PROJECT REPORT ON Contactless Tachometer - using HALL EFFECT sensor Minor Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement of Degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
(RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL)

Submitted By: Satyam Jain (0812EX081050)

Under the Guidance of: Prof: AMRITA MANTRI Prof: SANJIV JAIN
(DEPTT. OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS)

April - May 2011

Electrical and Electronics Department MEDI-CAPS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT INDORE-453331 2011
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MEDI-CAPS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGG.

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled Contactless Tachometer - using HALL EFFECT SENSOR presented by SATYAM JAIN of B.E. III year (VI Semester) of branch Electrical and Electronics Engineering have completed there project. They have submitted this project report towards the partial fulfillment for the requirement of the degree of bachelor of engineering of Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidhyalaya, Bhopal during the academic year 201011.

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DATE:

DATE :
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MEDI-CAPS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGG

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled Contactless tachometer -using HALL EFFECT SENSOR presented by SATYAM JAIN of B.E. III year (VI Semester) of branch Electrical and Electronics Engineering have completed there project. They have submitted this project report towards the partial fulfillment for the requirement of the degree of bachelor of engineering of Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidhyalaya, Bhopal during the academic year 2010-11. CERTIFIED BY:
(Dr. S. K. SOMANI) DIRECTOR MITM, INDORE (Prof. AMRITA MANTRI) (Prof. SANJIV K. JAIN) HOD, EX DEPTT. MITM, INDORE

Project Guide
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ACKOWLEDGEMENT
We feel great pleasure in submitting this report on the project Contactless Tachometer - using HALL EFFECT sensor We would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to our project guide, Prof. Amrita mantri for her support and constant encouragement along with her expert guidance that helped us to complete this project successfully. Her everlasting patience and wholehearted inspiration guided us on the right path to achieve what we have achieved today. We are thankful to Prof. Sanjiv K. Jain, Head of Electrical and Electronics Department, MITM Indore for his invaluable guidance and support We are indebted to our director Dr. S.K. Somani for giving us the opportunity to work on the project and providing the necessary facilities for the same. We express our thanks to professors and lecturer of the department for extending every possible help to us. We are also thanking full to the sub-ordinate staff that offered us their help and stood by us. In the end we would like to express our thanks to our friends and fellows who helped us in many ways and encouraged us. Satyam Jain (0812EX081050) Surbhi Khandelwal (0812EX081058) Shashank Gupta (0812EX081053)

CONTENTS
Subject Page No. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21

1. Design Objective 2. Physical & Technical Specifications 3. Introduction

4. Circuit Block Diagram 4.1. Power Supply 4.2 Hall Effect Sensor 4.3 Seven Segment Decade Counter 4.4 Seven Segment LED Display 5. Schematic Circuit Diagram 6. PCB Layout

7. List of Components
8. Future Enhancement 9. Conclusion 10. References and Bibliography 11. Annexure

DESIGN OBJECTIVE
The main objective of designing contactless tachometer is just to level up the generation of measuring instruments which actually reduces the human efforts and makes the work easier. Technology today is seeing heights in all the areas especially in the field of embedded system. Its true that every electronic gadget that is used in our daily life right from pc keyword to refrigerator is based on embedded system. This project just gives the basic idea of designing contactless tachometer. Tachometer is a device that gives you the information about the rotational speed of any shaft or disc. It usually measures the speed in revolutions per minute (RPM). We have made a simple tachometer that could measure the rotation speed of a disk without making any physical contact (that's why it is contact less) with the rotating object. The range of this tachometer is 0 - 99 RPM and displays the RPM on a multiplexed 2-digit seven-segment display. Of course, we are going to do this project on our usual PIC16F628A development board. However the range of this instrument can easily be increased by just adding another seven segment display.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

power supply requirement power source operating temperatures nature of display

: : : :

5V DC 5V DC power supply 40 to + 85 C digital

INTRODUCTION
A tachometer is an instrument designed to measure the speed of a rotating object. The word is formed from Greek roots tachos, meaning speed, and metron, meaning measure. The traditional tachometer is laid out as a dial, with a needle indicating the current reading and marking safe and dangerous levels. Recently, digital tachometers giving a direct numeric output have become more common. In its most familiar form, a tachometer measures the speed at which a mechanical device is rotating. A common example is the tachometer found on automobile dashboards. In this application, the tachometer measures the revolutions per minute (RPMs) of the engine drive shaft. A tachometer used in this application can be built in multiple ways. It may be a small generator attached to the engine drive shaft, where the RPM measurement is scaled to the electric current generated by the device. Alternately, it may simply measure the rate at which the ignition system sends sparks to the engine. The traditional tachometer requires physical contact between the instrument and the device being measured. In applications where this is not feasible for technical or safety reasons, it may be possible to use a Contact less tachometer to take measurements from a distance. A Contact less tachometer works by attaching a small magnet to the rotating element. Every rotation generates the pulse which will be detected by Hall Effect sensor and every pulse will be counted. This instrument uses 4033 7-segment decade-counter, a 7 segment LED display and 72xx Hall Effect sensor to detect the rotation of the shaft whose speed is being measured. This instrument can be operated on 12volt dc supply rechargeable battery or power supply of 5 volt months of regular use of this device before it needs to be recharged. A Contact less tachometer can be a permanent part of the system, or it can be handheld for occasional spot measurements.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The principle is based upon the Hall Effect sensor; which d e t e c t s a n y c h a n g e i n m a g n e t i c f i e l d o r p o l e in front of it, and thus, give an output pulse for each and every r o t a t i o n o f t h e s h a f t . These voltage pulses are fed to the 4033 seven segment decade counter and counted. And thus we will get the o/p in the form of glow of seven segment LED display.

POWER SUPPLY
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A power supply is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more electric loads. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite variations in either load current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source. A DC regulated power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the voltage from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, nowadays usually lower, voltage. If it is used to produce DC, a rectifier is used to convert alternating voltage to a pulsating direct voltage, followed by a filter, comprising one or more capacitors, resistors, and sometimes inductors, to filter out (smooth) most of the pulsation. A small remaining unwanted alternating voltage component at mains or twice mains power frequency (depending upon whether half- or fullwave rectification is used)rippleis unavoidably superimposed on the direct output voltage. A linear regulator may be used to set the voltage to a precise value, stabilized against fluctuations in input voltage and load.

HALL EFFECT SENSOR

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The heart of this tachometer is Hall Effect sensor. A Hall Effect sensor is a transducer that varies its output voltage in response to changes in magnetic field. Hall sensors are used for proximity switching, positioning, speed detection, and current sensing applications. The Hall Effect sensor is one of the most common applications for a Hall Effect Sensor. The magnetic flux required to operate the sensor may be furnished by individual magnets mounted on the shaft or hub or by a ring magnet frequently, a Hall sensor is combined with circuitry that allows the device to act in a digital (on/off) mode, and may be called a switch in this configuration. Hall sensors are commonly used to time the speed of wheels and shafts, such as for internal combustion engine ignition timing, tachometers and anti-lock braking systems. They are used in brushless DC electric motors to detect the position of the permanent magnet.

SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY

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A seven-segment

display,

or seven-segment

indicator,

is

form

of

electronic display device for displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot-matrix displays. Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, and other electronic devices for displaying numerical information. A seven segment display, as its name indicates, is composed of seven elements. Individually on or off, they can be combined to produce simplified representations of the Arabic numerals.

SEVEN SEGMENT DECADE COUNTER

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This synchronous decade, or divide-by-10, counter provides internal decoding to drive a 7-segment display. It does not have internal count storage, nor does it provide enough output current to directly drive high-current display types. A divide-by-10 square-wave output is also available.VDD = +3 TO +15V. In normal operation, reset and clock enable are held at ground and the ripple blanking input is connected to ground or a more-significant count stage. The counter advances one count on each ground-to-positive (positive edge) transition of the clock . The counter is reset to zero by bringing the RST terminal high. This results in an a-bc-d-e-f low, along with a high on the 10 output. The RST input must be returned to ground when counting is to continue. A high on the Test input puts all outputs high for lamp or display test input.

SCHEMATIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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PCB LAYOUT
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LIST OF COMPONENTS
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1. +5V DC Power Supply 2. IC 4033:Seven segment display and decade counter 3. Hall Effect Sensor: 72XX 4. Seven Segment Display LED 5. LED as load

Hall Effect Sensor(72XX)

When a current-carrying conductor is placed into a magnetic field, a voltage will be generated perpendicular to both the current and the field. This principle is known as the Hall Effect. These sensors provide an output voltage that is proportional to the magnetic field to which it is exposed. The sensed magnetic field can be either positive or negative. As a result, the output of the amplifier will be driven either positive or negative. But the digital sensor has an output that is just one of two states: ON or OFF. The principal input/output characteristics are the operate point, release point and the difference between the two or differential. As the magnetic field is increased, no change in the sensor output will occur until the operate point is reached. Once the operate point is reached, the sensor will change state. Further increases in magnetic input beyond the operate point will have no effect. If magnetic field is decreased to below the operate point, the output will remain the same until the release point is reached.

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At this point, the sensors output will return to its original state (OFF). The purpose of the differential between the operate and release point (hysteresis) is to eliminate false triggering which can be caused by minor variations in input.

IC 4033
CD4033BMS consists of a 5 stage Johnson decade counter and an output decoder which converts the Johnson code to a 7 segment decoded output for driving one stage in a numerical display. This device is particularly advantageous in display applications where low power dissipation and/or low package count is important. A high RESET signal clears the decade counter to its zero count. The counter is advanced one count at the positive clock signal transition if the CLOCK INHIBIT signal is low. Counter advancement via the clock line is inhibited when the CLOCK INHIBIT signal is high. The CLOCK INHIBIT signal can be used as a negative-edge clock if the clock line is held high. Antilock gating is provided on the JOHNSON counter, thus assuring proper counting sequence. The CARRYOUT (Cout) signal completes one cycle every ten CLOCK INPUT cycles and is used to clock the succeeding decade directly in a multi decade counting chain. The seven decoded outputs (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) illuminate the proper segments in a seven segment display device used for representing the decimal numbers 0 to 9. The 7 segment o/p goes high on selection.

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FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
This device can be built on an AT89S52 (or AT89C52) microcontroller, an alphanumeric LCD module and a proximity sensor to detect the rotation of the shaft whose speed is being measured. The idea behind most digital counting device, frequency meters and tachometers, is a micro-controller, used to count the pulses coming from a sensor or any other electronic device. In the case of this tachometer, the counted pluses will come from proximity sensor, which will detect any reflective element passing in front of it, and thus, will give an output pulse for each and every rotation of the shaft, as show in the picture. Those pulses will be fed to the microcontroller and counted.

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CONCLUSION
The HALL effect sensor counts the number of revolution of motor with the help of counter IC 4033 . This sensor generates voltage pulses with the change in magnetic field or poles. The main drawbacks of this project is that it can count upto 99 revolution. This drawback can be over come easily by cascading IC 4033 along with the 7 segment display to the carry out pin of the preceeding counter also it can not be operated on multi pole motor. Its distance range of operation is very less and is about 3cm only.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

*Edward ramsden Hall effect sensor: theory and application,second edition newness publication. * Contactless tachometer EE herald(E-magzine), http://www.eeherald.com *http://www.ikalogic.com/ contactless tachometer Last update: 25/4/11 * http://www.esskayinstitute.com/

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ANNEXURE 1. HALL EFFECT SENSOR:

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS at TA = +25C Supply Voltage, VCC ...........................30 V Reverse Battery Voltage, VRCC ........ -30 V Magnetic Flux Density, B ....... Unlimited Output OFF Voltage, VOUT ................ 28 V Reverse Output Voltage, VOUT ........ -0.5 V Continuous Output Current, IOUT ... 25 mA Operating Temperature Range, TA Suffix E ................. -40C to +85C Suffix L ............... -40C to +150C Storage Temperature Range, TS .............................. -65C to +170C
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FEATURES and BENEFITS _ Superior Temp. Stability for Automotive or Industrial Applications _ 4.5 V to 24 V Operations Needs Only An Unregulated Supply _ Open-Collector 25 mA Output Compatible with Digital Logic _ Reverse Battery Protection _ Activate with Small, Commercially Available Permanent Magnets _ Solid-State Reliability No Moving Parts _ Small Size _ Resistant to Physical Stress

2.IC4033

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DC Supply Voltage Range, (VDD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.5V to +20V (Voltage Referenced to VSS Terminals) Input Voltage Range, All Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . .-0.5V to VDD +0.5V DC Input Current, Any One Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10mA Operating Temperature Range. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -55C to +125C Package Types D, F, K, H Storage Temperature Range (Tstg) . . . . . . . . . . . -65C to +150C Lead Temperature (During Soldering) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +265C Reliability Information Thermal Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ja Ceramic DIP and FRIT Package . . . . . 80C/W Flat pack Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70C/W Maximum Package Power Dissipation (PD) at +125C For TA = -55oC to +100oC (Package Type D, F, K) . . . . . . 500mW For TA = +100oC to +125oC (Package Type D, F, K) . . . . .Derate Linearity at 12mW/C to 200mW
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jc 20C/W 20C/W

Device Dissipation per Output Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100mW For TA = Full Package Temperature Range (All Package Types) Junction Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +175C Features High Voltage Types (20V Rating) Decoded 7 Segment Display Outputs and Ripple Blanking Counter and 7 Segment Decoding in One Package Easily Interfaced with 7 Segment Display Types Fully Static Counter Operation DC to 6MHz (typ.) at VDD =10V Ideal for Low-Power Displays Ripple Blanking and Lamp Test 100% Tested for Quiescent Current at 20V Standardized Symmetrical Output Characteristics 5V, 10V and 15V Parametric Ratings Schmitt- Triggered Clock Inputs

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3.Seven Segment Display LED

Parameters Reverse voltage Vr Forward voltage If Peak current Ipeak Power consumption Pt Operating temperature Ta Storage temperature Tsta

Red Colored LED 5v 20A 150 120 -40 to 80 -40 to 85

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