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    CHP 3-Cell Transport

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    SIMBA The Lion King
    Transport of molecules across cell membranes can occur through passive or active mechanisms. Passive transport includes diffusion and facilitated diffusion, which move molecules down concentration gradients without energy input. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against gradients, such as sodium-potassium pumps. Bulk transport involves vesicle formation and fusion to move large quantities of materials into or out of cells through exocytosis and endocytosis.

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    CHP 3-Cell Transport

    Uploaded by

    SIMBA The Lion King
    21 views23 pages
    Transport of molecules across cell membranes can occur through passive or active mechanisms. Passive transport includes diffusion and facilitated diffusion, which move molecules down concentration gradients without energy input. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against gradients, such as sodium-potassium pumps. Bulk transport involves vesicle formation and fusion to move large quantities of materials into or out of cells through exocytosis and endocytosis.

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    Chp 3-Cell Transport

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    Transport of molecules across cell membranes can occur through passive or active mechanisms. Passive transport includes diffusion and facilitated diffusion, which move molecules down concentration gradients without energy input. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against gradients, such as sodium-potassium pumps. Bulk transport involves vesicle formation and fusion to move large quantities of materials into or out of cells through exocytosis and endocytosis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    21 views23 pages

    CHP 3-Cell Transport

    Uploaded by

    SIMBA The Lion King
    Transport of molecules across cell membranes can occur through passive or active mechanisms. Passive transport includes diffusion and facilitated diffusion, which move molecules down concentration gradients without energy input. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against gradients, such as sodium-potassium pumps. Bulk transport involves vesicle formation and fusion to move large quantities of materials into or out of cells through exocytosis and endocytosis.

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    Transport Across

    Membrane

    Passive transport Active transport Bulk transport


     Substances move from  Substances move from  Movement of large
    high concentration to low concentration to quantities of material
    low concentration high concentration into or out of cells
     No energy input  Energy input required  Energy input required
    required  2 types:
     3 types: 1. Exocytosis
    1. Simple diffusion 2. Endocytosis
    2. Facilitated diffusion i) Phagocytosis
    3. Osmosis ii) Pinocytosis
    Passive Transport

    • Small molecules (CO2, O2,


    H2O) will simply pass through
    cell membrane.

    • Entropy is driving force that


    wants equal concentrations of
    both sides of membrane.

    • Membrane is considered
    selectively permeable to
    these molecules.
    Simple Diffusion

    • Is movement of molecules
    from a higher to a lower
    concentration (down their
    concentration gradient) until
    equilibrium is achieved and
    they are distributed equally.
    • Conc. gradient - the
    difference in concentration
    of a substance between two
    different regions (inside and
    outside cells).
    • A physical process that can
    be observed with any type of
    molecule (including dead cell
    or non-living systems).
    • Molecules pass through the plasma membrane by diffusion:
    gases (O2, CO2), water molecules (rate slow due to polarity),
    lipids (steroid hormones), lipid soluble molecules
    (hydrocarbons, alcohols, some vitamins), small non-charged
    molecules (NH3).
    • E.g. movement of oxygen from the alveoli of lungs to blood in
    the lung capillaries. After exhalation (breathing in), the
    concentration of oxygen in the alveoli is higher than that in the
    blood; therefore, oxygen diffuses into blood.

    Gas exchange in
    lungs by diffusion
    Osmosis

    • Net movement of
    water molecules from a
    region of high water
    potential to a region of
    low water potential
    through a selectively
    permeable membrane.
    • Passive process.

    Isotonic: the solute concentration is equal


    inside and outside of a cell.
    Hypotonic: a solution has a lower solute Osmosis
    concentration than the inside of a cell. Terms
    Hypertonic: a solution has a higher solute
    concentration than the inside of a cell.
    a) A thistle tube, covered at the
    broad end by a differentially
    permeable membrane, contain a
    10% sugar solution. The beaker
    contains a 5% sugar.
    b) The solute (green circles) is
    unable to pass through
    membrane, but the water (blue
    circles) passes through in both
    direction. There is a net
    movement of water toward the
    inside of the thistle tube where
    there is a lower percentage of
    water molecules.
    c) Due to the incoming water
    molecules, the level of the
    solution rises in the thistle tube
    d) Water enters the thistle tube
    due to the osmotic pressure of
    the solution within the thistle
    tube.
    • Osmotic pressure - A measure of the tendency of a
    solution to take up water when separated from pure
    water by a semi-permeable membrane.

    • The greater the possible osmotic pressure the more


    likely water will diffuse in that direction.

    • E.g. Due to Osmotic pressure, water is absorbed from


    the human large intestine, retained by the kidneys
    and is taken up by capillaries from tissue fluid.
    It is a measure of the free energy
    psi Ψ of water which is less when it is
    The force responsible
    has to surround solutes
    for movement of
    water in a system

    Water Pure water: Ψ = 0


    Water moves from high
    Ψ to low Ψ, towards potential
    more negative
    concentrated region Pressure potential Ψp

    Solute potential / osmotic


    potential Ψs
    Determined by solute
    concentration
    At equilibrium
    Isotonic solution Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution
    H2O
    H2O H2O H2O

    Animal
    cell

    Normal Lysed Shriveled


    (hemolysis) (crenation)
    H2O H2O Plasma H2O
    membrane

    Plant
    cell
    H2O
    Flaccid Turgid Shriveled
    (plasmolysis)
    Response
    of animal
    cells to
    osmotic
    pressure
    Facilitated diffusion
    • Passive transfer of a
    substance into or out of a cell
    along a concentration
    gradient by a process that
    require a carrier protein.
    • Doesn’t require chemical
    energy.
    • Ions (Na+, K+, Cl-), sugars
    (glucose), amino acids, small
    water soluble molecules
    Facilitated diffusion
    involves channel
    proteins and carrier
    proteins.
    Active Transport

    The movement of a substance across a


    biological membrane against its concentration
    gradient, with the help of energy input (ATP)
    and specific transport protein.

    Carrier protein and expenditure of energy (ATP


    molecules) is needed to transport molecules
    against their conc. gradient.

    Kidney cells - have large number of


    mitochondria near the membrane through
    which active transport is occurring.

    E.g. sodium-potassium pumps


    1 Na+ binds to protein pump.
    ATP then adds a phosphate
    group to the protein: 2 Phosphorylation
    phosphorylation. causes protein to
    change shape.

    1
    6 Cycle starts ADP

    all over ATP 2


    again as
    6
    Na+ binds
    to protein.
    3
    5
    4

    5 Protein returns to
    original shape due to
    3 Conformational
    loss of phosphate; K+ change in protein,
    is released. releases Na+ ions
    4 K+ binding triggers release to outside; K+ ions
    of phosphate group. bind to protein.
    Exocytosis

    • During exocytosis, vesicles


    fuse with the plasma
    membrane for secretion.
    • Some cells are specialized to
    produce and release specific
    molecules.
    • Examples include release
    of digestive enzymes from
    cells of the pancreas, or
    secretion of the hormone
    insulin in response to
    rising blood glucose levels.
    Endocytosis

    • During endocytosis, cells


    take in substances by
    invaginating a portion of
    the plasma membrane,
    and forming a vesicle
    around the substance.

    • Endocytosis occurs as:


    i) Phagocytosis – large
    particles (amoeba,
    phagocytes)
    ii) Pinocytosis – small
    particles
    Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
    • “Cell eating” • “Cellular drinking”
    • Membrane sinks in and • Engulfing liquids and
    captures solid particles for small molecules
    transport into the cell. dissolved in liquids.
    • E.g: macrophages ingesting
    • E.g: intestinal cells,
    bacteria or worn out red blood
    cells; unicellular organisms kidney cells, plant root
    engulfing food particles. cells.
    • Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are not selective
    • Membrane sinks inward and captures whatever
    particles/fluid present
    • Vesicle forms and merges with the Golgi body
    Passage Of Molecules Into And Out Cells

    Name Direction Requirement Examples


    Diffusion Toward lower Concentration Lipid-soluble
    concentration gradient molecules, water
    Energy and gases
    no Facilitated Toward lower Channels or Some sugars
    required diffusion concentration carrier and and some amino
    concentration acids
    gradient
    Active Toward Carrier plus Sugars, amino
    transport higher energy acids, and ions
    concentration
    Energy Exocytosis Toward Vesicle fuses Macromolecules
    required outside with plasma
    membrane
    Endocytosis Toward Vesicle Macromolecules
    inside formation

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