DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND

DISASTER RISK
What is my module about?
The Philippines will never be free from hazards due to its location. Being located in the tropics and within the “ring of
fire” means that the Philippines constantly faces seismic, volcanic, and hydrometeorological hazards. Even as the population
continues to grow, only few are informed; and even they can be caught off-guard when natural hazards occur. When people are
unprepared, a hazard could quickly turn into a disaster. With the dangers that we face, how do we cope with hazards? Are we
thinking of ways to be able to lessen the impact of disasters?
In this module, you will learn about the:
1. concept of disaster,
2. concept of disaster risk,
3. nature of disasters, and
4. effects of disasters.

What are my targets?

Learning Competencies:
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
 explain the meaning of disaster,
 differentiate the risk factors underlying disasters,
 describe the effects of disasters on one’s life,
 identify areas/locations exposed to hazards that may lead to disasters, and
 analyze disaster from the different perspectives (physical, psychological, socio-cultural, economic, political,
and biological.

How am I going to learn?

1. Read and follow the instructions very carefully.
2. Take the pre-test (the item and type of test depends on the lesson) to determine how much you know
about the lessons in the module.
3. Check your answers against the correct answers provided at the last page of the module.
4. Be very honest in taking the test so you know how much knowledge you already have about the topic.
5. Perform all activities, as these will help you have a better understanding of the topic.
6. Take the post-test (the item and type of test depends on the lesson) to assess how much you learned in this
module.

Prepared by: Mark G. Lozano, LPT Sta. Lucia Academy, Inc.

 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

THE SEARCH IS ON!

DISASTER SEARCH
Directions: Search for the words that are related to disaster. The words may be spelled vertically, horizontally, backwards, or
diagonally. Cross-out the searched word and write it on the blanks provided beside the puzzle table. Item number 1 is already
given for your reference.
O K J M A N M A D E D 1. ___LANDSLIDE_______ 10. ___________________
T H E U G A L P R K S 2. ___________________ 11. ___________________
K S I R A D H A O A X 3. ___________________ 12. ___________________
Y E U X Z T N A U U H 4. ___________________ 13. ___________________
5. ___________________ 14. ___________________
W R T N A U L V G Q A
6. ___________________ 15. ___________________
D I S E A S E S H H Z
7. ___________________ 16. ___________________
W F D F N M R T T T A
8. ___________________ 17. ___________________
P O L L U T I O N R R 9. ___________________
L S E O F L O R A A D
T Y P H O O N M O E I
R N L A N D S L I D E

LESSON 1.1: CONCEPT OF DISASTER

Disaster
- as defined by the United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), it is a serious disruption of the functioning of a
community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses which exceed the ability
of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
- A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event, usually catching residents unprepared. During Super Typhoon Yolanda, the
local government and residents of Tacloban were prepared for a typhoon, but were caught off-guard by the sudden
flood caused by the storm surge.
- A natural or manmade event wherein communities experience severe danger and incur loss of lives and properties
causing disruption to their social structure and to all or some of the affected communities’ essential functions.

Disaster impacts may include:

4. destruction of assets/
1. loss of life 2. injury 3. disease 5. damage to property

6. loss of services 7. social and economic disruption 8. environmental degradation

Prepared by: Mark G. Lozano, LPT Sta. Lucia Academy, Inc.
 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

LESSON 1.2: DISASTER RISK

FOR YOUR INFORMATION!
The 2015 World Risk Report released by the United Nations University – Institute for Environment nd Human Security
ranks Philippines third highest at risk to disasters.

Risk
- The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity
disrupted, or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and
vulnerable conditions.

Disaster Risk Factors are variables that either aggravate (magpalala) or mitigate (mapigilan) the effects of hazards, affecting the
degree or scope of a disaster.

1. Physical factors
- would pertain to tangible objects or infrastructure, like the
availability of fire exits, the sturdiness of the building, the Tumingin ka sa iyong paligid, sa loob o labas mismo
presence or absence of objects that can harm you or help ng inyong bahay, may bitak ba ang inyong sahig o
you, etc. dingding?, may nakausli bang mga pako? o may mga
ibang bagay ba na posibleng makapinsala sa’yo kung
*Tangible objects - pertain to things capable of being touched. sakaling magkaroon ng sakuna?

2. Psychological factors
- include state of mental capacity and health (e.g. are we
May mga kasama ka ba sa inyong bahay na bata,
dealing with babies? kids? adults? people with special
matanda, o may sakit o kapansanan? May abilidad ka
needs?), perception of self (e.g. self-assessment of capability
bang iresponde o iligtas sila kung sakaling
to respond to disasters, fear), etc.
magkaroon ng sakuna?
3. Socio-cultural factors
May mga paniniwala o nakagawian na kung may
- include religion, social status, traditions, perception by
kalamidad o sakunang nangyari, mas pinipili nilang
society, etc.
manatili sa kanilang mga tahanan dahil nandoon ang
kanilang kabuhayan.
4. Economic factors
- include assets and liabilities, income, economic class, etc. Naaapektuhan ang ekonomiya ng bansa sa tuwing
nagkakaroon ng mga kalamidad tulad ng bagyo,
lindol, at pagputok ng bulkan na kung saan ay
kailangan magsara o tumigil pansamantala ang ibang
mga trabaho.
5. Political factors
- include government structure, diplomatic issues, etc. Ang pagsugpo sa krimen, terorismo, droga,
korapsyon, at iba pa ay ang mga nais masolusyonan
ng gobyerno.

Pinirmahan ni Pangulong Rodrigo Duterte ang

Republic Act 11479 or Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020
noong Hulyo 3, 2020 na naglalayong masugpo ang
terorismo sa bansa.
Prepared by: Mark G. Lozano, LPT Sta. Lucia Academy, Inc.
 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

6. Biological factors Malaki ang tulong ng kalikasan sa mga tao. Pero sa kapabayaan at
- include flora (plants) and fauna (animals) in pag-abuso nating mga tao dito, ay unti-unti itong nasisira. Hindi
environment, health, diseases, etc. natin masisisi ang kalikasan kung ito ay unti-unting naniningil dahil
sa ating kapabayaan, nandyan ang bagyo, polusyon, wildfires,
flashfloods, mudslides, at iba pa na kumikitil sa buhay ng tao sa
buong mundo.

Biological factors also include pandemic diseases.

Reference: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/history-of-pandemics-deadliest/
___________________________________________________________________________

Prepared by: Mark G. Lozano, LPT Sta. Lucia Academy, Inc.

 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

LESSON 1.3: NATURE OF DISASTERS

Not all events turn into disasters that sometimes there is no need for a response. However, as an event slowly unfolds
and the extent of the damages are assessed, a disaster can then be declared which would require local, regional, or national and
international assistance, whichever is needed.
Disasters are classified either as natural or humanmade.

Natural disasters
- are related to natural processes That occur on Earth with or without warning. There are, however, some natural disasters
can be monitored, such as typhoons or volcanic eruptions, which could be vital in providing enough information for
evacuation or implementation of disaster response measures.

Humanmade disasters
- often occur once the precursor sets in. For example, visible cracks on bridges can be repaired or retrofitted, without
which, the structure will weaken due to exposure to elements and ordinary wear-and-tear, which could lead to a disaster.
- However, majority of humanmade disasters often occur without warning: hazardous materials could leak from a
chemical tanker after a road accident or by the deliberate acts of terrorism.
- Pandemics, although not entirely human-induced, may be the result of human interaction with livestock – such as in the
case of avian flu – or by living in densely-populated places where tuberculosis could rapidly spread.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DISASTERS
Geologic Hydrometeorological Anthropogenic Biological
Earthquake Typhoons Hazardous materials Insect infestation
Volcanic eruptions Tornadoes Acid rain Epidemic
Tsunami Drought Global warming Wildfires
Landslides Thunderstorms
Floods Storm surge
Subsidence

*Anthropogenic – of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings to nature (Merriam Webster)
*Subsidence – the gradual caving in or sinking of an area of land (Oxford Languages)

LESSON 1.4: EFFECTS OF DISASTERS

Hazards of any type can have primary, secondary, or tertiary effects.
a. Primary Effects
- are those coming directly from the incident itself
Examples:
- water damage due to floods
- collapsed structures due to earthquakes

b. Secondary Effects
- Stems from the primary effects
Examples:
- An earthquake can have collapsed structures as a primary effect but fires can break out, electrical lines, and water pipes
can be damaged as well.
- Flooding of low lands after landslide towards a river or a body of water.

c. Tertiary Effects
Prepared by: Mark G. Lozano, LPT Sta. Lucia Academy, Inc.
 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
- a long-term effect of a hazard
Examples:
- The permanent relocation of a community due to an earthquake.
- Reshaping of a river channel after an earthquake.

The effects of disasters can also be classified into four groups: people, homes, infrastructure, and economy. The chart below
visualizes the global impact of disasters for a 12-year period.
ANSWER KEY for the SEARCH IS ON
O K J M A N M A D E D
T H E U G A L P R K S
K S I R A D H A O A X
Y E U X Z T N A U U H
W R T N A U L V G Q A
D I S E A S E S H H Z
W F D F N M R T T T A
P O L L U T I O N R R
L S E O F L O R A A D
T Y P H O O N M O E I
R N L A N D S L I D E
Reference:
Parena Jr., Juliano S. Exploring Life through Science – Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc. 2016.

Name: _____________________________________________________________ Section:_____________________________________Score:_________

ACTIVITY 1: Make a poster-slogan as a form of tribute to the frontliners. Use the box provided below ONLY. Your output will be
graded according to the following criteria below:
Content - 15pts., Relevance – 10pts., and Aesthetic Appearance – 5 pts.
A Tribute to the Frontliners

Prepared by: Mark G. Lozano, LPT Sta. Lucia Academy, Inc.

 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

Note: To be submitted to the teacher for checking and recording.

Name:__________________________________________________________Section:_________________________________________Score:__________

A. Classification: Classify the following according to disaster risk factors. Write PHY physical, PSY for
psychological, SOC for socio-cultural, ECO for economic, POL for political, and BIO for biological. Write
your answer on the space provided before each item.
________1. pollution ________6. First aid kits
________2. availability of fire extinguishers ________7. temporary loss of job
________3. dengue ________8. war on drugs
________4. World War II ________9. measles outbreak
________5. seeking help from a faith healer ________10. contractualization

B. Classification of Disasters: Write G for geological, H for hydrometeorological, A for anthropogenic, and B for
biological. Write your answer on the space provided before each item.
________1. sinkhole ________6. leakage of toxic materials
________2. Swine flu ________7. plague
________3. oil spill ________8. grass fire
________4. lightning ________9. magma flow
________5. mudslides ________10. El Niño

C. Essay: Answer the question below substantially. Write your answer in not less than 3 sentences on the space
provided.
Prepared by: Mark G. Lozano, LPT Sta. Lucia Academy, Inc.
 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
Question: What are the precautionary measures applied by your family and barangay officials to prevent the spread
of the CoronaVirus Disease-19 (CoVid-19)?
a. Your Family

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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________.
b. Your Barangay Officials

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Note: To be submitted to the teacher for checking and recording.

Name: ____________________________________________________________ Section:_______________________________________Score_________

Reflection #1
Write the things you have experienced and the challenges you have faced during this lesson, how did you
endure those, and the lessons you have learned aside from disaster. Write your answers legibly. Your reflection
should not be less than 5 sentences. Write your reflection on the space provided below.

Rubrics: The rubrics below will be your guide in crafting your reflection. Your outputs will be graded according to this
rubric.
10 7 4 1
The content is The content is not
comprehensive and The content is clear comprehensive. The content is
Content and accurate. Major points and major points of Though major points incomplete. The major
Development of each text are stated each text are stated of each texts are points are not clear
clearly and well with specific examples. present, they are not and supported.
supported. well supported.
Information and ideas Information and ideas Information and ideas Information and ideas
Organization and
are presented in a are presented mostly presented are not easy are not sequenced
Structure
logical sequence and clear and easy to to follow and the properly and

Prepared by: Mark G. Lozano, LPT Sta. Lucia Academy, Inc.

 DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
maintains the flow of follow and transitions transitions need
transitions are poor.
thought. are present. improvement.
Grammatical rules, The texts complies The texts’ grammatical The texts’ grammatical
punctuations, correct with the grammatical rules, punctuations, rules, punctuations,
Mechanics spellings, and rules, punctuations, correct spellings, and correct spellings, and
vocabulary were correct spelling, and vocabulary could be vocabulary are poorly
proficiently applied. vocabulary. improved. applied.

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Note: To be submitted to the teacher for checking and recording.

Prepared by: Mark G. Lozano, LPT Sta. Lucia Academy, Inc.