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    Lecture 2

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    Shaheryar Mansoor
    The document discusses AC power, including power to resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads. It defines true power, apparent power, and reactive power. The document also discusses power factor, including lagging and leading power factors. It describes how low power factor can lead to issues like higher current and equipment ratings. Finally, it discusses methods for improving power factor, such as static capacitors, synchronous condensers, and phase advancers.

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    Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    Shaheryar Mansoor
    73 views10 pages
    The document discusses AC power, including power to resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads. It defines true power, apparent power, and reactive power. The document also discusses power factor, including lagging and leading power factors. It describes how low power factor can lead to issues like higher current and equipment ratings. Finally, it discusses methods for improving power factor, such as static capacitors, synchronous condensers, and phase advancers.

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    The document discusses AC power, including power to resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads. It defines true power, apparent power, and reactive power. The document also discusses power factor, including lagging and leading power factors. It describes how low power factor can lead to issues like higher current and equipment ratings. Finally, it discusses methods for improving power factor, such as static capacitors, synchronous condensers, and phase advancers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    73 views10 pages

    Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    Shaheryar Mansoor
    The document discusses AC power, including power to resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads. It defines true power, apparent power, and reactive power. The document also discusses power factor, including lagging and leading power factors. It describes how low power factor can lead to issues like higher current and equipment ratings. Finally, it discusses methods for improving power factor, such as static capacitors, synchronous condensers, and phase advancers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    AC Power

    Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


    AC Power
    • AC Power to a Resistive Load
    𝑃 =

    • AC Power to a Inductive Load


    𝑄=𝐼 𝑋 =

    • AC Power to a Capacitive Load


    𝑄=𝐼 𝑋 =

    Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


    Types of AC Power
    • The power which is actually consumed or utilized in an
    AC Circuit is called True power or Active Power or real
    power. It is measured in kilowatt (kW)
    • The product of root mean square (RMS) value of voltage
    and current is known as Apparent Power. This power is
    measured in KVA
    • The power which flows back and forth that means it
    moves in both the direction in the circuit or reacts upon
    it, is called Reactive Power. The reactive power is
    measured in kilovolt-ampere reactive (kVAR)

    Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


    Summary

    Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


    Power Factor
    • The cosine of angle between voltage and current in
    an a.c. circuit is known as power factor.
    • component I cos φ is known as active
    • component I sin φ is called the reactive
    • Terms ‘lagging’ or ‘leading’

    I cos  in phase with V


    I sin  90o out of phase with V

    Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


    Power Triangle

    • Power factor, cos φ = active power/apparent power = kW/kVA


    • ratio of active power to the apparent power

    Power factor = cos φ = cosine of angle between V and I


    Power factor = R/Z = Resistance/Impedance
    Power factor = VI cos  /VI = Active power/Apparent Power

    Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


    Note: Typical distribution circuits contain resistive and inductive loads; therefore, utilities install capacitors to
    balance the var requirement
    Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt
    Disadvantages of Low Power Factor
     
    •
    • fixed power and voltage, the load current is inversely proportional to the
    power factor
    • Lower the power factor, higher is the load current and vice-versa
    • This can lead to:
    Large kVA rating of equipment
    Greater conductor size
    Large copper losses
    Poor voltage regulation
    Reduced handling capacity of system

    Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


    Power Factor Improvement Equipment
    • Static capacitors
    • Synchronous condenser
    • Phase advancers

    Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt


    Examples
    1. An alternator is supplying a load of 300 kW at a p.f. of 0·6 lagging. If
    the power factor is raised to unity, how many more kilowatts can
    alternator supply for the same kVA loading ?

    2. A single phase motor connected to 400 V, 50 Hz supply takes 31·7A


    at a power factor of 0·7 lagging. Calculate the capacitance required
    in parallel with the motor to raise the power factor to 0·9 lagging

    Prepared By: Engr. Osama Majeed Butt

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