Physical

Science 11
Physical Science – Grade 11
Quarter 4 – Module 12: Hertz: Radio Waves
First Edition, 2020

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 Physical
Science 11
Quarter 4
Self-Learning Module 12
Hertz: Radio Waves
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Physical Science Grade 11 Self-Learning Module 12 on Hertz:

Radio Waves

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed

by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-in-
Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin, in
partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma.
Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using
the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in developing this instructional
resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body
of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:

Welcome to the Physical Science Self-Learning Module 12 on Hertz: Radio Waves

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills that

you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson at

hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts and

skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and application

of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This part measures how much you have learned from
the entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe how Hertz produced radio pulses;
2. recall the electromagnetic waves;
3. understand how radio wave works.

PRETEST
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. A changing electric field, according to Maxwell's theory, produces a____________.

a. changing magnetic field c. changing electric field
b. constant electric field d. constant magnetic field

2. What event in Hertz' experiment that led him to believe EM waves were being
transmitted?

a. production of spark c. production of light

b. production of sound d. production of wave
3. Hertz is a unit given to the number of cycles created or completed in a unit of time
known as _____.
a. speed c. wavelength
b. amplitude d. frequency
4. What quantities were necessary to solve for the speed of the wave?
a. wavelength and frequency c. frequency and period
b. amplitude and wavelength d. speed and wavelength

5. which of the following is not a radio wave application?

a. cellular telephony
b. air traffic control
c. television
d. electric fan
 RECAP
Direction: Complete the sentence by arranging the jumbled letters.
1. alho, also known as ice bow or nimbus, is a light phenomenon that occurs when
light shines through ice crystal clouds.
2. Light is a kind of energy called croteelcgmaetni radiation.
3. The evnocx side of a mirror is the side that bulges outward.
4. ermagei is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays bend
through refraction to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky.
5. A nus ogd, also known as a mock sun or phantom sun, is an atmospheric
phenomenon that produces bright spots of light in the sky.

LESSON
The History of Radio Waves

Radio wave technology has changed the view in ways that the world’s first
pioneers could never have expected. But where did someone first get the idea that radio
waves existed and could be used for wireless communication? It is an exciting tale that
is still unfolding. Let us go back to the beginning to understand how this technology
has evolved.

The History of Radio Wave Technology: Early Discoveries

Electricity and magnetism research dates from 1700s, but before James Clerk
Maxwell published his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in 1873, no one was able
to piece together the complete picture of how electromagnetism worked. It was the first
time a firm, statistical argument for the presence of electromagnetic wave was
presented.

Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist, proved Maxwell's theories by experiments

a few years later. Hertz, on the other hand, never realized the full extent of his
observations. His fascination with the subject was solely academic. In the late 1880s,
Hertz demonstrated the presence of radio waves. He made a receiver out of two rods
and a transmitting antenna out of a spark gap. A flame would hop where the waves
were picked up. In his experiments, Hertz demonstrated that these signals had many
of the properties of electromagnetic waves.

Hertz solved two problems with this oscillator.

The first step is to time Maxwell's waves. He had shown in practice what Maxwell had
only theorized - that the velocity of radio waves was the same as the velocity of light!
(This established the fact that radio waves are a form of light!)

Second, Hertz discovered how to detach electric and magnetic fields from wires and let
them flow freely as Maxwell's wave.
The First Transmission of Radio Waves by Hertz

He began producing them using an induction coil,

a piece of electrical equipment. (An induction coil powers
a car's spark plugs.) Low voltage dc electricity from a
car's battery is converted to high voltage ac electricity by
the induction coil. This electricity creates a spark as it
passes through a tiny air gap at regular intervals – you
have a spark plug.)

To generate high voltage ac electricity, producing

a series of sparks at regular intervals at the main spark-
gap. When sparks flew across the main gap, Hertz
discovered that they also flew across the secondary
gap, which is between points A and B in the image; Figure 1. see a diagram of an induction
Hertz called these side-sparks. coil connected to a spark-gap.

On the side-circuit, he moved link point C around. The only way he could prevent
side-sparks was to set up the apparatus so that wire CA was the same length as wire
CB.

Given the ac nature of the electricity, Hertz assumed that voltage waves were
running through the wire in different directions along paths CA and CB. The same
voltage must enter points A and B at the same time if the distances CA and CB are
equal. Because the electrical waves in CA and CB were said to be in phase, no sparks
could be generated. Sparks could only be created if the voltage difference between
points A and B was very high.

More experiments by Hertz showed that the sparking at the main gap generated
beautifully normal electrical waves with predictable action.

He imagined electric charge waves flowing back and forth inside the cable, forming a
standing wave. In other words, he thought the circuit was vibrating at its normal,
resonant frequency like a tuning fork. He believed he had produced a circuit that was
now in resonance. Of instance, the vibrations in Hertz's circuit were not sound
vibrations, but electric charge vibrations. It is worth saying that electromagnetic waves
are created without the need for resonance; they are created if electric charges are
accelerated.
 The significance of resonance is that if a receiver and a transmitter have the same
resonant frequency, the incoming electromagnetic waves have a much greater effect on
the receiver. This is related to when an opera singer breaks a champagne glass because
the resonant frequency matches the note she is singing. Hertz studied inductance and
capacitance in the circuit after discovering that the frequency of electrical vibrations
and therefore resonance is determined by these electrical properties.

He discovered that the wires were undergoing a process known as self-

induction. As a result, he was able to determine that the electric vibrations had an
extremely high frequency.

Hertz chose to break the hard-wired connection between the main spark circuit
and the side-spark circuit, as seen in the illustration.

He also set the main circuit's capacitance and inductance

to a resonant frequency of 100 million times per second.
This vibration frequency will be written as 100 MHz today.
(Of course, the frequency unit is the hertz (Hz), which was
named after Heinrich Hertz.)

The main circuit will then emit electromagnetic waves

with a wavelength of about a meter, according to
Maxwell's theory.
Figure 3. breaking away spark gap

Radio Waves: Making and Detecting

Hertz designed his spark-gap transmitter, which he hoped would transmit

electromagnetic waves, in November 1886.

He made his receiver out of a rectangular length of copper wire measuring 120
cm by 80 cm in size. There was a spark gap in the wire. Hertz generated sparks by
applying high voltage a.c. electricity through the transmitter's central spark-gap. Inside
the copper wires leading out to the zinc spheres, the sparks triggered violent bursts of
electric current. The oscillating electric charges emitted electromagnetic waves – radio
waves – that spread out at the speed of light through the air around the wire, just as
Maxwell predicted.

Hertz's copper wire receiver detected the waves even though he was 1.5 meters
away from the transmitter – sparks jumped into its spark gap. These sparks were
triggered by the arrival of electromagnetic waves from the transmitter, which caused
violent electrical vibrations in the receiver.
 This was a triumph of experimentation. Hertz was the first person to create and
detect radio waves. Surprisingly, he did not appreciate the historic functional
significance of his discovery.
“I do not think that the wireless waves I have discovered will have any practical
application.” - HEINRICH HERTZ 1890
Hertz's waves will soon change the world. Guglielmo Marconi received a patent
for wireless communications in 1896. By 1901, he had made a wireless transmission
from Britain to Canada through the Atlantic Ocean. People with a creative mind were
making their own spark transmitters at home by the early 1900s. Instructions for
building a transmitter appeared in a craft book for boys in 1917, and even children got
in on the act.
Sparks will then be ignored.
Most radio transmitters used vacuum
tubes rather than sparks to produce radio
waves by the late 1920s. The vacuum tubes
were eventually phased out in favor of
transistors.
In the field of radio technology,
scientists and engineers have kept innovating
at a rapid pace. Hertz's discovery has become
an essential part of modern life. like radio,
television, satellite communications, mobile
phones, radar, among many other inventions
and devices. Figure 5. hertz experiment set up.

The Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Radio wave is a type of electromagnetic wave that has lower frequencies than
microwaves. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic
spectrum. wavelengths ranging from thousands of meters to 30 centimeters. These
correspond to frequencies ranging from 3 Hz to 1 gigahertz (109 Hz). Radio-wave
communications signals fly in a straight line through air, reflect off clouds or ionosphere
layers, or are relayed by satellites in space. Broadcast radio and television, shortwave
radio, navigation and air traffic control, wireless telephony, and even remote-controlled
toys all use them.
In simple terms, a radio wave is a carrier wave that transmits data from one
point (the transmitter) to another (the receiver). The wave, unlike sound waves, is an
electro-magnetic wave with a self-propagating electro-magnetic effect, which means it
is a pulsing stream of energy that can pass across mediums that other waves cannot,
such as a vacuum.
Hertz conducted another experiment in which he directed the radiation into a
large metal sheet to measure the intensity of the EM waves. He was able to measure the
distance between nodes using a standing wave, which acted as the EM wave's
wavelength (λ), while the frequency (f) was measured using the oscillator's frequency.
Hertz was able to derive the s from these two numbers.
 The speed of the EM wave was
the same as the speed of light,
demonstrating Maxwell's theory. In
honor of him, the frequency of a
wave, which is the number of cycles
generated in a unit of time, was
called hertz.

Figure 6. Electromagnetic radiation.

ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY 1

Exploring Radio Waves

Directions: Complete the box below.

a. Arrange the following in order by frequency 1 is the highest.

Note: use worksheet for clear copy.
If there is an identical frequency place them in a same number

b. Choose three images from the gallery and explain why they are important to
our society or to you as a student.
a. writes here the name of the radio
technologies.

b. used this table as a guide.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

B.
 Activity 2
How it works!

Directions: Make an illustration about hertz experiment and explain how it works.
a. Here the list of videos that you can use as references.
1."Heinrich Hertz radio waves experiment - The discovery of radio waves."
https://youtu.be/RREbbMyehZM.
2. 7 Hertz Experiment Demo https://youtu.be/qcRNG4KG6IA
3. Hertz experiment || High voltage experiments || Best school
project https://youtu.be/oJUF0etFTfQ

b.

Activity 3

Wireless Communication

1. What is wireless communication?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. What did the following people contribute to the development of wireless

communication technology?
• Hans Christian Ørsted
• Michael Faraday
• James Clerk Maxwell
• Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
• Guglielmo Marconi
• Reginald Fessenden
3. List at least five wireless communication devices that you have used within the past
month.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
 WRAP-UP

• According to Maxwell's theory, electromagnetic waves are produced by oscillating

electric and magnetic fields and travel at the speed of light.
• Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was the first scientist to demonstrate Maxwell's theory by
performing the first radio wave transmission and reception experiment.
• Hertz' experiment demonstrated that electromagnetic waves move at the speed of
light and are produced by changing electric fields.
• Hertz was able to establish that the signal had a wave pattern and determine its
wavelength by measuring side sparks that formed around the primary spark and
varying the location of the detector. The strength of the invisible waves was then
discovered using a spinning mirror, allowing him to measure their velocity. The
waves were traveling at the speed of light, which was incredible.

VALUING
Radio waves have become an important part of our culture making our life
simpler and keeping us connected to one another whether to the increasingly connected
world wide web ,through social networking or directly through a mobile phone call.

You can listen to your favorite music by tuning a radio to a particular wavelength
(or frequency). The radio "receives" these electromagnetic radio waves and transforms
them to mechanical vibrations in the speaker, resulting in the sound waves you hear.

Hertz's discovery has become an essential part of modern life. like radio,
television, satellite communications, mobile phones, radar, among many other
inventions and devices.

What do you think would have happened to our communication system if Hertz's
experiment had not been successful?
 POSTTEST

Direction: Write TRUE if the statement given is correct. If the statement given is false
change the underlined word to make the statement correct.

_____________ 1. A radio wave is electromagnetic.

_____________ 2. Radio waves have the greatest energy of all electromagnetic waves.
_____________ 3. Radio waves have the shortest wavelengths.
_____________ 4. Radio waves have the highest frequencies in electromagnetic
radiation.
_____________ 5. Hertz discovered how to detach electric and magnetic fields.
_____________ 6. frequency was measured using the oscillator's frequency.
_____________ 7. The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the derived unit of frequency in the
International System of Units (SI) and is defined as one cycle per second.
_____________ 8. Heinrich Hertz published his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism.
_____________ 9. Guglielmo Marconi discover the wireless communication.
_____________10. Sparks could only be created if the voltage difference between points
A and B was very high.

KEY TO CORRECTION
answers.
depending on their
answers may vary

Activity 2-3

toy car
11. Remote control
10. Fm broadcast
9. Aircraft control
10. True carlocks
8. Remote keyless
9. True 7. Walkie talkies
maxwell 6. Tv broadcast
8. James clerk navigation
5. Gps satellite 5. Sun dog
7. True 4. Am broadcast. 4. Mirage
6. True 3. Microwave ovens Convex
5. True Quadrover drones 2. Electromagnetic 3.
Bluetooth devices 1. halo
4. Lowest
2. Wifi routers
3. Longest Cellular phones RECAP
2. Least 1. Cordless phones
5. D
1. True a. 4. A.
3. D.
Post test 2. A
For Activity 1
1. A
Activities Pretest
References
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Radio wave". Encyclopedia Britannica, 9 Apr. 2020,
https://www.britannica.com/science/radio-wave. Accessed 15 April 2021. n.d.

Doc, The. 2016. "How Heinrich Hertz Discovered Radio Waves." famous scientist
https://www.famousscientists.org/how-hertz-discovered-radio-
waves/#:~:text=Hertz%20applied%20high%20voltage%20a.c.,of%20the%20transmitter%2C%20
creating%20sparks.&text=As%20Maxwell%20had%20predicted%2C%20the,the%20air%20aroun
d%20the%20wire.

n.d. "Heinrich Hertz radio waves experiment - The discovery of radio waves."
https://youtu.be/RREbbMyehZM.

Lucas, Jim. 2015. "What Is Electromagnetic Radiation?" live science

https://www.livescience.com/38169-electromagnetism.html.