TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Pages
1, Techniques of population data collection and how do these
techniques/methods differ from each other……………………………………………………
2-3
2, Components of Population change (population dynamism) ………………………. 3-4
3, Type of Settlement and Their basic differences…………………………………….….. 5-
6
4, The Level of Urbanization in Ethiopia and It’s Reasons……………………………….
6-7
5, The Roles of Mining Sector in the Ethiopian Economy
and the Major Constraints of the
Sector……………………………………………………………. 7-8
6, Ethiopian Agriculture and It’s Basic and General Characteristics………………… . 8-
10
7, Types and Characteristics of Manufacturing in Ethiopia……………………………….
10-11
8, The Contributions and Challenges of Transport to the Ethiopian
Economy……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………. 11

Reference…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………. 12

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1, Techniques of population data collection and how do these
techniques/methods differ from each other.
There are three conventional sources of obtaining population data namely census, sample
survey and vital registration.

A. Census
census could be defined as the total process of collecting, compiling and publishing
Demographic, economic and social data pertaining at a specified time (s) to all persons
in a Defined territory. Its major characteristics include:
 Universality: inclusion of all persons in a given area during the count,
 Periodicity: census undertaking at regular time intervals with reference to a
defined Point of time usually 10 years and 5 years,
 Simultaneity: undertaking census in a very limited time duration called the
census Day/night,
 Government sponsorship being an expensive endeavour, and publication
There are two procedures for collecting census data: dejure and defacto approaches
I, Dejure approach: it involves counting people according to their usual place of Residence
(where he/she lives most of the time). This system gives a picture of the Total permanent
population of an area thereby making it suitable for planning and Administrative purposes.
II, Defacto approach: Under this approach each individual is recorded at the place Where
he/she was found at the time of the census. The defacto enumeration may give Enlarged
totals to holiday resorts.

B, Sample Survey

This is a method in which a defined population/sample/ is selected with the view that
Information acquired would represent the entire population. This method is advantageous
Over census as costs can be greatly reduced; and it is simple to administer and taken much
Faster. Sampling may also be used with censuses in order to obtain more detailed
Information to supplement census data. However, sample surveys have the inherent
Weaknesses related to sampling errors and inadequate coverage thereby demanding caution
In their undertaking.
Data from most censuses and sample surveys include geographic location, age, sex, marital
Status, citizenship, and place of birth, relationship to the head of household, religion,
Educational characteristics, occupation, fertility, income, language, ethnic characteristics,
Disabilities and migration.

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C . Vital Registration
Vital registration is a system of continuous, permanent, compulsory and legal recording of
The occurrence and the characteristics of vital events like births, deaths, marriages, divorces,
And adoptions. Vital registration data tend to be more precise than that of census/sample
Survey and the system provides time series data. Despite the enormous usefulness of
population information, it could be noted that population Data could suffer from inaccuracy
resulting from: poor and inadequately financed methods Of collection; poorly trained
enumerator; suspicion and ignorance of censuses and false Statements specially of age and
income; constant changes in administrations;
omission of More inaccessible areas; as well as wide difference in connotation of terms like
language, Ethnicity, and occupation. The errors are likely to be introduced at the stage of data
Collection, data processing, analyses and the writing up of the report. As such, the errors
Need to be detected and all the necessary adjustments made to enhance their usefulness.

2, Components of Population change (population dynamism) :

The population of any particular region (country) grows/declines as a result of the combined
Effect of the three demographic variables: fertility, mortality and migration.

1 , Fertility: fertility is the occurrence of new born ( births) in a population or Fertility

refers to the number of people born in a given population.
I, Crude Birth Rate refers to the number of live births per 1000 population
II, General Fertility Rate refers to the total number of live births per women of Reproductive
age
III, Total Fertility Rate (T.F.R.) refers to the average number of children that a woman Would
have at the end of her reproductive period if the current age specific fertility rate Remains
unchanged.

2, Mortality: is refers to the occurrence of death in a given population. It is the number of

deaths In a population. It includes
I, Crude Death Rate refers to the number of deaths per one thousand population in a year
II, Infant Mortality rate refers to the total number of deaths of infants per one thousand

live Birth.

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III, Maternal Mortality Rate: refers to death of mothers in connection from pregnancy andBirth
complications per hundred thousand live birth

IV, Life Expectancy at birth: refers to the average number of years that a newly born baby is

expected to live. It is used as a summary measure of the mortality experience of the whole

population.

3, Migration: Migration is an old and inevitable phenomenon, although human mobility has
accelerated these days as a result of economic and technological progress especially in the
fields of communication and transportation. It is considered as a form of geographic mobility
involving a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence between clearly defined
geographic units.
An assessment of human mobility is pivotal for its diverse effects. Some of the multifaceted
Implications of migration are indicated hereunder:
 Migration yields an increased level of urbanization;
 It enhances rural-urban linkages in creating an integrated economy
 It influences spatial population distribution
 Migration negatively influences human fertility and mortality patterns and levels; and
Affects age and sex composition of the population.
 It is a means of achieving economic efficiency.
 It can also be a cause and consequence of inequality and unequal development
 It is regarded as a cause and consequence of diversity; and a mechanism of spreading
Cultures
 It is a necessary condition for the creation and strengthening of a sense of nationhood
and National unity
 It creates a creative and open society to new ideas than a homogenous group of
people.

 Types of Migration
There are two broad categories of migration. These are immigration and emigration.
Immigration means the migrants who move into a new place by leaving their place of origin
and Emigration means migrants who move out of a place to another place. This can also be
called as the outgoing of people from one place to another due to the operation of the push
factors.

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3, Type of Settlement and Their basic differences
 Settlement and their types
Settlements are places that are inhabited by people more or less on a permanent basis, as
distinct for example from camps, and where people carry out a variety of activities such as
Agriculture, manufacturing and commerce. Different settlement types develop mainly in
Response to some physical and human factors. Settlements are divided into two, namely,
rural and urban on the bases of the dominant Economic activity, population densities and
availability of socioeconomic and infrastructural Facilities. Towns or urban centers have non-
agricultural activities as dominant, while rural Areas are almost totally agricultural.
Population densities are generally very high in urban Area compared to densities in rural
areas.

1, Urban Settlement: unlike rural settlements, urban settlements are generally compact
and larger in size. They are engaged in a variety of non agricultural, economic and
administrative functions. As mentioned earlier, cities are functionally linked to rural areas
around them. Thus, exchange of goods and services is performed sometimes directly and
sometimes through a series of market towns and cities. Thus, cities are connected directly as
well as indirectly with the villages and also with each other.

2, Rural Settlement: the vast majority of the Ethiopian population still lives in rural
settlements consisting of Hamlets and villages. Rural settlements can be temporary or
permanent depending on Whether there is frequent change in the site of the settlements
I, Temporary / Mobile Settlements
The lowlands in most parts of the Rift Valley and peripheral areas, being generally hot and Dry,
are characterized by pastoral herding and mobile settlements. The settlements are Mobile
because pastoralists have always been searching for new sites for water and pasture For their
livestock.
The major problem often mentioned about mobile settlements is that of providing social
Services like clean water, schools, hospitals, electricity etc to the people. These fixed Physical
infrastructures and services cannot move from place to place like the pastoralists, And to
benefit from such services people have to be in permanent settlements. However, it Must also
be noted that settling pastoralists is not something that can be done in a year or Two since it
involves change of livelihoodstrategies, attitudes and value systems. So, it has To be considered
as a serious development task that could involve the pastoralist community And governmental
and non-governmental stakeholders; and perhaps it could last for Generations.
II, Permanent Settlements

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Settlements are considered as permanent if there are no frequent changes in their locations.
Most Ethiopian rural highland settlements where crop cultivation is practiced are permanent.
Permanent settlements are of two types. One of them is scattered (also called diffused or
Dispersed), while the other one is known as grouped/ clustered or nucleated. In areas of
Dispersed settlements homesteads are separated by relatively long distances which could be
Associated with individual land tenure and desire of people to live near to their farm Holdings.
Grouped settlements, on the other hand, are characterized by concentration of Large number
of homesteads and households at one place as for example for reasons of Defense, to provide
threshold population to support basic social services as the case of Villagization Program.

 Major difference
Urban vs Rural Based on the density of population, development, amenities, employment
opportunities, education, etc. human settlement is majorly divided into two categories i.e.
Urban and Rural. Urban refers to a human settlement where the rate of urbanisation and
industrialisation is high. On the other hand, in a rural settlement, is one where the rate of
urbanisation is quite slow.
Another important difference between the two human settlements is that while urban areas
are highly populated, rural areas have comparatively less population than the urban ones.

COMPARISON URBAN RURAL

Includes. Cities and towns Villages and hamlet
Life. Fast and complicated Simple and relaxed
Environment Greater isolation from nature. Direct contact with nature.
Work Non-agricultural Agriculture and livestock.
Population size. Densely populated Sparsely populated
Settlement planned not planned
Social mobility Highly intensive Less intensive
Division of labor present at the time of job allotment. No such division
Table 3.1 difference of urban and rural settlement

4, The Level of Urbanization in Ethiopia and It’s Reasons

For the past several decades, the country has experienced a very low level of urban
development, Despite its high rate of urbanization. Ethiopia is a least urbanized country even by
African Standards. In the words of some writers, Ethiopia is regarded as a „vast urban desert‟.
The Country’s low level of urbanization can be attributed to:
 The self-sufficiency of agriculture which reinforced rural peasant life;
 Low level of industrialization, low level structural transformation and economic
Development
 The morphology of the country that hindered transportation and communication

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  The continual warfare for centuries between kingdoms in to which the country
is divided; And the frequent changes of the royal residence
 Lack of employment, and housing shortage in urban areas that discourage in
migration;
 Political instability, ethnic conflict and social unrest during the late 1970s and
1980s;

5, The Roles of Mining Sector in the Ethiopian Economy and

the Major Constraints of the Sector
 Roles of mining sector in the Ethiopian economy
Mining involves the search for minerals from the crust of the earth. Minerals are
naturally
Occurring organic and inorganic substances. They form important part of natural
resources.
Mining is important to the economy of Ethiopia. Currently, mining contributes to only
1.5 % of
GDP (USD 32 billion).

 Economic benefits
✓ Generates revenue from sales, taxes, royalty: The federal government has
been Collecting royalty of about 48.5 million birr (4.4 million USD) from the
large-scale Production of gold every year for the last three years. The regional
administrations also Collect royalty from the small scale and artisanal production
of precious minerals, Industrial and construction materials.
✓ Generates foreign currency earnings: The amount of foreign currency earning
is about 135 million dollars every year for the last couple of years from the sales
of export of Minerals such as gold, tantalite concentrate platinum, decorative
dimension stones and Gemstones. This export earning contributes up to 7-10 %
of the total export foreign Currency earnings of the country.
✓ Employment opportunity: The contribution of mining to employment in
Ethiopia is Today small (a few thousand), as the sector is small and mining is not
a labour-intensive Industry. Artisanal mining on the other hand is likely to involve
several hundred thousand Workers.

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  Major constraints

It is inevitable that extraction of minerals from the earth leads to disturb the
environment. When disturbing the environment there must be careful and systemic
protection of the whole system of environment that assures sustainable use of the
current resource and or ecosystem and that bring about either less or almost none
destruction or pollution of the environment. The mining legislation of Ethiopia, which
came in to effect in 1993 has provision that requires as compulsory criteria to study,
submit and get approval of Environmental Impact Assessment from the respective
Authority in order to develop large scale mining project. The common environmental
issues in Ethiopia to be considered in development of the medium to large scale
mining projects are the surface and ground water system, the physical land
management (soil, rock stability, deforestation grass land, farm land, etc), spillage of
strange chemicals/metals, air, noise, dust, aesthetic values of the area, cultural and
tourist heritages, the communities as well as all other lives surround the mine
proximity. In principle the licensees shall ensure the financial mobilization of the
environmental Management and mine closure plan. Therefore, sinking fund is
required to be pledged while the Mining activity is going on and management plan
shall be implemented throughout the life of the Mine.

6, Ethiopian Agriculture and It’s Basic and General Characteristics

 Ethiopian Agriculture
. The great majority of the Ethiopian population resides in rural areas engaged in some form of
Agricultural activity. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy and therefore this
Particular sector determines the growth of all the other sectors and, consequently, the whole National
economy. Despite a long history of agricultural practices in Ethiopian, the sector is still Very backward.
Farming methods and techniques have hardly changed in the last 2000 years. The sector is dominated
by small-scale farmers that practice rain-fed mixed farming by Employing traditional technology,
adopting a low input and low output production system. It is also in this sector that the over
whelming majority of the poor reside. The Ethiopian economy is an agrarian economy. Agriculture is
the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate.

 Agriculture accounts for most of (30- 42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP of the
country.
 Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange
earnings of the country.
 Agriculture provides raw materials for the processing industries
 More than 80 percent of the Ethiopian population derives its livelihood directly from
agriculture.

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  Agriculture Systems in Ethiopia
The farmers have developed complex farming systems and cropping patterns in
response to the diversified physical environment (both climate and soil).Based on the
dominant corps cultivated or animals reared and the main implements used in
cultivation, There are five major farming systems as presented below :
1. Highland mixed farming system: the highland areas of over 1500 m.a.s.l are
characterized by “dega‟ And “woina dega‟ agro- ecological zones. The major
characteristic feature of the farming activity is the Integration of crop and
livestock production.
2. Lowland mixed agriculture: lowland agriculture is practiced in the mountain
foothills and the lower valleys below 1500m.a.s.1. The region is characterized
by hot and dry conditions (450-800mm of rainfall) and shallow soils with poor
water retention. Lowland agriculture is common in the Rift Valley and
Northern areas of Awash River.

3. Pastoral complex: This type of agriculture is practiced in the arid and

semiarid lowlands of Ethiopia Where average annual rainfall is less than
500mm by nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples of Afar, Somali And Borena
zone of Oromia and lowlands of the Southern Region of southern Omo and
Lake Turkana Area. Almost all the camels, about ¾ of the goats, ¼ of the sheep
and about 20% of the cattle are raised by Pastoral communities. About 90% of
the live animals exported come from pastoral areas.
4. Shifting cultivation: In Ethiopia shifting cultivation is practiced by
some ethnic groups living in Western and south western fringes of the
Ethiopian highlands and lowlands or Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambella and
Southern Regions where population density is low and livestock rearing
is limited in some Areas due to tsetsefly infestation (trypanosomiasis).

5, Commercial agriculture: Commercial agriculture is a modern farming

practice involving the production of crops or animal products for market by
using some degree of mechanization and hired laborers. Mechanized farms
were concentrated in the Awash valley, Arsi, southern Shoa, and
HumeraMetema by the time many of which were nationalized (1975) and
converted into state farms. New coffee and tea farms were also created during
the Dergue.
Currently, the economic reform permitted the participation of the private
sector in large scale commercial farming.
 Characteristics of Ethiopian Agriculture
I. Subsistence Orientation: In Ethiopia peasants produce mainly for their own
household consumption and only a limited proportion is meant for the market.

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 II. Fragmentation of farm plots and Small size of Holdings: The vast majority of the
Farming households possess less than one hectare of land, with the average land
holding Dropping to 0.28 ha/household nowadays.
III. Low Use of Inputs: Ethiopian agriculture is characterized by low use of natural and
Chemical fertilizers.
IV. Susceptibility to Disasters: Agriculture in Ethiopia is highly vulnerable to natural
Disasters such as drought. The natural disasters have usually resulted in famines.
V. Limited practice of irrigation and dependence on rain fed agriculture: Although
Ethiopia Has vast area of irrigable land, the proportion of cultivated land is so
small due to Physical and human constraints.
VI. Over 98% of the Ethiopian farmers rely on rain-fed agriculture.

7, Types and Characteristics of Manufacturing in Ethiopia

 Types of Manufacturing Industries
It is possible to identify two types of industries in Ethiopia. These are the traditional or cottage

Industries and the modern manufacturing industries.

1, The Cottage (traditional)industries : industries have a long-standing place in Ethiopian history.

Though the time of their Inception is not clearly known, various kinds of weaving, woodcarving,
pottery, metal works, Basketry etc. are known for a long time.

 Characteristics:

A peculiar feature of the cottage industries in Ethiopia is that they remain static; i.e., they Existed with
little changes and refinement throughout their long period of existence. The major Factor for this
phenomenon is the negative traditional attitudes towards such activities, which Prevailed among
various Ethiopian communities. The activities were considered of low social Cast activities. People
engaged in such activities were despised and were given various Pejoratives such as “buda” “faki” etc.
The people were not encouraged to refine their products.

This is probably the most important factor in retarding the pace of development of the cottage
Industries. Other than the aforementioned factor other factors include the limited availability of the
factors Of industrialization such as minerals, market, agricultural raw materials and sources of power,
Which are the basis for industrial development.

2, Manufacturing Industries: The development of manufacturing activities is measure of the

development stage of countries.

 Major features: In Ethiopia manufacturing industries are at a low level of development.

Most of the Manufacturing industries are light industries i.e. industries that process consumer
goods like Textiles, food, tobacco etc. Heavy industries that manufacture capital goods are
very small. Industrial development in Ethiopia is extremely backward. The contribution of the
industrial Sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is only 11.7 percent over the recent
period. The existing industrial establishments in Ethiopia are few in number and most of them

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 lack Capital and have low productive and job creation capacity. Besides, most of the industries
rely on Agriculture raw material for production.

8, The Contributions and Challenges of Transport to the Ethiopian Economy.

I, contributions
The contribution of transportation to a country‟s development is high. Its share of contribution To the
GDP of a country is incontrovertible, though the nature and extent of the contribution Varies from
country to country. Transportation plays important economic, social and political Roles some of which
are indicated hereunder:

 It creates job opportunity

 It promotes investment sector – on infrastructure development.
 Transportation plays a big role for both national and international developmenIt
serves as a source of income generation both for governments and the public;
 It contributes to the maintaining a country‟s peace, political wellbeing and stability;
 Plays the role of linking rural areas and rural products to urban centers and helps in
Increasing and interconnecting market outlets;
 Makes big contribution to the development of tourism, entertainment, sports and
peaceful Relationship among people.

II, Challenges
The rugged terrain in Ethiopia makes road construction difficult and expensive. If we
compare The length of roads to the total area of the country, we observe that it serves
a small area. road serves an area of about 66 km2. If we generously assume a
distance 10 kms on either side of a road as being accessible only about 370, 000, km2
area or 30 percent of the country is accessible. In many cases roads assume the
purpose of connecting nodes or places forgetting the people and the economy in the
hinterland or in between the nods. Although the road network has shown an
increasing trend, the progress so far is still far below the need compared to the large
land area and population of the country. Network distribution per thousand sq. km
and per million people is only 115.2 km and 1.3 km, respectively. This makes the
country one of the least accessible in Sub-Sahara Africa.

Ethiopia being a landlocked country does not have direct access to sea or water ways, The problem
with air transportation is that they are expensive and cannot be used for Transporting bulky products
Although the expansion of the transport sector is of tremendous economic, social and political
Benefit, there are nevertheless some negative aspects to it. The fact that its energy consumption is
High, that it is foremost among the factors that contribute to environmental pollution, that it has
been classified among the world’s killer diseases with regard to traffic accidents, and that it Has
become a source of anxiety in terms of congestion constitute the negative side of the Transport
sector.

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 REFERENCE

1, Geography of Ethiopia and the horn (gees1011) module

2, WWW.THEHAIDER.COM
3, WWW.COURSEHERO.COM

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