21st Century Literature PRELIM

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21st Century Literature PRELIM

Vocabulary Words
1. communal (adj) - of or relating to a community
2. deities (noun) - beings exalted or revered as supremely good or powerful
3. epic (noun) - a long narrative poem in elevated style recounting the deeds of a legendary hero.
4. stereotyping (noun) - an often unfair or untrue belief that many people have about all people
5. transmission (noun) - the act or process by which something is spread or passed
6. ancestors (noun) - people from whom a person descended from
7. flourish (verb) - to be very successful; to do very well
8. supernatural (adj) - unable to be explained by science or the
9. myth (noun) - a story told in an ancient culture to explain a practice, belief, or natural occu
10. legend (noun) - a story from the past that is believed by many people cannot be proven true
11. courtship (noun) - the activities that occur when people are developing a romantic relationship
12. deities (noun) - gods or goddesses
13. imagery (noun) - language that causes people to imagine pictures in their mind
14. metrical (adj) - relating to, or arranged in a rhythmic pattern of beats; relating to poetic meter
15. sonorous (adj) - having a sound that is deep loud and pleasant
16. context (noun) - words that are used with a certain word or phrase; help to explain its meaning
17. embody (verb) - to represent (something) in a clear and obvious
18. realm (noun) - an area of activity, interest, or knowledge
19. ethereal (adj) - resembling heaven; seeming to belong to another world
20. morphology (noun) - the study of word formation (in language)

Precolonial Period
spiritual beliefs and everyday lives of natives
Conventions of Oral Tradition
1.Common experiences of the community as subject matter
2.Communal authorship
3.Formulaic repetitions
4.Stereotyping of characters
5.Regular rhythmic and musical devices
Early literary written forms of pre-colonial Filipinos - destroyed by the Spanish friars
Surviving texts – resistance and geographical isolation
Mythological Age – creation of human, world; natural phenomena, and deities and spirits
Heroic Age – ordinary mortals, ideals and values
Folktales from all ages – humans, animals, plants
Baybayin – Kawi (Javanese); 3 vowels, 14 consonants
Myths - means for our ancestors to explain the occurrence of natural events, the beginning of
Cultural traditions, and the existence of mysteries.
Legends - believed to be historical but cannot be verified as true; famous persons or events
Folktales - amuse or entertain; instructional in nature; set in an indefinite time and space
Epics - long narrative poem that describes the adventures of a hero, warrior, god, or king
Poetry - form of literature that emphasizes rhythm, metrical structure, and the use of
imagery and sound patterns.
Ancient Tagalog Deities
Kaluwalhatian – home of ancient Philippine gods and goddesses.
Bathala or Bathalang Maykapal - king of the gods in Tagalog myths
Apolaki - god of war and guardian of the sun
Mayari - goddess of the moon
Tala - goddess of the stars; goddess who warns Mayari that the sun god is gone
Apolaki and Mayari (or Adlaw and Bulan in Visayan) - ruled the earth at different times
Amihan - the first creature that inhabited the earth; story of creation of the Tagalogs.
Bacunawa - “moon eater,” god of the underworld; serpent or dragon, eclipses
Common Features Ethnoepics
1. narratives of sustained length
2. based on oral tradition;
3. revolving around supernatural events or heroic deeds;
4. in the form of verse;
5.which is either chanted or sung;
6.with a certain seriousness of purpose, embodying or validating beliefs, customs, ideals, or
life values of the people.
Spanish Colonial Period
1. Homonhon – Eastern Samar; where Magellan landed
2. Limasawa - where the first Catholic mass in the country was celebrated
3. Fr. Pedro Valderrama - baptized more than 500 natives along with Rajah Humabon
4. Ruy López de Villalobos - named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas
5. Two Motives – spice trade & converting Filipinos to Christianity (reduccion-relocation)
6. fluent (adj) - a person who can express himself easily
7. bandurya (noun) - a plucked chordophone from Spain
8. ladino (noun) - a bilingual poem
9. stanza (noun) - a dividing unit of a poem composed of a group of lines
10. sonnet (noun) - 14 lines; distinct pattern of word arrangement and rhyme
11. poetry focus: religion and values
12. Pasyon - passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ 5L8S
13. Korido – Ibong Adarna 4L8S
14. Dalit - religious poem in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary
15. Francisco Baltazar - awit Florante at Laura; master of traditional Tagalog poetry
16. demeanor (noun) - a person’s appearance and behavior.
17. servitude (noun) - the condition of having to obey another person
18. deference (noun) - a way of behaving that shows respect for someone
19. panacea (noun) - something that will make everything about a situation better
20. indolence (noun) - tendency to be lazy
21. Doctrina Christiana en lengua Española y tagala – prayer book
22. Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala – The Art and Rules of the Tagalog Language
23. anecdotes – short amusing stories
24. platicas (sermon) – lectures
25. novenas – series of prayers
26. novels – long narrative stories
27. essays – personal pieces of writing that use the pov of the writer
28. vernacular (noun) - relating to using a language or dialect native to a region or country
29. marionette (noun) - a puppet that is moved by pulling strings attached to its body
30. dispensation (noun) - a particular arrangement or provision
31. regime (noun) - a particular system or method of government
32. whimsy (noun) - something charming and amusing
33. Senakulo - portrays the life, passion, and crucifixion of Jesus Christ
34. Tibag - Reyna Elena, searched for Jesus’s cross on Mount Calvary
35. Moriones – Saint Longinus, a blind Roman soldier
36. Moro-moro - victory of a Christian Filipino army over Muslim forces.
37. Sarsuwela - play with songs and dances with up to five
38. Lagaylay aims to make a vow, petition, or offer praise love toward religious icons
39. Panunuluyan - before 12:00 A.M. C. Eve. search where Mary can give birth to Jesus.
40. The Salubong (or Panubong) - Risen Christ met his mother.
41. Carillo (Shadow Play) - moonless night during fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest.
42. The Sainete - exaggerated comedies

American Colonial Period


1. homely (adj) - unattractive; usually refers to the looks of people/animals
2. grudgingly (adv) - in a reluctant and resentful manner
3. mock (adj) - not genuine; without sincerity; in jest
4. impel (verb) - to force someone or to be forced to do something
5. wince (verb) - an involuntary grimace caused by guilt, pain, or distress
6. dukha; destitute (adj) - poor; of cheap make
7. moda; style (noun) - distinctive manner of dressing
8. maringal; elegant (adj) - showing good taste
9. botito (noun) - Spanish for men’s side-buttoned or spring-side boots
10. kalsonsilyo; underwear (noun) - clothing worn under outer clothes
Aurelio Tolentino – Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas; Father of Tagalog Drama; El Parnaso Filipino

Japanese Colonial Period


1. blockade (verb) - to seal off an area to ensure no one can enter or leave
2. beacon (noun) - a guiding light; can be literal or allegorical
3. scour (verb) - to perform a thorough search
4. nose (verb) - to investigate or pry into something
5. cluster (noun) - a group of similar things placed in close proximity to each other
6. fine (adj) – very thin (refers to thread, filament, or hair)
7. restively (adv) – impatiently (while under restriction)
8. rank (adj) – having a strong and unpleasant smell
9. trilling (noun) – a sound made by alternating two notes quickly
10. lustily (adv) – loudly; vigorously
Stevan Javellana – Without Seeing the Dawn
Manuel Arguilla – How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife (and Other Stories)

Post War Period


1. Formalist New Criticism (noun) - a literary theory characterized by “close reading” of the text
to understand its irony, metaphor, tension, and paradox
2. neoclassicism (noun) - a revival of the classical style in different forms of fine arts
3. predilection (noun) - an attitude that shows strong favor or liking
4. romanticism (noun) - a reaction against neoclass. that emphasizes imagination and emotions
5. nationalism (noun) - the exaltation of one’s nation, its welfare, and the promotion of its culture
6. leftist (adj) - a political movement supporting the viewpoints and doctrines of the
7. servility (noun) - someone who is willing to obey someone and is characterized by inferiority
8. cronies (noun) - friends of someone powerful are unfairly given special treatment or favors
9. staunch (adj) - very devoted or loyal to a person, belief, or cause
10. milieu (noun) - the physical or social setting in which people live orvin which something
happens or develops
Macario Pineda - wrote and published Ang Ginto sa Makiling
Protest/ revolutionary literature – distaste to current govt
Social realism - real conditions of the people as well as the disparities
Proletarian lit - experiences and struggles of theworking class
Prison lit – in a jail cell & Circumvention - social and political transgression

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