Name: Balindong, Mohammad B.

Date: 09/7/2021
Balindong, Arifoden A. Jr
Course/Year: BA- PolSci 1

PLATO
Man - the soul, which is immortal; the desire for and acquisition of knowledge; and the tendency
of Man to become social and political.

Society- Plato described a perfect society as one where everyone lived harmoniously and
without the fear of violence or material possession. He believes that conflicting interests of
different parts of society can be harmonized.

State and Leadership - The individual soul, too, is hierarchical: the appetitive part is inferior to
the spirited part, which is inferior to the rational. Leadership is a duty of philosopher kings who
acquire the techniques and skills for the art of ruling.

Economy - He’s economic ideals are bound to that notion. According to Plato, an unjust society
cannot prosper, and “the part [individual] cannot prosper when the whole does not prosper”
(Charmides 156E). The main source of injustice according to Plato was the seek for wealth
accumulation and luxury goods by individuals.

Change - That real things (Forms) don't change, and restricted change to the realm of
appearances—the physical world. Parmenides went farther still, denying the existence of
change altogether.

SOCRATES

MAN - This person is the philosopher king. He’s a philosophy centers around the claim that man
has the ability to examine himself through dialogue with others and that "the unexamined life is
not worth living." He put more emphasis on the attitudinal level of human nature since he give
more value to the human soul rather then the body.

SOCIETY - He believes this is necessity to make sure the youth of the society grow up to be
just characters. Socrates believed also that philosophy should achieve practical results for the
greater well-being of society.

State and leadership - Socrates argues, in an ideal state, a person who is highly educated, has
passion for learning of all kinds, and has achieved the understanding of the form of the good
should govern. Because of his views, Socrates believed that the best form of government was
neither tyrannical nor democratic. Rather, people should be governed by those with the greatest
knowledge, abilities and virtues, and who possessed a deep knowledge of themselves.
Economy - He felt that life's ideal goal lay in the search for "virtue," understood as disdain for
material wealth, and specifically, entrepreneurial profit.

Change- The secret of change is to focus all of your energy, not on fighting the old, but on
building the new. These words were attributed to Socrates, but they sound like a modern
incantation to me.

ARISTOTLE

MAN - The legendary Greek philosopher said, “Man is by nature a social animal; an individual
who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human.

SOCIETY - Society is something that precedes the individual. Rather it is a largely self-sufficient
community arising because of the bare necessities of life and continuing for the sake of a good
life, common to all its members.

STATE AND LEADERSHIP - Aristotle's ideal state is the city state of the moderate size.
Population should be manageable.He believed that to become an effective leader, we must first
be a follower, to intimately understand the needs and wants of the group. Even after we become
a leader, we still need to follow - the concerns, the plight, and the progress of those we serve.
Every good leader is a good follower.

ECONOMY - Aristotle taught that economics is concerned with both the household and the polis
and that economics deals with the use of things required for the good (or virtuous) life. For
Aristotle, the primary meaning of economics is the action of using things required for the Good
Life.

CHANGE - Aristotle says that change is the actualizing of a potentiality of the subject. That
actualization is the composition of the form of the thing that comes to be with the subject of
change. Another way to speak of change is to say that F comes to be F from what is not-F.

Thomas Hobbes
Man - Hobbes also considers humans to be naturally vainglorious and so seek to dominate
others and demand their respect. The natural condition of mankind, according to Hobbes, is a
state of war in which life is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” because individuals are in a
“war of all against all”.

Society - According to Hobbes, the sovereign must control civil, military, judicial and
ecclesiastical powers, even the words. Society is a population beneath a sovereign authority, to
whom all individuals in that society cede some rights for the sake of protection.
state and leadership - Hobbes believed that in man's natural state, moral ideas do not exist. ...
Hobbes believes that moral judgments about good and evil cannot exist until they are decreed
by a society's central authority. This position leads directly to Hobbes's belief in an autocratic
and absolutist form of government.

economy - Hobbes establishes here the first important point for the contemporary economic
thought: man is a being that has desires but also is constantly creating them, he has a
possessive way of looking at things in the world, always generating new needs, an individual
that goes beyond the basic needs in terms of food.

change - He’s ideas, they saw that people cannot survive without a strong central government
that would protect them. His social contract theory established that a government should serve
and protect all the people in the society. acting only with the "consent of the governed", this
influenced the U.S constitution.

JOHN LOCKE -
MAN - He is among the most influential political philosophers of the modern period. In the Two
Treatises of Government, he defended the claim that men are by nature free and equal against
claims that God had made all people naturally subject to a monarch.

SOCIETY - He refuted the theory of the divine right of kings and argued that all persons are
endowed with natural rights to life, liberty, and property and that rulers who fail to protect those
rights may be removed by the people, by force if necessary.
STATE AND LEADERSHIP - He believed that in a state of nature, people protect their natural
rights – life, liberty and property- by using their own strength and skill. The weaker and less
skilled would find it difficult to protect their rights. According to him, governments do no exist
until people create them. Among other things, to promote public good, and to protect the life,
liberty, and property of its people.

ECONOMY - When he argued that labor “puts the difference of value on every thing,” that it
increases the “intrinsic value” of natural resources, he meant that labor vastly increases “their
usefulness to the Life of Man.”

CHANGE - His political theory of government by the consent of the governed as a means to
protect the three natural rights of “life, liberty and estate” deeply influenced the United States'
founding documents. His essays on religious tolerance provided an early model for the
separation of church and state.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Man: Jean Jacques Rousseau firmly believed in the innate goodness of man in basic human
rights created upon universal natural law; he also added that rulers and the people have natural
human rights as well as obligations and responsibilities to each other

Society: Rousseau suggests that the political aspects of society should be divided into two parts.
First, there must be a sovereign that consist of the whole population including woman, that
represents the general will and is legislative power of the state.

State and Leadership: Rousseau has this idea of democracy. In Rousseau’s democracy, anyone
who doesn’t follow the general will of people “will be forced to be free.”

Economy: He criticized modern society because of inequality. A social and political ideology
created upon such a society and reflecting its characteristics leads to a naturalizations of a kind
of relationship and abuses the social organization implies.

Social Change: According to Rousseau, the only way to return to the happy state they enjoyed
before government were shaped, was to overthrow the current social contract.

Montesquieu

Man: According to Montesquieu argues that man is capable of grasping four laws of nature
through direct, practical experience: first, man desires and seeks nourishment for his bodily
preservation; second, man desires peace to sustain his bodily well-being; third, man is drawn
instinctively to other people; and fourth, the knowledge derived from interaction with others moves
him to desire to live in society.

Society: In the establishment of society, and consequently in the establishment of government

and law, Montesquieu asserts that no single form of government is always and everywhere
superior. Instead, those who seek to govern must take into account the geography, economy,
character, and existing laws of the people for whom the government is to be established.

State and Leadership: Montesquieu believed that a government that was elected by the people
was the best form of government. He did, however, believe that the success of a democracy - a
government in which the people have the power - depended upon maintaining the right balance
of power.

Economy: Montesquieu concluded that the best form of government was one in which the
legislative, executive, and judicial powers were separate and kept each other in check to prevent
any branch from becoming too powerful. He believed that uniting these powers, as in the
monarchy of Louis XIV, would lead to despotism.
Social Change: Montesquieu wrote that the main purpose of government is to maintain law and
order, political liberty, and the property of the individual. Montesquieu opposed the absolute
monarchy of his home country and favored the English system as the best model of government.

John Stuart Mill

Man: He believed that a “desire of perfection” and sympathy for fellow human beings belong to
human nature. One of the central tenets of Mill's political outlook is that, not only the rules of
society, but also people themselves are capable of improvement.

Society: Mill's On Liberty (1859) addresses the nature and limits of the power that can be
legitimately exercised by society over the individual. However, Mill is clear that his concern for
liberty does not extend to all individuals and all societies. He states that "Despotism is a legitimate
mode of government in dealing with Barbarians."

State and Leadership: Mill states that it is not a crime to harm oneself as long as the person
doing so is not harming others. He favours the harm principle: "The only purpose for which power
can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent
harm to others." He excuses those who are "incapable of self-government" from this principle,
such as young children or those living in "backward states of society".

Economy: According to a research, Mill did believe in the superiority of socialism, in which
economic production would be driven by worker-owned cooperatives. But he also believed in free
enterprise, competition, and individual initiative.

Social Change: Mill defined social liberty as protection from "the tyranny of political rulers". He
introduced a number of different concepts of the form tyranny can take, referred to as social
tyranny, and tyranny of the majority. Social liberty for Mill meant putting limits on the ruler's power
so that he would not be able to use that power to further his own wishes and thus make decisions
that could harm society. In other words, people should have the right to have a say in the
government's decisions. He said that social liberty was "the nature and limits of the power which
can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual."

Jeremy Bentham

Man: Bentham's understanding of human nature reveals, in short, a psychological, ontological,

and also moral individualism where, to extend the critique of utilitarianism made by Graeme
Duncan and John Gray (1979), “the individual human being is conceived as the source of values
and as himself the supreme value.” He also said that “Nature has placed mankind under the
governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we
ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do.”

Society: Bentham holds that people have always lived in society, and so there can be no state of
nature (though he does distinguish between political society and “natural society”) and no “social
contract” (a notion which he held was not only unhistorical but pernicious). He advocated
individual and economic freedoms, the separation of church and state, freedom of expression,
equal rights for women, the right to divorce, and (in an unpublished essay) the decriminalising of
homosexual acts.

State and Leadership: Bentham recognized, necessary to social order and good laws are clearly
essential to good government. Indeed, perhaps more than Locke, Bentham saw the positive role
to be played by law and government, particularly in achieving community well-being. To the extent
that law advances and protects one’s economic and personal goods and that what government
exists is self-government, law reflects the interests of the individual.

Economy: Jeremy Bentham is most often associated with his theory of utilitarianism, the idea
that all social actions should be evaluated by the axiom “It is the greatest happiness of the greatest
number that is the measure of right and wrong.” Counter to Adam Smith’s vision of “natural rights,”
Bentham believed that there were no natural rights to be interfered with.

Social Change: His reform plans went beyond rewriting legislative acts to include detailed
administrative plans to implement his proposals. In his plan for prisons, workhouses, and other
institutions, Bentham devised compensation schemes, building designs, worker timetables, and
even new accounting systems. A guiding principle of Bentham’s schemes was that incentives
should be designed “to make it each man’s interest to observe on every occasion that conduct
which it is his duty to observe.” Interestingly, Bentham’s thinking led him to the conclusion, which
he shared with Smith, that professors should not be salaried

Karl Marx

Man: Karl Marx firmly believes that Man is directly a natural being. As a natural being and as a
living natural being he is on the one hand endowed with natural powers, vital powers – he is an
active natural being. These forces exist in him as tendencies and abilities – as instincts.

Society: Karl Marx asserted that all elements of a society's structure depend on its economic
structure. Additionally, Marx saw conflict in society as the primary means of change.
Economically, he saw conflict existing between the owners of the means of production—the
bourgeoisie—and the laborers, called the proletariat.
State and Leadership: Marx had something of a theory of politics and somewhat less of a theory
of government. The slogan “the capitalist state serves as the managing committee of the
bourgeoisie” represents the simplest version of his view of the state. He generally regarded
government and law as an expression of class interests.

Economy: Like the other classical economists, Karl Marx believed in the labor theory of value to
explain relative differences in market prices. This theory stated that the value of a produced
economic good can be measured objectively by the average number of labor hours required to
produce it.

Social Change: In Marx's view social development was a dialectical process: the transition from
one stage to another took place through a revolutionary transformation, which was preceded by
increased deterioration of society and intensified class struggle.