Prof, (Dr.) Pravat Kumar Rout Swetalina Sarangi Department of EEE (Research Scholar) ITER Department of EE Siksha’O’ Anusandhan ITER (Deemed to be University), Siksha ‘O” Anusandhan Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaPhasor is a quantity with magnitude and phase (with respect to a reference) that is used to represent a sinusoidal signal. Here the phase or phase angle is the distance between the signal's sinusoidal peak and a specified reference and is expressed using an angular measure. Here, the reference is a fixed point in time (such as time = 0). The phasor magnitude is related to the amplitude of the sinusoidal signal.A phasor measurement unit (PMU) is a device used to estimate the magnitude and phase angle of an electrical phasor quantity (such as voltage or current) in the electric grid using a common time source for synchronization. Time synchronization is usually provided by GPS and allows synchronized real-time measurements of multiple remote points on the grid. PMUs are capable of capturing samples from a waveform in quick Succession and reconstructing the phasor quantity, made up of an angle measurement and a magnitude measurement. The resulting measurement is known as a synchrophasor. These time synchronized measurements are important because if the grid’s supply and demand are not perfectly matched, frequency imbalances can cause “@ the grid, which is a potential cause for power outages.PMUs can also be used to measure the frequency in the power grid. © A typical commercial PMU can report measurements with very high temporal resolution in the order of 30-60 measurements per second. This helps engineers in analyzing dynamic events in the grid which is not possible with traditional SCADA measurements that generate one measurement every 2 or 4 seconds. Therefore, PMUs equip utilities with enhanced monitoring and control capabilities and are considered to be one of the most important measuring devices in the future of power systems. o A PMU can be a dedicated device, or the PMU function can be incorporated into a protective relay or other device.WHY PMU? o PMU an essential component of Smart Grids. © It provides Synchrophasor data o Reports Magnitude, Phase and Frequency of an AC waveform © Makes the grid observable due to high reporting rates © Preventive actions can be taken such as black outsNTS OF PMU o Analog Inputs o GPS receiver © Phase locked oscillator o A/D converter o Anti-aliasing filters o Phasor micro-processor o ModemAM OF PMU GPS receiver Phase-locked oscillator 16-bit Phasor A/D micro- converter processor Anti-aliasing filtersANALO o Current and potential transformers are employed at substation for measurement of voltage and current. © The analog inputs to the PMU are the voltages and currents obtained from the secondary winding of potential and current transformers.o Anti-aliasing filter is an analog low pass filter which is used to filter out those components from the actual signal whose frequencies are greater than or equal to half of nyquist rate to get the sampled waveform, o Nyquist rate is equal to twice the highest frequency component of input analog signal. o If anti aliasing filters are not used, error will be introduced in the estimated phasorPHASE LOCK OSCILL. eo Phase lock oscillator along with Global Positioning System reference source provides the needed high speed synchronized sampling. o Global Positioning System (GPS) is a_ satellite-based system for providing position and time.It converts the analog signal to the digital signal. Quantization of the input involves in ADC that introduces a small amount of error. The output of ADC is a sequence of digital values that convert a continuous time and amplitude analog signal to a diserete time and discrete amplitude signal. It is therefore required to define the rate at which new digital values are sampled from the analog signal. The rate of new values at which digital values are sampled is called the sampling rate of the converter.© The synchronized time is given by GPS uses the high accuracy clock from satellite technology. © Without GPS providing the synchronized time, it is hard to monitor whole grid at the same time. o The GPS satellites provide a very accurate time synchronization signal, available, via an antenna input, throughout the power system. This means that that voltage and current recordings from different substations van be directly displayed on the same time axis and in the same phasor diagram.calculates The microprocessor sequence estimates of all the current and voltage signals using the DFT techniques. positive- Certain other estimates of interest are frequency and rate of change of frequency measured locally, and these also are included in the output of the PMU. The timestamp is created from two of the signals derived from the GPS receiver. ‘The time-stamp identifies the identity of the “universal time coordinated (UTC) second and the instant defining the boundary of one of the power frequency periods,o A device that modulates an analog carrier signal and encodes digital information from the signal and ean also demodulate the signal to decode the transmitted information from signal is called modem. The objective of modem is to produce a signal that can be transmitted and decoded to make a replica of the original digital data. Modem can be used with no means of transmitting analog signalsA synchrophasor is a Absolute Time Synchronization Has Fundamentally Changed the World phasor measurement with respect to an . . a absolute time reference. = With this m rement we can determine the absolute phase relationship between phase quantities at different locations on the power system.Synchrophasors Provide a “Snapshot” of the Power System P= [Vj] [Velsin® / X = sin4(PX / |V,| [Vol) Caw af Shee| CONTINUE... “by Shy Leading Phase Angles : i Leading Phase Angles @ \ Reference Phase angle (0 Degree)IRES OF PMU o PMUs are Measures 50/60 Hz AC waveforms (voltage and current) typically at a rate of 48 samples per cycle. o PMUs are then computed using DFT-like algorithms, and time stamped with a GPS. © The resultant time tagged PMUs can be transmitted to a local or remote receiver at rates up to 60 samples per cycle.Adaptive relaying Instability prediction State estimation Improved control Fault recording Disturbance recording Transmission and generation modeling verification Wide area Protection Fault locationAdaptive relaying is a protection philosophy which permits and seeks to make adjustments in various protection functions in order to tuned to make them more prevailing power system conditions Conca (PC) Svar Prorscnon Cente ro)The instability prediction can be used to adapt load shedding and/or out of step relayse We can actually monitor the progress of the transient in real time by the technique of synchronized phasor rediction+ The state estimator uses various measurements received from different substations, and, through an iterative nonlinear estimation procedure, calculates the power system state. - By maintaining a continuous stream of phasor data from the substations to the control center, a state vector that can follow the system dynamics can be constructed. * For the first time in history, synchronized phasor measurements have made possible the direct observation of system oscillations following system disturbances.Contingency Analysis Dynamic Securit State Estimation ‘Optimal Power Flow The role of state estimation in power system operation+ Power system control elements use local feedback to achieve the control objective. + The PMU was necessary to capture data during the staged testing and accurately display this data and _ provide comparisons to the system model. - The shown figure shows a typical example of one of the output plots from the PMU dataControl CenterFault heco ebiekey * They can capture and display actual 60/50 Hz wave form and magnitude data on individual channels during power system fault conditions.Disturbance Recordin | * Loss of generation, loss of load, or loss of major transmission lines may lead to a power system disturbance, possibly affecting customers and power system operations. Distubance recording unitTransmission and Generation Modeling Verification * Computerized power system modeling and studies are now the normal and accepted ways of ensuring that power system parameters have been reviewed before large capital expenditures on major system changes. + In years past, actual verification of computer models via field tests would have been either impractical or even impossible * The PMU class of monitoring equipment can now provide the field verification required.Continue * The shown figure compares a remote substation 500 kV bus voltage captured by the PMU to the stability program results 1.08 1.07 1.06 PMU data Pu. 10s Ee Computer simutation 4.03 1.02 1.01 Positive sequence voltage phasor on a 500 kv bus ys computer model @ simulation of switching testThe introduction of the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) has greatly improved the observability of the power system dynamics. Based on PMUs, different kinds of wide area protection, emergency control and optimization systems can be designed‘System Protection Center Multilayered wide area protection architectureFault Location A fault location algorithm based on synchronized sampling. A time domain model of a transmission line is used as a basis for the algorithm development. Samples of voltages and currents at the ends of a transmission line are taken simultaneously (synchronized) and used to calculate fault location. Phasor measurement units are installed at both ends of the transmission line, The three phase voltages and three phase currents are measured hy PMUs located at both ends of line simultaneouslyPhasor Measuremnet Techniques o A pure sinusoid quantity given by x(t) = X,,cos(wt + @) and its phasor representation X = (Xm/V2)e/® = (Xm/V2)(cosé + jsiné) are illustrated in Figure. The aim of phasor estimation technique is just to acquire the phasor representation. o Samples of waveform data are collected over a data window which is normally one period of the fundamental frequency of the power system. In early days a sampling rate of 12 times a cyele (720 Hz for the 60 Hz system) was commonly used. Much higher sampling rates are currently used in commercial PMUs.Imaginary Axis Real Axis a) (b) A sinusoid and its representation as a phasorIPARISON o Analogue measurement o Digital measurement © 2-4 samples per cycle o 60 samples per cycle (resolution) (resolution) o Steady state o Dynamic (Observability) (Observability) o Wide area monitoring o Local monitoring o Phasor angle o Phasor angle measurement: Yes measurement: Noo Phadke, A. G., & Thorp, J. S. (2006, October). History and applications of phasor measurements. In 2006 IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (pp. 331-335), IEEE, © Tholomier, D., Kang, H., & Cvorovic, B. (2009, March). Phasor measurement units: Functionality and applications. In 2009 Power Systems Conference (pp. 1-12). IEEE. © Phadke, A. G., & Tianshu, B. 1. (2018), Phasor measurement units, WAMS, and their applications in protection and control of power systems. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 6(4), 619-629.| QUESTIONS © How does a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) work? o What are the main components of PMU? Explain briefly with PMU Block Diagram. o What is use of PMU in Smart Grid? o Explain the application of PMU in power system. o What is synchrophasor? o What is phasor measurement techniques?