Module 6 (Stat. Prob.)

SAINT VINCENT COLLEGE OF CABUYAO
Mamatid, City of Cabuyao Laguna

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
I. Module Number: 6 Topic: THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

Reference: Statistics and Probability pp. 51 – 60
II. Objectives:
1. At the end of the lesson the learner is able to state the properties of a binomial experiment, find the exact
probabilities of X successes in n trials of a binomial experiment, find the mean, variance and standard deviation of
the variable in a binomial distribution and solve real – life problems using the binomial distributions.
III. Key Concepts (Summary of the Lesson)

 Some experiments have exactly two possible outcomes – one that satisfies the condition for the random variable
(success) and another that does not ( failure). For instance, if you toss a coin and you consider the random variable
of getting a head, there will only be two possible values – 0 or 1. Zero represents landing on a tail and is considered
as a failure, while 1 denotes landing on a head and is considered a success. This kind of experiment is known as a
binomial trial, also called Bernoulli trial, named after the Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli.
 When a binomial trial is repeated for n number of times, the situation becomes a binomial experiment. However, not
all binomial trials satisfy a binomial experiment. The following properties must be observed before considering a
series of binomial trials as a binomial experiment.
1. The experiment is done for a fixed number of repeated trials.
2. There are only two outcomes for each trial – success and failure.
3. The probability of success is the same for all trials.
4. The outcome of one trial is not affected by the outcome of the other.
BINOMIAL EXPERIMENTS
 A binomial experiment is an experiment involving n number of independent trials each of which has
only two outcomes – success and failure.
EXAMPLE:
1. A die is rolled 10 times and the number of times a multiple of 3 appears is recorded. Can this be considered a
binomial experiment?
SOLUTION:
 The situation can be considered a binomial experiment because of the following reasons: (a) the experiment is
repeated 10 times over; (b) only two outcomes are possible: a multiple of 3 or not a multiple of 3; (c) the probability
of getting a multiple of 3 is the same for each trial: 1/3; and (d) the trials are independent.
EXAMPLE:
2. A card is picked at random six times from a standard deck of cards, without replacing each card already drawn, and
the number of times that an ace appears is recorded. Can this be considered a binomial experiment?
SOLUTION:
 There are only two possible outcomes for the random variable that gives the number of times an ace appears (ace
or not ace), and there are six trials in the experiment. However, this cannot be considered a binomial experiment
because the probability of success is different for each trial, 1/13 for the first, 1/17 for the second, 1/25 for the third,
and so on. Also , the outcome of the next trial is affected by the outcome of the previous trial.
BINOMIAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION

 To find the probability that an outcome will appear k times in a binomial experiment with n trials,
use the formula P ( X = k ) = nC k p k q n–k ,
Where p is the probability of success and q is the probability of failure.
EXAMPLE:
1. A coin is tossed 10 times. Find the probability that a head appears 4 times.
SOLUTION:
 Given: n = 10 and k = 4
1 1
The probability of success p is equal to and the probability of failure q = 1 – p = .
2 2
P ( X = k ) = nC k p k q n–k
1 4 1 10 – 4
P ( X = 4 ) = 10 C 4 () ( )
2 2
1 1
P ( X = 4 ) = 210 ( ) 4 ( ) 6
2 2
1
P ( X = 4 ) = 210 ( ) 10
2
1 210
P ( X = 4 ) = 210 ( )= ≈ 0. 2051
1024 1024
Thus, there is a 20.51% chance that a head appears 4 times out of 10 tosses.
EXAMPLE:
2. A quality control checker knows that a flash drive produced by the company pass the company’s standards 95% of
the time. He usually does a random checking of 20 flash drives from the day’s production and approves the whole
production when no more than 2 flash drives fail to meet the standards. What is the probability that the checker
accepts the whole production for the day?
SOLUTION:
 Given: n = 20 , k = { 0, 1, 2 } , p = 0.95 , q = 0.05
P (X ≤ 2 ) = P ( X = 0 ) + P ( X = 1 ) + P( X = 2 )
= 20 C 20 ( 0.95 ) 20 (0.05) 0 + 20 C 19 ( 0.95 ) 19 (0.05) 1 + 20 C 18 ( 0.95 ) 18 (0.05) 2
= 0. 3585 + 0. 3774 + 0. 1887 ≈ 0. 9246
Hence, the probability that the checker approves the whole production for the day is 92. 46%.
BINOMIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

 When you find all the possible values for a binomial random variable and distribute their
corresponding probabilities in tabular form, you have a binomial probability distribution. A binomial
probability distribution is an assignment of the probabilities for each outcome in a binomial
experiment satisfying the range space 0 ≤ k ≤ n, where k represents the outcome of k successes
out of n trials.
 To construct the binomial probability distribution, compute the individual probabilities that a
success will be observed 0,1,2,3,…. k number of times and distribute the probabilities in a table.
EXAMPLE: Construct the binomial probability distribution for the experiment of rolling a die 6 times and recording the
success of showing a 3 or a 5.
SOLUTION
1 2
 Range space is the set k = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,}, n = 6, p= and q=
3 3
Using the binomial probability function P ( X = k ) = n C k p k q n – k , compute the individual probabilities for all the possible
values of k.

 Thus the binomial probability distribution and its corresponding histogram are given below.
 Note: histogram is also a bar graph. Graph the given tabular form above.
MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF A BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTIONS

 The formulas used in solving for the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a binomial
probability distribution are as follows: µ = np , σ2 = np ( 1 – p) , σ√ np ( 1− p )
Where n is the number of trials of the experiment and p is the probability of success.
EXAMPLE: Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the binomial experiment with 10 trials if the probability of
success in each trial is 0. 125.
SOLUTION:
 Substitute n = 10 and p = 0.125 in the formulas for the mean, variance, and standard deviation.
a. MEAN: µ = np = 10(0.125)= 1.25
b. VARIANCE: σ2 = np ( 1 – p) = 10(0.125)(1 – 0.125) = 10(0.125)(0.875) = 1. 09375
c. STANDARD DEVIATION: σ√ np ( 1− p ) = σ√ 1. 09375 ≈ 1.0458

The standard deviation is simply the square root of the variance.
IV. ACTIVITIES: Answer the following.

MODULE 6 – ACT. 1
1. Mr. Dizon gives a multiple – choice test consisting of 10 questions with four choices each. There is only one correct
answer for each question. If a student guesses the answer to each question, what is the probability that he gets 8
questions correctly?
2. A die is rolled. Let landing on 6 be considered as a success and landing on 1,2,3,4, and 5 be failures.
a. Find the probability of success.
b. Find the probability of failure.
c. If the experiment is repeated 10 times, find P (X = 7).
MODULE 6 – ACT. 2
1. A card is drawn from a standard deck of 52 cards for 40 times with replacement, and the number of times a spade
appears is recorded. Let X be a random variable that gives the number of times k that a spade appears. Compute
the mean, variance and standard deviation of the distribution for the binomial variable X.
MODULE 6 – ACT. 3
A: Tell whether the ff. situations illustrate a binomial experiment or not binomial experiment.
1. Tossing a coin 20 times to see how many tails occur.
2. Asking 200 people if they watch ABC news.
3. Rolling a die to see if a 5 appears.
4. Tossing a coin until you get a heads.
5. Asking 100 people how much they weigh.
6. Counting the average number of dogs seen at a veterinarian’s office daily.
B: Solve the following. Show your solutions.

1. A coin is tossed 10 times. What is the probability of getting exactly 6 heads?
2. 60% of people who purchase sports cars are men. If 10 sports car owners are randomly selected, find the
probability that exactly 7 are men.
3. 80% of people who purchase pet insurance are women. If 9 pet insurance owners are randomly selected, find the
probability that exactly 6 are women.
4. Compute the mean, variance and standard deviation of the binomial experiment with 20 trials given that the
probability of success in each trial is 35%.
5. A six – sided die is rolled 12 times. What is the probability of getting 4 five times?
V. EVALUATION: Answer the following.
A: Tell whether the ff. situations illustrate a binomial experiment or not binomial experiment.
________1. Telephone surveying a group of 200 people to ask if they voted for George Bush.
________2. Counting the average number of dogs seen at a veterinarian’s office daily.
________3. You take a survey of 50 traffic lights in a certain city, at 3 p.m., recording whether the light was red, green, or
yellow at that time.
________4. You are at a fair, playing “pop the balloon” with 6 darts. There are 20 balloons. 10 of the balloons have a ticket
inside that say “win “, and 10 have a ticket that says “lose “.
QUESTIONS:
A: ASK YOURSELF: Is there a fixed number of trials? Explain.
B: ASK YOURSELF: Are there only 2 possible outcomes? Explain.
B: Solve the following. Show your solutions.

1. A multiple-choice test contains 20 questions with answer choices A, B, C and D. Only one answer choice to each
question represents a correct answer. Find the probability that a student will answer exactly 6 questions correct if
he makes random guesses on all 20 questions.
2. 25% of all students enrolled in high school XYZ are taking Algebra. 30 students are chosen at random.
a. Find the probability that exactly 7 students out of the 30 chosen are taking Algebra.
b. What is the probability that fewer than 5 students out of the 30 who are selected are taking Algebra?
c. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of this binomial distribution.
3. You sell sandwiches 70% of people choose chicken, the rest choose something else. What is the probability of
selling 2 chicken sandwiches to the next 3 customers?
4. Sam says “70% choose chicken, so 7 of the next 10 customers should choose chicken”…What are the chances
Sam is right?
Prepared by: Checked by:
JOVIE NICOLE MENDOZA DANIEL S. FALLE, LPT, MAEd – CAR

Stat. & Prob. Teacher SHS Academic coordinator
Approved by:
TEOFILO H. ORIO JR., LPT, MAEd

SHS Department Head

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SAINT VINCENT COLLEGE OF CABUYAO

Mamatid, City of Cabuyao Laguna

I. Module Number: 6 Topic: THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

III. Key Concepts (Summary of the Lesson)

BINOMIAL PROBABILITY FUNCTION

BINOMIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF A BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTIONS

a. MEAN: µ = np = 10(0.125)= 1.25

b. VARIANCE: σ2 = np ( 1 – p) = 10(0.125)(1 – 0.125) = 10(0.125)(0.875) = 1. 09375

c. STANDARD DEVIATION: σ√ np ( 1− p ) = σ√ 1. 09375 ≈ 1.0458

IV. ACTIVITIES: Answer the following.

B: Solve the following. Show your solutions.

B: Solve the following. Show your solutions.

Prepared by: Checked by:

JOVIE NICOLE MENDOZA DANIEL S. FALLE, LPT, MAEd – CAR

TEOFILO H. ORIO JR., LPT, MAEd

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