1 The rise of nationalism

in europe

BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART

CHANGES DURING THE 1789

FRENCH REVOLUTION

France was under The revolution transferred the Ideas like ‘La Patrie’ (the The Royal flag was
Absolute monarchy. governmental power or ruling fatherland) and ‘Le replaced by the
power from monarchy to French Citoyen’ (the citizen) were New French Flag.
people or its citizens. adopted.

French became Uniform weights Abolishment of A centralized National Assembly was renamed
the national and measures internal customs administrative system as ‘Estate General’, which was
language. were adopted. duties and dues. was established. elected by the citizens.

NAPOLEON
(1769-1821)

Ruler of France Became the first Napoleonic Code

from 1799-1815. consul by assuming (1804)
absolute powers. or
Civil Code

Simplification of Right to Abolishment of all Equality before law

administrative property for privileges based
divisions. French citizens. on birth right.

Removed Abolishment of There was improvement

restrictions on feudal system & in transport and
guilds in towns. serfdom. communication system.

3 History: India and the

Contemporary World–II
 GREEK REVOLUTION (1830)

Greek War of Since 15th cen., Struggle for Greece’s Support from the Greek culture and
Independence Greece was part of Independence started with West European literature inspired
the Ottoman Empire. the Growth of nationalism countries. the poets and artists
in Europe from the who supported the
Ottoman empire in 1821. revolution.

GERMANY REVOLUTION OF THE LIBERALS (1848)

831 elected Drafted a Prussian King The parliament mainly took Troops forcibly
representatives Constitution for a Friedrich Wilhelm interest in the workers and disbanded the
marched to take their German nation based IV —rejected their artisans – as it was largely assembly.
places in the on constitutional demands. dominated by the middle
Frankfurt Parliament. monarchy. class members.

UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
(1866-71)

Efforts were made by These efforts were The national Otto-Von Bismark of 1871 – Kaiser William
the middle class suppressed by the unification was taken Prussia played the role I was declared as the
Germans to write the monarchy and under by the of a main leader in act new Emperor of a new
different regions of military and the leadership of Prussia. of nation-building. Empire.
German Confederation landowners in
into a nation-state. Prussia.

The unification of Germany Currency, banking, legal and judicial

established Prussian dominance systems were introduced by the New
in Europe. German Empire.

UNIFICATION OF ITALY

Mid 19th Century Around 1830s Sardinia – 1859 1861

Piedmont’s force Austrian forces Victor Emanuele
Was divided into 7 For uniting Italian marched into South were defeated by became the king
states. Republic-Giuseppe Italy and the France + Sardinia of United Italy
Mazzini program was Kingdom of the Two – Piedmont and Rome was
Only formed. Sicilies and drove out alliance. declared the
Sardinia-Piedmont the Spanish rulers. capital of Italy.
Was ruled by an Young Italy – a secret
Italian princely society was also
house. formed during this time.

North was ruled by Failure of revolutionary

Austrian Habsburgs. uprisings from
1831-1848 by King
Whereas the centre Victor Emmanuel II.
was under Pope.
Count Cavour –Chief
And the south was Minister of Sardinia –
under the Bourbon Piedmont – led the
Kings of Spain. movement for the
unification of Italy.

Xam idea
Social Science–X 4
 VISUALISING THE NATION

Artists in 18th and Represented Female figures During French Revolution, In French, she
19th centuries country as a person became an allegory artists used female allegory was christened
personified nations. called ‘Allegory’. of the nation. to portray ideas like liberty, ‘Marianne’
justice and republic.

Germania wears a crown of Germania became In red cap, the tricolor

oak leaves as the German the Allegory of the cockade represented
oak stand for heroism. Germany. liberty and the Republic.

BRITAIN

Before 18th century, Constant growth in England entrenched as An Act of the Union was Scotland and Ireland
it was not a nation power helped a nation. The power of formed between was dominated by
state. Englishnation to the monarchy was England and Scotland England in all aspects.
extend their control taken over by the by the United Kingdom
over other nations and English parliament. of Great Britain.
islands.

British Nation was formed – After the failed revolution led by

which included various the Wolfe and his United
symbols- flag, national Anthem Irishmen (1798), British took
and the English language. over Ireland forcibly.

IMPORTANT TERMS
1. Republic: It’s a state where the supreme power is held by the people and their elected
representatives. The president is either appointed through elections or nomination.
2. Democratic republic: It is a country that is both public and a democratic. It is the one
where ultimate authority and power is derived from the citizens.
3. Socialist Republic: This refers to any state that is constitutionally dedicated to the
establishment of socialism.
4. Socialism: It is an economic theory, system or movement, where the production and
distribution of goods is done, owned and shared by the citizens of a society.
5. Absolute monarchy: It is a type of a governmental form of monarchy in which all
governmental power and responsibilities arise from a monarch. Louis XIV of France is
the most famous example of absolute monarchy. (France is a good example of this. In
France, Louis XIV is exemplar of absolute monarchy, with his court central to French
political and cultural life during his reign.)
6. Utopia: an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect.
7. Nation-state: A sovereign state, resided by comparatively homogeneous group of people
who share a feeling of common nationality.
5 History: India and the
Contemporary World–II
 3 nationalism
in india

BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART

NATIONALISM

It involves a strong Modern nationalism in Europe In India, as in many other colonies,

identification of a group of was associated with the the growth of nationalism is
individuals with a political formation of nation-states. connected to the anti-colonial
entity defined in national movement under the leadership of
terms, i.e., a nation. Mahatma Gandhi.

THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT

The war played Increase in defence During 1918–19 and 1920–21, food Extreme hardships,
an important expenditure due to the war shortages due to the failure of crops and poverty and forced
role in shaping led to the increase in taxes, famines and epidemics, that took a heavy recruitments in the
India’s freedom custom duties, prices and the toll of life, created resentment among the army made people
struggle. introduction of income tax. people of India against the foreign rule. hostile to the British.

SATYAGRAHA

Satyagraha means January, 1915: Champaran (Bihar) Kheda Satyagraha, Ahmedabad Mill
appeal for truth. Mahatma Satyagraha, 1916: 1917: Gandhiji led the Strike, 1918:
Mahatma Gandhi Gandhi First Gandhian movement in Kheda Gandhiji organised
introduced this returned to mass-movement district of Gujarat, a Satyagraha
concept during his India from in India against the demanding relaxation against the cotton
stay in South Africa. South Africa. oppressive of the revenue tax mill owners
It is based on the plantation system. owing to the poverty demanding an
ideals of truth and experienced by the increase in the
non-violence. farmers because of the workers’ wages
outbreak of the plague. and bonus.

Xam idea
Social Science–X 52
 THE ROWLATT ACT (1919)

Passed by the The Act gave the 6 th April, 1919: Shops were closed Government Jallianwala
British government Gandhi started down, rallies were brutally Bagh
Government. enormous powers the non-violent organised and rail repressed the Massacre,
for repressing civil workshop workers nationalists. 13th April,
political activities disobedience went on strike. Martial law 1919.
and allowed movement for Widespread was imposed
detention of political opposing the attacks on banks, and General
prisoners without Rowlatt Act post offices and Dyer took
any trial for two with a railway stations command.
years nation-wide after police
hartal. attacked the
peaceful
procession.

A number of people had assembled at Jallianwala General Dyer surrounded the park and opened
Bagh in Amritsar for attending the annual Baisakhi fair. fire on the crowd, killing hundreds of people.

AFTERMATH OF JALLIANWALA BAGH

The British used brutal repression, Crowds took to the streets in many north This violence
seeking to humiliate and terrorise Indian towns. Strikes, clashes with the police forced Gandhi to
people. People were flogged and and attacks on government buildings were stop the
villages were bombed. extensively witnessed. movement.

53 History: India and the

Contemporary World–II
 NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT BEGAN IN JANUARY 1921

Causes Methods Disagreements Events

Khilafat issue: Surrendering Few Congress March, 1919 (Bombay): Khilafat Committee was formed with
After the First of members leaders such as Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
World War, government were not in
the British titles, boycott support of the September, 1920: Gandhi, in the Calcutta session of the Congress,
sought to of civil idea of convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation
overthrow the services, boycotting movement in support of Khilafat as well as for Swaraj.
Khalifa, the army, police, the council
spiritual head courts and elections as
of the Islamic legislative they wanted December, 1920 (Nagpur): Non-cooperation programme adopted by
world and the councils, to bring about the Congress.
Turkish schools and changes in
Emperor. This foreign goods; the system by The Movement in the Towns: The students left government schools
was deeply and a full civil being in and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, lawyers gave up
resented by disobedience power. C.R. their legal practices and the council elections were boycotted in
Muslims all campaign Das and most provinces except Madras. Foreign goods were boycotted,
over the was launched. Motilal Nehru liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
world, formed the
including the Swaraj Party
Indians. within the 1921 and 1922: The import of foreign cloth dropped. Merchants and
Congress to traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
argue for a Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
Rowlatt Act: return to
The council Rebellion in the Countryside: The peasants had to do begar and
dissatisfaction politics. work without pay in the farms of oppressive landlords. The peasant
from the movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and
Rowlatt Act and social boycott of oppressive landlords. In Awadh, the peasants were
the failure of the Some leaders led by Baba Ramchandra. The houses of talukdars and merchants
Rowlatt Act. feared the were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken
movement to over in many places. Local leaders told the peasants that Gandhiji
turn violent. had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be
Jallianwala redistributed among the poor.
Bagh: The
atrocious October, 1920: The Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by
killing of Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others.
hundreds of
innocent
people by the Revolt by Tribals: The government had closed large forest areas,
British at preventing people from entering the forest to graze their cattle or to
Jallianwala collect fuel wood and fruits. Alluri Sitaram Raju led the guerrilla
Bagh had warfare in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. The rebels attacked
made the police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on
Indian guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.
masses
resentful Swaraj in the Plantations: Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859,
towards the the plantation workers were not allowed to leave the tea gardens
British rule. without permission. Thousands of workers defied the authorities,
left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi raj
was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.

February, 1922: Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the

Non-Cooperation Movement because of its violent face in many
places and satyagrahis needed to be properly trained.

Xam idea
Social Science–X 54
 SIMON COMMISSION

Constituted by Sir John Simon Sought to look into Arrived in India in 1928. October 1929: The
the Tory was the the demands of the Congress and the Muslim Commission recommended
government of Chairman. nationalists and League along with the other a ‘dominion status’ for India
Britain under Commission did suggest changes in parties received the in coming future and a
pressure of mass not have any the constitutional commission with black Round Table Conference for
movements in Indian member. structure of India. flags and slogans ‘Go back discussing a future
India. All British. Simon’. constitution for India.

EFFECTS OF SIMON COMMISSION

December, 1929: Under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore 1930: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
session of Congress formalized the demand of “Purna Swaraj”. 26th established the Depressed
January, 1930 was celebrated as the Independence Day. Classes Association.

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
MOVEMENT

Medium: 31st January, The Salt Spread Governments Gandhi-Irwin

Gandhiji 1930: Gandhi government March respose Pact and end
chose salt as sent a letter was asked to of the
the medium to Viceroy accept the movement.
for protesting Irwin. demands by
against the Stating 11 11th March. Marked the Soon, the April, 1930:
British rule. demands beginning of movement Abdul This pact
especially the Civil spread to the Ghaffar Khan was a
abolition of Disobedience entire nation. was arrested consent to
salt tax. Movement. the Round
Table
Peasants refused May, 1930: Conference
Started from to pay revenue Gandhiji was and the
Gandhi’s and chaukidari arrested government
ashram in taxes. agreed to
Sabarmati to release the
the Gujarati Women and political
coastal town violated forest children were prisoners
of dandi. laws by beaten by the
government
and peaceful December,
6th April, going into satyagrahis 1931:
1930: violated reserved forests were Gandhiji went
the law by for collecting attacked. to London for
manufacturing wood. the Second
salt from sea Round Table
water. About conference.
Colonial laws were 100,000
violated, salt was people were
manufactured in arrested.
numerous places.

55 History: India and the

Contemporary World–II
 5 the age of
industrialisation

BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART

BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Proto-industrialisation The coming up of The Pace of Manual Labour & The life of
the factory Industrial Change Steam Power Workers

1730s – earliest In Britain, cotton In Britain, there The possibility for

factories were and metals was no shortage a labour to get a
established in became important of human labour. job depended on
England. industries. the network.

The wages
Cotton was in The technological were also low. There was a fear
huge demand changes were of unemployment
slow. among the
labourers, also
There was a due to
Process of demand for seasonality of
production of seasonal labour. work.
cloth became
more efficient
because of the
new inventions. Compared to the Due to introduction
machine produced of new technology
cloth, there was a demand for
demand of hand infrastructure
made product opened major
especially by the employment
elite. opportunities in
1840.

Xam idea
Social Science–X 108
 THE AGE OF INDIAN TEXTILES WEAVERS

There was a direct control of the company on the weavers

Indian cotton and silk goods dominated the international through advances, gomasthas.
markets in textiles, before the age of machine and
industries.
There was a clash between the weavers and the gomasthas.

There were bankers and merchants who were involved

in the network of export trade. Migration of weavers followed due to this reason.

There was a breakdown in network of exports controlled WHEN MANCHESTER CAME TO INDIA
by Indian merchants because of the coming of the
European.

There was a decline of textile exports from India

Due to this, major ports like Hoogly and Surat declined

and New ports came up like Bombay and Calcutta. Duties were imposed on Indian textile imports due
to the pressure of Industrial groups in Britain.

There was an outbreak of Civil War in America,

Britain turned to India.

FACTORIES COME UP

Till World War I, large sector of Indian industries was taken over by the European managing
Agencies

Indian Entrepreneurs like Dwarkanath Tagore, J.N. Tata, Seth Hukumchand, Dinshaw Petit were
coming up in the Industrial sector.

The workers came from nearby districts.

For that, a new system of ‘jobbers’ came in who recruited new recruits.

Major industries were of tea and coffee plantation, mining, indigo and jute.

Over the war years, industrial production boomed.

The economy of Britain suffered due to the war.

Use of advertisement came in, and it was also used as a way to inculcate the spirit of nationalism.

109 History: India and the

Contemporary World–II
1 Resources and
Development

BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART

RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Resources whose They can be renewed Renewable resources Biotic resources that Example: Wind, water,
quantity is not or reproduced by like sunlight, wind, are renewable, may forests, etc.
reduced due to use physical, chemical or water are flow be temporarily
and which can be mechanical process. resources, whose diminished but may
repeatedly used stock is continuous be renewed again by
without fear of and are being used natural process and
exhaustion are since time proper management.
termed as renewable immemorial.
resources.

NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Substances whose They cannot be Their quantity is more These resources can Example: fossil fuels
stock gets reduced increased or or less fixed because never be renewed or like coal, petroleum
and are gradually recovered. their formation takes replenished. and minerals.
exhausted with use long geological period
are termed as of millions of years.
non-renewable
resources. They are
exhaustible
resources.

179 Geography:
Contemporary India-II
 ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP

Individual Community National International

Owned privately by Accessible to all the Technically, all the resources The oceanic resources
individuals e.g., members of the available in the country are beyond 200 km of the
plots, house, car, community e.g., public national resources e.g., forests, Exclusive Economic
wells, etc. parks, picnic spots, wildlife, land division and the Zone belong the
playgrounds, etc. political territories international

ON THE BASIS OF STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT

Potential Developed Stock Reserves

Which are found in Which are surveyed and Which have the potential to Can be put into use with
a region but have their quality, quantity satisfy human needs but the help of technical
not been yet has been determined they do not have appropriate know-how but their use
utilised for utilisation technology to access them has not been started

DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES

Major Problems and Need for Sustainable Development Need for Resource
Planning

Accumulation of resources in few hands dividing the society in

‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’
There are regions which
are rich in certain
Indiscriminate use of resources leading to global warming, ozone resources and deficient in
layer depletion and environmental pollution, land degradation some other resources

Resource planning needed for sustainable existence of all Arunachal Pradesh has
forms of life abundance of water but
lacks infrastructural
development
Sustainable economic development is development that
should take place without damaging the environment

Rajasthan has abundance

of solar and wind energy
The first International Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in but lacks in water resources
1992, attended by 100 countries

Adopted Agenda 21 to achieve global sustainable development

and to combat poverty, disease from the world

Xam idea
Social Science–X 180
 RESOURCE PLANNING IN INDIA

A complex process involving Conservation of

three processes Resources

(i) Identification and inventory of resources Vital for any development activity

(ii) Evolving a planning structure Irrational consumption and

overutilisation lead to socio-economic
and environmental problems
(iii) Matching the resource development plan
with national development plans

Five year plans launched after independence

Indian resource development depends on

technology, quality of human resources and
historical experiences of people

LAND RESOURCES

Importance of Land Relief Features Land Utilisation

Perform all economic Variety of relief features in Forests

activities on land India

Land not available for

It’s a natural resource Plains — Covering cultivation—Barren and
supporting natural 43% area wasteland
vegetation, wildlife, economic
activities, transport and
communication systems
Mountains — Covering Permanent pastures and
30% area grazing lands

An asset of a finite
magnitude
Plateaus — Covering Land under miscellaneous
27% area trees and culturable
wastelands

Possesses rich resources in

all these relief features Fallow lands and Net Sown
Area

181 Geography:
Contemporary India-II
 LAND RESOURCES

Land use Pattern of Land Conservation of

India Degradation Land

Determined by both physical Degraded land — 130 million Afforestation and proper
and human factors hectare. 28% forest management of grazing lands
degraded, 56% water eroded,
certain human activities
Land use data available only Planting of shelter belts
for 93% area
Mining sites are abandoned

Control on overgrazing

Overgrazing and over

irrigation is responsible for
alkalinity Thorny bushes to stabilise
sand dunes

Mineral processing like

cement industry, industrial Control on mining activities
effluents

Proper discharge and disposal

of industrial effluents

SOIL AS A RESOURCE

ALLUVIAL SOIL

The entire northern plains Alluvial soil is also found The alluvial soil consists of Mostly these soils contain
are made up of alluvial soil. in the eastern coastal various proportions of adequate proportion of
plains particularly in the sand, silt and clay. potash, phosphoric acid
deltas of and lime which are ideal for
the growth of sugarcane,
These have been deposited paddy, wheat and other
by these important cereal and pulse crops.
Himalayan river systems. Mahanadi Krishna Alluvial soils are described
river river on the basis of their age.

Godavari Kaveri
Indus Brahmaputra river river

Ganga
(Old) Bangar (New) Khadar

has higher concentration has less concentration of

of ‘Kanker’ nodules ‘Kanker’ nodules than Bangar

less fertile is more fertile

than Khadar than Bangar

Xam idea
Social Science–X 182
 BLACK SOIL

These soils are They are ideal for This type of soil is The black soils are These soils are
black in colour growing cotton typical of the made up of sticky when wet
and are also known and is also known Deccan trap extremely fine, i.e., and difficult to
as ‘regur’ soils. as ‘black cotton’ (Basalt) region, clayey material work on unless
soil. spread over tilled immediately
northwest after the first
Deccan plateau shower or during
and is made up of the pre-monsoon
lava flows. period.

RED AND YELLOW SOILS

Red soil develops on Yellow and red soils are These soils develop a
crystalline igneous rocks in found in parts of Orissa, reddish colour due to
areas of low rainfall in the Chhattisgarh, southern parts diffusion of iron in
eastern and southern parts of the middle Ganga plain crystalline and
of the Deccan plateau. and along the piedmont zone metamorphic rocks.
of the western ghats. It looks yellow when it
occurs in a hydrated form.

LATERITE SOIL

The laterite develops This soil is suitable These soils are After adopting
in areas with high for cultivation with mainly found in appropriate soil
temperature and adequate doses of Karnataka, Kerala, conservative
heavy rainfall. manures and Tamil Nadu, Madhya techniques,
fertilizers. Pradesh and the hilly particularly in the hilly
areas of Orissa and areas of Karnataka,
Assam. Kerala and Tamil
Nadu, this soil is very
useful for growing
Tea and Coffee.

ARID SOILS

Arid soils range from They are generally In some areas, the The bottom layer of After proper irrigation,
red to brown in sandy in texture and salt content is very Kankar restricts the these soils become
colour. saline in nature. high and common infiltration of water. cultivable as has
salt is obtained by been in the case of
evaporating the western Rajasthan.
water.

183 Geography:
Contemporary India-II
 Soil Erosion Soil Conservation

Denudation of soil cover and subsequent Ploughing along contour lines—

washing down is called soil erosion Contour ploughing

Due to human activities like deforestation, Steps can be cut on slopes—

overgrazing, construction and mining Terrace farming

Natural forces like wind, water, glacier and Strips of grass are left to grow between
water lead to soil erosion crops called—strip cropping

Running water cuts through clayey soil and

forms gullies

Also caused due to defective method of

farming-ploughing in a wrong manner

IMPORTANT TERMS
1. Resources: A stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can be
drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively.
2. Biotic: Relating to or resulting from living organisms. The biotic factors of an ecosystem
are all the living organisms that affect other organisms in an ecosystem and include
animals, plants, microorganisms, dead organisms, and even animal waste.
3. Abiotic: Devoid of life. Non biological factors, material or process which can affect living
or non-living organisms, like rocks, weather and sunlight.
4. Renewable Resources: It is a substance of economic value that can be replaced or
replenished in the same or less amount of time as it takes to draw the supply down.
5. Non-Renewable Resources: It is a resource of economic value that cannot be readily
replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption.
6. Natural Vegetation: It refers to the plants and other flora that make up the plant life in
the region.
7. Recycle: To convert (waste) into reusable material.
8. Individual Resources: These types of resources are owned by individuals, for instance,
people in rural areas own lands while in urban areas, people have their own houses,
plots, etc. to live in.
9. Community owned Resources: This type of resources can be accessed by all the
members of a community. This includes public parks, picnic spots, grazing grounds, and
playgrounds, etc. which are accessible by everyone living around.

Xam idea
Social Science–X 184
 2 Water
Resources

BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART

MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS

Are meant to take various problems associated with river valleys in an integrated manner.

They help to control flood, check soil erosion, provide water for irrigation and drinking
purpose, generate electricity for industries, villages, cities, provide inland navigation, help
in preservation of wildlife and development or fisheries.

Damodar Valley
Corporation Bhakra-Nangal Hirakud Kosi Chambal Valley

Built on river Built on Satluj, Built on river Built on river Built over river
Damodar, beneficiary beneficiary states are Mahanadi-beneficiary Kosi-beneficiary state Chambal –
states are Jharkhand Punjab, Haryana, state is Odisha. - Bihar and our beneficiary states are
and West Bengal. Rajasthan & neighbouring Madhya Pradesh &
Himachal Pradesh. country-Nepal. Rajasthan.

RAINWATER HARVESTING

Is a technique of increasing the recharge of groundwater by capturing and storing

rainwater by constructing wells, percolating pits and check dams.

Main objectives of the rainwater harvesting are:

To meet increasing demand of water
To reduce runoff.
To avoid the flooding of roads.
To augment the groundwater storage and raise the water table.
To reduce groundwater pollution.
To improve the quality of groundwater.
To supplement domestic water requirement during summer and long dry spells.

Xam idea
Social Science–X 202
 ADVANTAGES OF MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS

Irrigation Hydro- Water supply Flood Recreational Inland Pisciculture Soil

electricity for for domestic control facilities navigation fish breeding conservation
our and through
industries industrial afforestation.
and homes. use,
regulating
flow of
water.

DISADVANTAGES OF MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS

Their failure to fulfil Regulating and The reservoirs that Multi purpose Excessive use of
their basic objectives damming of rivers are created in the projects lead to large water, and
like flood control and affect the natural floodplains overflow scale displacement over-irrigation on
the disadvantages flow of the rivers, and submerge the of local communities account of the
resulting out of cause excessive existing vegetation and to loss of their projects lead to land
building of such sedimentation and and soil livelihood. degradation and
projects. adversely affect consequently leading cause water borne
aquatic life. to their disease, pests and
decomposition. pollution.

IMPORTANT TERMS
1. Hydrological Cycle: The sequence of conditions through which water passes from vapor
in the atmosphere through precipitation upon land or water surfaces and ultimately back
into the atmosphere as a result of evaporation and transpiration —called ‘hydrological cycle’.
2. Scarcity: The state of being scarce or in short supply; shortage.
3. Conservation: The protection of plants and animals, natural areas and interesting and
important buildings especially from the damaging effects of human activity.
4. Non-renewable Resources is a resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced
by natural means on a level equal to its consumption.
5. Groundwater: Water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock.
6. Hydroelectric Power: A form of energy generated by the conversion of free-falling water
to electricity; the generation of electricity by using the motive power of water; also
called hydroelectricity.
7. Archaeology: The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites
and the analysis of artefacts and other physical remains.
8. River Basin: The area of land drained by a river and its branches.
9. Dams: A barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its level, forming a reservoir
used to generate electricity or as a water supply.

203 Geography:
Contemporary India-II
 1 Power
sharing

BASIC CONCEPTS–A FLOW CHART

BELGIUM

Geographical Position Area and population Ethnic Composition Capital

• Small country in Europe. • Smaller in area than the Indian • 59% speak Dutch • 80% speak French
• Shares borders with Netherlands, state of Haryana (population little • 40% speak French • 20% speak Dutch.
France & Germany. over one crore). • 1% speak German.

Note: In Brussels, the Dutch –speaking people are in minority, which is opposite of the rest of the country, where they are in
majority.

SRI LANKA

Geographical Position Population Ethnic Composition Religion

• A Smaller island in Asia, off the • About two crore people • 74% Sinhalese speaking people, • Most of the Sinhala
southern coast of Tamil Nadu. (same as Haryana’s) • 18% Tamil speaking people, speaking people are
• 13% are natives of Sri Lanka, Buddhists.
known as Sri Lankan Tamil. • Most of the Tamils are
Hindus or Muslims.

Note: Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka

A belief that only the majority community should circle a country, make laws for everyone and with total disregard to the
wishes and needs of the minority. V

ACCOMMODATION IN BELGIUM

Equal number of Special Laws to State Government A separate government A third government
Dutch and French become Acts are not made for Brussels, equal called the Community
speaking Minister need majority subordinate to representation for both government elected by
in the Central from each central government. the linguistic groups. the Dutch, French and
Government. language group. German speaking
people in change of
language, cultural and
educational issues.

305 Political Science:

Democratic Politics–II
 POWER SHARING
(Two reasons which make power sharing desirable)

Reasons

Prudential Moral

• Reduces the possibility of conflicts between different • The spirit of democracy calls for power sharing.
social groups. Social conflicts led to violence, political • People who are affected by the policies must have a hand
instability. in shaping those policies
• Prevents groups from overstepping their rights to enhance • Citizens participation is a must
their own power. • Moral reasons make power sharing essential and valuable.
• No single group can subvert the constitution power
sharing writes the nation.
• When power is not shared, it oppressed the minority and
even the majority.

POWER IS SHARED AMONG

Different Among the

Social Pressure Political Different
organs of the governments
Movements groups parties social groups
government at different levels

• Force the • Legislative •They influence the • Lead the •Religious (a) Central or Union
governments to • Executive government and competition. or Government,
change Laws. • Judiciary force them to • Coalition Linguistic State Government.
• Dowry, early change policies. governments groups. (b) Municipality and
marriage. •They are famous are formed if Panchayats, Local
workers and any party Self government
industrialists. fails to get (known as federalism).
the majority.
• Parties have
to perform to
remain in
power.

IMPORTANT TERMS
1. Majoritarianism: Rule by a majority, especially the belief that those constituting a simple
majority should make the rules for all the members of a group, nation, etc.
2. Ethic: A set of moral principles, especially ones relating to or affirming a specified group,
field, or form of conduct.
3. Minority: The smaller number or part, especially a number or part representing less than
half of the whole.
4. Majority: The greater number.
5. Native: A person born in a specified place or associated with a place by birth, whether
subsequently resident there or not.
Xam idea
Social Science–X 306
 2 federalism

BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART

FEDERALISM

• Has two sets or • Two sets of • There are • No fundamental • An independent • Sources of
levels of identities – different terms provision of the judiciary revenue for each
government, one people belong to of government. constitution can prevents level of
at a regional level the region as Each has its be changed at conflicts government are
and two at the well as the own jurisdiction any level between centre clearly specified
national level. country. in matters of arbitrarily. and states in the to ensure
• Each region has legislation, Changes require exercise of their stability.
a separate taxation and the consent of powers.
system of administration, both levels of
government, central, regional government.
distinct powers and local.
and
responsibilities.

LEGISLATIVE POWERS

The union list The state list Concurrent list

• Has 97 subjects. • Has 59 subjects. • Has 47 subjects.

• Subjects of national interests – • Subjects like police local • Both the centre and the
defence, foreign policy, atomic energy, governments, trade and commerce states can make Laws on
banking, post and telegraph are within the state and agriculture are the subjects such as
included in this. included in it. education, forest, trade
• Only the union government can pass • Only the state governments can unions, marriage, adoption
laws on these subjects. pass laws on this list. and succession.

317 Political Science:

Democratic Politics–II
 how

Xam idea
Social Science–X 318
6 Political
parties

BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART

Parties contest elections by putting up candidates.

In some countries, candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party (e.g. USA)
In other countries, candidates are choosen by top party leaders (e.g. India)
Parties have different policies and programmes, voters choose from them.
The parties that lose elections play the role of opposition and voice different views and
criticise government for its failures and wrong policies.
They shape public opinion. Parties with the help of pressure groups launch movements for
solving problems faced by the people.
They provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes. The local party

369 Political Science:

Democratic Politics–II
 PARTY SYSTEM

ONE - Party System TWO - Party MULTI - Party System

System
• There is no competition If several parties compete for power and more than two parties have
in this system. a chance to come to power either on their own or by forming alliance,
When the power it is called Multi-party System
• The lone party nominates changes between two
the candidates and the parties, it is called
voters have only two Bi-party System When several parties join the hands for the purpose of running the
choices. government, it is called an alliance or a front
1. Not to vote at all.
2. Write ‘yes’ or ‘no’ In such system, one
against the name of party comes to power Example—India: there were three major allainces in 2004
the candidate by winning majority
nominated by the and other forms
party. opposition The National Democratic Alliance (NDA)—BJP ran it
• This system has been
popular in communist
countries like China, The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) —Congress ran it
Korea and Cuba. Example—USA & UK

The Left Front run by the Socialist or the Communist Parties of India
Other parties may exist
but only two political This system also allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy
parties are powerful in political representation
it.

Multi-party system appears messy and leads to political instability.

CHALLENGES FACED BY POLITICAL PARTIES

Lack of Internal Money Parties do not offer

Dynastic
Democracy within and a meaningful choice
Succession
Parties muscle power to the voters

• Power concentrated in the • Leaders on top have • During election, this • There is not much difference in
hands of few. unfair advantage to Power is very visible. ideology among parties.
• No organizational meetings. favour people close to • Candidates who can e.g. labour party and
No keeping of membership them or family members. raise money are conservative party of Britain.
register. • Top positions controlled nominated. • The only difference is the details
• No internal, regular elections. by family members in • Rich people and of implementation matter than
• Ordinary members do not most parties. companies who give fundamental principles.
have access to information, • Tendency seen all over funds have influence • In India also there is not much
cannot influence decisions. the world, even in the on policies. difference among parties on
• Disagreement with the leader older democracies. economic issues.
leads to ouster from the party.

EFFORTS MADE TO REFORM THE POLITICAL PARTIES

The Constitution The supreme court The election commission

• Was amended to prevent defection. • Passed certain orders to reduce the • Political parties are asked to file their
• Now MPs and MLAs lose their seat in power of money and criminals. income tax returns.
the parliament or a State Assembly if • A candidate has to file an affidavit They have to hold organizational
they change party. giving details of his property and elections.
criminal cases pending against him.

Xam idea
Social Science–X 370