air, water, and food.
 Ecology & ecosystem. :A system can be broadly defined as any entity, conceptual, or
physical which consist of interdependance part. All living organism are open system.
 Family as an ecosystem. : the human body is an open biological system where the
family itself is the system. Family as a life support system is dependent upon the
natural environment for physical sustenance and upon the social organization which are
related tp man humanes and give quality and meaning of life.

G. Families & households.

Families are the basic society. Hoewever, related or unrelated persons may share dwelling.
When the person who lives inside the house are related, theirs is a family home. But
unrelated person in shared shelter has human, ecological, and economic consequences.

H. Neighborhood and community.

Housing cannot be studied in isolation. They’re linked to a larger environment by many
factors. The location of housing is important to the life-style of those who live there.
Neighborhoods are characterized by suchqualities as the lifestyle, ethnic identity, and
social standing of their residents :
  Life-style :Life-style reflect the urban, suburban, and rural ways of life typical different
sections and regions of the country.
 Ethnic dentity :Ethnic identity sometimes persist down through the generations in
“Little Italies” or “Chinatowns” where there have been only minor influxes of new
inhabitants.
 Social standing :Neighborliness is the characteristics of frequent social interaction among
persons who live next to or close to each other but are no related.

I. What makes a neighborhood?

In addition to the human dimensions of neighborhood, there are also physicial factors to
consider in the environment :
1. Natural barriers
2. Man-made barriers
3. Expansion patterns (as the cities grow neighbourhood development)
4. Institutional factors (example church, school)
5. Structural factors (location of building entrance, window, etc)

J. What makes a community?

A community is made up of a number of neighborhood. The community provides the
major institutional matrix in which family housing exist and in which families function.

K. Urbanism : the impact of cities

The city casts its long shadow on modern life. Even those persons and families who live
remote from its obvious impact, influence of the city on their everyday lives is nonetheless
real.
STUDY CASE

Honai (Houses then) Indonesia. From the past we can see that most of the houses
especially in Indonesia (exhibit :Honai Traditional House in Indonesia) a house usually
only consist of a room where we can fulfill our basic needs. As the time passed by, a
house started to develop into something bigger that also fulfill our lifestyles and want.
 Group 2

Housing in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Housing is a complex human response to environmental and social condition. As such, it is a

part of the collective experience of a particular people and reflects their belief and values.

A. Sense of Place.
Some people said it is a characteristic that some geographic places have and some don’t,
while to others it is a feeling or perception held by people. Appear in some fundamental way
to be tied to our basic need for security.

B. Teritoriality.
Territory as the space which a person, as an individual, or as a member of a close-knit group,
such as a family, in joint tenancy ( living together ) claims as his or their own and will
“defend”. Stanford Lyman and Marvin Scoot distinguish four categories of teritorries :
1. Body Territory
2. Home territory (Family)
3. Interactional territory (Formed based on agreement)
4. Public territory (share of same norm)

C. Proxemic and the private sphere.

Each of us experience an invisible “space bubble” that act like an extension of our body
territory and expand depending on circumstances in the environment and our cultural
conditioning. For example defferent of Germani and American people pen-door culture.
Space bubble can be extend or shrink, on circumbancer in the environment our cultural
conditioning.
D. Shelter and Society

Shelter is more than a response to physical condition. Social, culture, ritual, and economic
factor influence both selection of the site andthe form of the shelter.

E. House Form and Social Organization.

House form and social organization is often related to culture tradition

The Jivaro Indians.
Men and women sleep at opposite ends of the house on split bambooEacn men and women
has their own privete sleeping platformsChildren sleep at women’s end of the building.Boys
move to the father’s end of the building when the reach 7 years old.

F. Primitive Housing

Early human appear to have prefer open campsites or used crude rock overhangs for
protection.
Anthropology: The Study of Man – E. Adamson Hoebel.
Man’s great inventive genius seems to have focused more on other arts and technologies than
on the amenities of his own housing. In fact, most humanity never enjoy shelter that provided
minimal protection.

G. Relation of housing to food-getting technology

 Historically, food-getting technology has had a higher priority than a house-building
technology, since food is more basic need than shelter. Also, early humans appear to have
flourished in climates that required little or no shelter to survival.
 The life-style of such people requires temporary or portable shelters. Storage facilities
may become a part of the family dwelling or be built separately.

H. Foragers and hunters

Hunting, trapping bird, netting fish, or gathering nuts, berries, fruit, and grasses.
I. Pastoralists and Herder
Nomads and herders move with the animals that provide them with food and other
necessities.

J. Horticulturists
Food production based on hand labor, using a digging stick, hoe, or spade as an improvement
over random gathering of food stuff.

K. Agriculture and Village Settlement

Agriculture technology put settle people at a great advantages over nomad. Agriculturist
could take the time to fortify themselves against invasion and defend their valuable food
surpluss.
“Called this period as "revolution", because agricultural technology is an innovation for
humans. So that humans do not have to live day by day to literally hand-to-mouth, the stable
production of food supply agriculture has changed its temporary shelter to become
permanent”. (V. Gordon Childe)

L. Housing and Environment.

Architectural style as a function of climate, terrain, materials, and culture.

M. Early Housing Technology

Michael Robbins examined housing pattern and found 2 type pattern, circular ground plan
and rectangular ground plan.

N. Early Housing Technology

Material as the respond of climate. There are wide variety of matrial, like stone, wood, hides,
bark, thatch, felt, mud, bamboo, dung, ice.
O. Early Housing Technology

The village become an embryonic city. Social activities create a complex social organism -
The city- was born.

STUDY CASE

Tanean Lanjhang in Madura

The expression of space in a traditional Madura House or generally mentioned as tanean

lanjang is one example of a cultural product that was created on the basis of the meaning that
corresponds to foundation of the thoughts of its society. This is highly influenced by the presence
and the lifestyle of its society.
 Group 3

Cities and Housing: an Ecosystem View

A. The City as an Ecosystem

The city is an open systems. In system terms, it receives inputs in the form of
population, resources from the physical environment (including land, space, energy, air,
and water), financial resources in the form of money and credit, and human resources in
its citizens’ skills, attitudes, and standard of living. Other inputs are technology and codes
and laws that affect housing and the environment.
Resources are processed as throughputs such as transportation, communication,
education, housing, and household operation. The household provides the vital link
between the family as an ecosystem and the city as an ecosystem.
The output of the system in total may be viewed as the quality of life experienced by
the individuals and families in the city–in sum, whether or not a satisfactory standard of
living has been achieved.

city

input output
throughput

B. Inputs
Household decision making directly affects the environment.
1. Land
 Land is a resource in diminishing supply. Land within a reasonable distance of urban
centers available for housing, recreation, and waste disposal; land within the city
itself that can be used for mass transit, parks and open space,etc.
2. Population
The basic ecological concept is the relation of organisms to their habitat. Population
can be examined in terms of numbers, density of settlement, and the heterogeneity
versus the homogeneity of its habitants.
a. Population density: density is calculated (1) by the number of people per acre of
land, and (2) by the number of people occupying a housing unit.
b. Housing density: High-density (crowded) housing has often been criticized as
contributing to social pathology.
c. Concepts of crowding: J. B. Calhoun coined the term “behavioral sink” to
describe the gross deviation that takes place when animals are reared in extremely
crowded conditions.
d. Heterogeneity: The American population is characterized by an unusual degree of
heterogeneity with respect to age, income, ethnicity, race, religion, cultural
backround, life-style, and social status. diversity generates a pluralism of
outlooks on housing based on different values and priorities.
3. Social Class and Level of Housing
4. Housing and Energy Technology
All work involves the expenditure of energy. For most of humankind’s existence,
humans and animals have been the only available sources of energy.
a. Human power
b. Animal power
c. Wind power (wind has been an important power source in driving sailing ships
and turning mills)
d. Water power
e. Steam power (James Watt’s invention of the steam engine in 1769. His steam
engine was used to power railroads and steamboats).
f. Electrical power (It can be converted to many forms, is extremely flexible, and
can be transmitted over long distance)
 g. Nuclear power (Nuclear power plants have been built, and nuclear power has
been used to power ships and submarines).
h. Solar power (Renewed interest in solar energy has been prompted by the energy
crisis and concern for the environment).
5. Public Opinion and Public Policy as inputs
Social concerns as formulated in public opinion and public policy influence the way
inputs are used. For this reason, it is important to note that the prevailing concept of a
desirable standard of living is a significant input to the macro-environment of the city
as ecosystem.

C. Throughputs: processing inputs

Inputs enter urban ecosystem and are transformed by the activities of numerous
subsystems such as the household, communications, transportation, and education,
among many others. Each of these has an effect on housing and people.
a. Water in the household: The modern home is dependent on ample supplies of pure
water for drinking, cooking, washing dishes and clothes, and for bathing. The flush
toilet is a major water user.
b. Electricity and housing: Lights, water heaters, air-conditioners, and a host of
miscellaneous appliances, such as can openers, lawn mowers, shavers, toothbrushers,
coffeepots, and fry pans reflect an almost complete dependence on electricity in
home.
c. Energy cost and housing: With the advent of the energy crisis in 1973, home-owners
became increasingly aware of the need to consider energy costs carefully before
buying an all-electric home or additional electric appliances or equipment.
d. Transportation: Important throughputs in maintaining the city as an ecosystem are the
transit and communications subsystems.
e. Communications: The telephone as a means of communication has had both a
commercial and a domestic impact. It helped to enlarge cities, created a new business,
and hastened commercial transactions. It also had a profound impact on family life.
f. Education: Education at all levels and for many purposes is important in keeping the
ecosystem functioning effectively.
D. Outputs
The outputs of processes or throughputs in the city as an ecosystem can be examined on
the one hand in terms of the quality of life enjoyed by the population and on the other
hand in the light of pollution present in the environment.
1. Quality of life
Paul S. Henshaw has suggested that quality of life is related to three factors
a. Feeling of safety and sense of security to survive
b. A reasonable state of good health
c. The many things in the environment that contribute to self-expression as
individuals.
2. Negative outputs
In the decade of the 1960s, the activity of established environmental groups and new
efforts by student groups highlighted the relationship between the housing
environment and pollution problems.
1. Water pollution
Modern households make enormous demands on water supplies for sanitation and
waste disposal. In addition, cooling, freezing of food, and air-conditioning require
increasing quantities of water.
2. Pollution and plumbing
The flush toilet, a hallmark of our civilized way of life is in its way, as serious a
threat to the environment as the internal combustion engine. Flush toilets use vast
amounts of water per person per day which, when released untreated contaminate
once pure streams, lakes, and even oceans. Ideally human organic waste should be
returned to the soil, not to water, to complete the ecological cycle.
3. Air pollution
According to Dr. Stanley N. Rokaw, air pollution requires specific countervailing
measures on the part of the those subjected to it. They should get extra sleep, and
avoid stimulating foods, drinks, and medicines that increases the pulse during
periods of heavy smog.
4. Noise pollution
 When sound is unexpected, interferes with what they are doing, is inappropriate
or intermittent, its is perceived as noise. Research has shown four factors
important in determining the effects of noise on behavior: intensity, duration,
predictability, and controllability.

E. Doxiadis and Ekistics

One of the most visionary city planners was the Athenian ConstantinosDoxiadis. His
concepts of ekistics ̶ defined as the science of human settlements ̶ touched millions of
people around the world.
Ekistics involved three planning stages.
1. Inventing census figures, maps, population patterns, geological and ecological
studies, and surveys of existing structures.
2. The analysis of the data.
3. Developing a plan or proposal that might range from sweeping public policy
recommendations to detailed design recommendations for new individual housing.

STUDY CASE :

Jakarta is known as the most populous and polluted city in Indonesia, can make affects various
aspects of the city ecosystem.