SSS ONE Lesson Note

SUBJECT: COMPUTER STUDIES
CLASS: SSS ONE
TOPIC: COMPUTING DEVICES (Pre-computer Age to 19th century)
WEEK 4
(3) Jacquard’s Loom
The jacquard machine is a device fitted to a loom that simplifies the process of manufacturing
textiles with such complex pattern as brocade, damask, and matelassé. The resulting
ensemble (combination) of the loom and jacquard machine is then called Jacquard’s loom.
Features: joseph Mary jacquard initiated the storage of information on punched cards.
- The punched cards (with or without holes) were secured tightly alongside each other
in a sequential manner.
- This basic principle of one or the other of two states is the fundamental basis of the
binary coding system being used in computers even today.
Components: joseph jacquard changed the weaving industries by creating a loom that
controlled the raising of the threads through punched cards.
Uses: it is used to automatically produce textile designs as per the program on the punched
card.
(4) Hollerith Tabulating Machine
The tabulating machine was an electro-mechanical machine designed to assist in

summarizing information stored in punched cards. This Machine was invented by Herman
Hollerith.
Features: Herman Hollerith used punched card with round holes, 12 rows and 24 columns.
The card measured by 31/4 inches by 65/8 inches. His tabulator used electro-mechanical
solenoids to increment mechanical counters.
Components: the tabulating machine was made up of punched cards, card reader, spring
loaded wires and pools of mercury.
Uses: the tabulating machine was used for counting and sorting data.
NB: the machine was developed to help process data for the 1890 USA census.
CLASS: SSS ONE
TOPIC: COMPUTING DEVICES (Pre-computer Age to 19th century)
WEEK 5
(5) Analytical Engine
The analytical engine was the first general computational device, with the ability to solve
different types of equations. The analytical engine was a general-purpose, completely
programmed controlled, mechanical digital computer. This machine is also known as the first
fully automatic calculating machine developed by Charles Babbage in 1834.
Features: This machine uses an Arithmetic and Logic (ALU) basic flow control, punched
cards and memory.
Components: The analytical engine worked by a series of gears and lever.
Uses: capable of carrying out any mathematical operation.
(6) Burroughs Machine
William Burroughs machine is a class of mechanical calculator, usually specialized for book
keeping.
Features: the distinguishing features are the high sloping keyboard, the beveled glass front
and the printing mechanism out-of-sight at the rear of the machine
Uses: the machine performs addition only, with no provision for subtraction either directly or
by addition of complements.
ASSIGNMENT
(1) Describe difference engine
(2) Analyze the contributions of the following scientists on development of computers:
i. Philip Emeagwali
ii. Ada Lovelace

CLASS: SSS ONE
WEEK 6
TOPIC: COMPUTING DEVICES (20th Century Computers to Date)
Some of the 20th century computing devices are:
1. Harvard mark I
2. ENIAC
3. EDVAC
4. UNIVAC
5. Desktop PC
6. Laptops and Notebook computers
7. Palmtop computers
(1) Harvard Mark I
This computing device was invented by Howard A. Aiken of Harvard University in
the year 1937. His aim was to develop a machine that could help him in the solution
of difficult differential equations.
Components: the Mark I was originally controlled from punched card paper tape.
Output was by punched card and electric typewriter. It was slow, requiring up to 3 to
5 seconds for a multiplication, but it was fully automatic and could complete long
computation without human intervention.
Uses: it handled 23-decimal place numbers (words), could perform arithmetic
operations and handles logarithms and trigonometric functions.
(2) ENIAC
ENIAC means Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator. It was known as the
first all-electronic computer which was developed by John Mauchly and John Eckert
in 1946. ENIAC uses 10 decimal digits instead of binary.
Components: it uses nearly 18000 vacuum tubes, punched card input and output, 1
multiplier, 1 divider-square rooter, 20 adders and read-write register storage.
Uses: could perform all kinds of calculations
(3) EDVAC
EDVAC means Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer. It was one of the
earliest electronic computers. Unlike its predecessor, the ENIAC, it was binary rather
than decimal.
Components: it has a magnetic tape reader-recorder, a control unit with an
oscilloscope, a dispatcher unit to receive instructions from the control and memory
and direct them to other units, a computational unit to perform arithmetic operations,
a timer and a dual memory.
Uses: EDVAC’s addition time was 864 microseconds and multiplication time was
2900 micro seconds (2.9 milliseconds).
(4) UNIVAC
UNIVAC means Universal Automatic Computer. Compare to other machines of this era,
the UNIVAC machines were small; about the size of one
Components: it was 25 feet by 50 feet in length, contained 5600 tubes, 18000 crystal
diodes and 300 relays. It utilized serial circuitry and internal storage capacity of 100
words or 12000 characters. It utilized mercury delay line, magnetic tape and typewriters
output.
(5) Desktop Personal Computers

Desktop personal computers (PCs) are small, relatively in expensive computers that
are designed for individual users. Typically, these devices include a monitor,
keyboard, mouse and other peripherals. Businesses use desktop personal computers
for word processing, accounting, graphic design spreadsheet and database
management applications.
Uses: for regular use at a single location
Figure 1: Desktop PC
(6) Laptops and Notebook Computers
Notebook and laptop computers are portable computers that usually feature integral
keyboards and monitors. Advantages of laptop and notebook computers are:
- Portability
- Increased productivity
- Immediacy
- Up-to-date information
- Connectivity
Figure 2: Laptop
Figure 3: Notebook
(7) Palm top

Palmtop or handheld computers are small, lightweight computers that are designed to
be operated while held by hand or from a desk or table top. They contain processor,
memory, I/O ports and expansion slots. They also provide an operating system, user
interface and battery power. There are three basic types of handheld portable
computers; Tablet, Notebook and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
Figure 4 (A & B): Palmtop & PDA

CLASS: SSS ONE
WEEK 7
TOPIC: DATA AND INFORMATION
Definition of Data
Data are raw facts and figures that that have not been processed or organized into a
meaningful form. Data is the plural form of datum. It is often used as both singular and plural
word.
Examples of Data
i. Names, Ages and class of students

ii. Scores in a subject
iii. Salaries of workers
iv. Weight of objects
Scores in Computer Studies
48605381727055594580
54636575607470566462
Definition of Information
Information is defined as a set of related data that have been processed into meaningful and
useful form. For instance the scores in computer studies above can be processed into
information by:
- Grouping the scores into classes

- Calculating the average scores in a tabular form
- Summarizing the score in a tabular
Examples of Information
i. Examination results sheet

ii. Staff register
iii. School register
iv. Voters register
v. Telephone directory
vi. Admission list
Differences between Data and Information
S/N DATA INFORMATION

1. Data is not significant alone by itself Information is significant by itself
2. Data is not meaningful Information is meaningful
3. Data is obtained through observations and Information is obtained through analysis
recording
4. Data is raw and unorganized Information is structured or organized
5. Data is not enough to make a decision Information is sufficient to help make a
decision in the respective context
ASSIGNMENT
1. What is data processing?

2. List and explain six stages of data processing cycle
3. List and explain three methods of data processing
CLASS: SSS ONE
WEEK 8
TOPIC: INPUT DEVICES
An input device is a peripheral device through which data are entered and transform into
machine–readable form.
Examples of Input
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Scanner
4. Microphone
5. Camera
6. Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)
7. Gamepad
8. Touch Screen.
(1) Keyboard
A keyboard is a peripheral device that enables a user to input text into a computer or any
other electronic machinery. It is one of the most common and familiar input devices. A
typical computer keyboard contains all letters, numbers, and symbols of a regular type-writer
plus special keys that may include Function keys, Control key, Tab key, Shift key etc.
(2) Mouse
A mouse is a pointing device which usually contains one, two or three buttons. The mouse
controls cursor movement on the screen as the user rolls/drags it on a flat surface.
Features of Mouse
Right mouse button
Scroll wheel
Left mouse button
Mouse wire
Mouse wire
Palm rest
Mouse Pointers
Normal select Pointer: used to select or point to objects
Text select pointer: used to indicate a location between characters.
Link select pointer: used to select text and graphics link e.g. a website address.
Busy processing pointer:: used to indicate wait signal for window to become responsive.
Move pointer: indicates mouse readiness to move an object

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SUBJECT: COMPUTER STUDIES

CLASS: SSS ONE

TOPIC: COMPUTING DEVICES (Pre-computer Age to 19th century)

(3) Jacquard’s Loom

(4) Hollerith Tabulating Machine

The tabulating machine was an electro-mechanical machine designed to assist in

CLASS: SSS ONE

TOPIC: COMPUTING DEVICES (Pre-computer Age to 19th century)

(5) Analytical Engine

Components: The analytical engine worked by a series of gears and lever.

Uses: capable of carrying out any mathematical operation.

(6) Burroughs Machine

(1) Describe difference engine

(2) Analyze the contributions of the following scientists on development of computers:

ii. Ada Lovelace

(5) Desktop Personal Computers

(7) Palm top

Figure 4 (A & B): Palmtop & PDA

CLASS: SSS ONE

TOPIC: DATA AND INFORMATION

i. Names, Ages and class of students

Scores in Computer Studies

- Grouping the scores into classes

i. Examination results sheet

Differences between Data and Information

S/N DATA INFORMATION

1. What is data processing?

CLASS: SSS ONE

TOPIC: INPUT DEVICES

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