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    Diseases

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    Saurav Yadav
    Cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal diseases are common disorders that affect major body systems. Atherosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup that can lead to coronary artery disease, strokes, and other complications if not prevented through healthy lifestyle choices. Respiratory diseases like asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and pneumonia involve inflammation or infection of the lungs that cause breathing difficulties. Renal diseases encompass conditions like glomerulonephritis and kidney stones that impair the kidneys' ability to filter waste from the blood.

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    Diseases

    Uploaded by

    Saurav Yadav
    17 views29 pages
    Cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal diseases are common disorders that affect major body systems. Atherosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup that can lead to coronary artery disease, strokes, and other complications if not prevented through healthy lifestyle choices. Respiratory diseases like asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and pneumonia involve inflammation or infection of the lungs that cause breathing difficulties. Renal diseases encompass conditions like glomerulonephritis and kidney stones that impair the kidneys' ability to filter waste from the blood.

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    Cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal diseases are common disorders that affect major body systems. Atherosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup that can lead to coronary artery disease, strokes, and other complications if not prevented through healthy lifestyle choices. Respiratory diseases like asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and pneumonia involve inflammation or infection of the lungs that cause breathing difficulties. Renal diseases encompass conditions like glomerulonephritis and kidney stones that impair the kidneys' ability to filter waste from the blood.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    17 views29 pages

    Diseases

    Uploaded by

    Saurav Yadav
    Cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal diseases are common disorders that affect major body systems. Atherosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup that can lead to coronary artery disease, strokes, and other complications if not prevented through healthy lifestyle choices. Respiratory diseases like asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and pneumonia involve inflammation or infection of the lungs that cause breathing difficulties. Renal diseases encompass conditions like glomerulonephritis and kidney stones that impair the kidneys' ability to filter waste from the blood.

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    of 29

    Diseases

    Cardiovascular,
    Respiratory and Renal Diseases
    Cardiovascular disorder (CVD)

    • Affects the cardiovascular system


    • Ranges from:
    • 1. Disturbances of blood vessels or heart valves
    • 2. Disruption of blood flow to the heart and brain.
    Atherosclerosis
    • Thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque
    in the inner lining of an artery.
    • Causes
    • High blood pressure
    • High cholesterol
    • High triglycerides, a type of fat (lipid) in the blood
    • Smoking and other sources of tobacco
    • Insulin resistance, obesity or diabetes
    Atherosclerosis
    • Symptoms
    • Chest pain.
    • Shortness of breath.
    • Heart palpitations.
    • Weakness or dizziness.
    • Nausea.
    • Sweating.
    Atherosclerosis
    Stages of atherosclerosis
    • Endothelial cell injury. This is likely the initial factor that begins the
    process of atherosclerotic plaque formation. ...
    • Lipoprotein deposition. ...
    • Inflammatory reaction. ...
    • Smooth muscle cell cap formation.
    • No cure till now. lowering your low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
    cholesterol
    Complications caused by atherosclerosis
    • Coronary artery disease.
    • When atherosclerosis narrows the arteries close to the heart, may
    develop coronary artery disease,
    • can cause chest pain (angina),
    • a heart attack or heart failure.
    • A heart attack or heart failure is a chronic or progressive condition.
    • It occurs when the muscle of heart becomes stiff and weak
    • Heart can not keep up with workload which leads to heart attack.
    • Carotid artery disease.
    • When atherosclerosis narrows the arteries close to your brain, you
    may develop carotid artery disease, which can cause a transient
    ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke.
    • Stroke occurs when there is lack of blood flow in the brain.
    • Occurs due to blood clots in the brain
    • Peripheral artery disease. When atherosclerosis narrows the arteries
    in arms or legs, may develop circulation problems in arms and legs
    called peripheral artery disease.
    • This can make less sensitive to heat and cold,
    • increasing risk of burns or frostbite.
    • poor circulation in your arms or legs can cause tissue death
    (gangrene)
    • Aneurysms. Atherosclerosis can also cause aneurysms
    • An aneurysm is a bulge in the wall of your artery.
    • aneurysms have no symptoms.
    • Pain and throbbing in the area of an aneurysm may occur and is a
    medical emergency.
    • If an aneurysm bursts, one may face life-threatening internal
    bleeding.
    Prevention
    • Quitting smoking
    • Eating healthy foods
    • Exercising regularly
    • Maintaining a healthy weight
    • Checking and maintaining a healthy blood pressure
    • Checking and maintaining healthy cholesterol and blood sugar levels
    Respiratory diseases
    • Asthma
    • Asthma is a long-term disease of the lungs.
    • It causes airways to get inflamed and narrow
    • it makes it hard to breathe.
    • Severe asthma can cause trouble talking or being active.
    • Airway blockage, the muscles tighten. It’s harder for air to pass
    through.
    • Inflammation -Asthma causes red, swollen bronchial tubes in lungs.
    • Airway irritability, People with asthma have sensitive airway
    Respiratory diseases
    • cause symptoms as :
    • trouble breathing,
    • wheezing, coughing,
    • shortness of breath, and
    • trouble with normal daily activities.
    • immediate medication is necessary if,
    • Fast breathing
    • Pale or blue face, lips, or fingernails
    • The skin around your ribs pulls inward when you breathe in
    • Trouble breathing, walking, or talking
    Bronchitis
    • Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes
    • the most common are acute and chronic.
    • Symptoms: Fatigue.
    • Shortness of breath.
    • Slight fever and chills.
    • Chest discomfort.
    • Causes a cold or flu virus, a bacterial infection,
    • exposure to substances that irritate the lungs like tobacco smoke,
    dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution.
    Emphysema
    • Emphysema is a disease of the lungs that usually develops after many
    years of smoking
    • is a condition that involves damage to the walls of the air sacs
    (alveoli) of the lung.
    • Is a COPD(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
    • Smoking is the number one factor.
    • Air pollutants in the home and workplace
    • genetic factors (alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency), and
    • respiratory infections can also play a role in causing emphysema.
    Symptoms of Emphysema
    • Shortness of breath, especially during light exercise or climbing steps
    • Ongoing feeling of not being able to get enough air
    • Long-term cough or “smoker’s cough”
    • Wheezing
    • Long-term mucus production
    • Ongoing fatigue
    Treatment of emphysema
    • Once it develops, emphysema can’t be reversed
    • Quitting smoking
    • Bronchodilator medications
    • Anti-inflammatory medication
    • Oxygen therapy
    • Lung volume reduction surgery
    Respiratory diseases

    • Lung cancer malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell


    growth in tissue of lungs.
    Tuberculosis
    • Tuberculosis a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis , a
    bacteria that releases a toxin called tuberculin.
    • The infection destroys patients' lung tissue, causing them to cough up
    the bacteria
    Tuberculosis
    • Pneumonia
    • Infection – inflammation of alveoli
    • Alveoli is filled with fluid and dead WBC.
    • May caused due to Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Pulmonary edema
    • Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid
    • Pulmonary embolism presence of blood clot or foreign substances in
    pulmonary arterial vessel that obstruct the circulation in lung tissue.
    Renal diseases
    • Glomerulonephritis (Bright’s disease)
    • Inflammation of glomerulus
    • Immune complex disorder
    • When bacterial infection occurs in the body, immune system
    responds , the antigen antibody complexes clog the filtration
    membrane and drops the filtration mechanism.
    Renal failure
    • When kidney does not perform excretory functions needed for
    homeostasis.
    • Urine production declines
    • Water ion and metabolic wastes are retained in the body.
    • Fluid balance , pH and metabolism of the body are disturbed.
    • Acute Renal Failure occurs due to renal ischemia, urinary trauma,
    exposure to nephrotoxic drugs
    • Causes filtration to slow suddenly or stops.
    • Chronic Renal failure occurs gradually. Associated problem occurs
    over time
    • This condition cannot be reversed
    • It’s progression can only be slowed down.
    • End stage of renal failure can be relieved by hemodialysis.
    Renal calculi or Kidney stone
    • Occurs when salts of calcium/magnesium or crystals of uric acid
    deposits within urinary tract
    • Also called as nephrolithiasis
    • Caused obstruction in ureter
    Other renal disorders
    • Urinary tract Infection – microbial infection in urine
    • Cystitis – inflammation of the urinary bladder
    • Urethritis – inflammation of urethra
    • Pyelonephritis – inflammation of kidneys

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