MODULE NAME:ELECTRICAL

MACHINE I
MODULE CODE: ELT213

By AMAHIRWE Jean Claude

 CONTENTS
• DC Generators
• DC Motors
• Single-Phase Transformers
• Three Phase Transformers
 DC GENERATOR
• The direct current (DC) generator is an active
electrical equipment that convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy( dc voltage).
• It is only used for special application or local
power generation
• The limitation of its implementation is that
they require commutation to rectify the
internal generated AC voltage to DC voltage
• It has two main parts:
– The stationary part generally called “yoke”.
– The rotating part usually called the “armature”
DC GENERATOR INTERNAL CONSTRUCTION

• Figure
 Details of armature windings
• Lap winding: Number of path(2a)= Number of
poles(2p)
• Example: A dc machine of 6 poles should have
6 paths.
• Wave winding: Number of poles(2p) is twice
the number of path(2a)
• Example: A dc machine of 6 poles should have
3 paths.
 Theory of operation
• Fig.
 Cont’
• To produce voltage it is necessary to move a
conductor through a magnetic field
• This is allowed by a mechanical energy
supplier(prime mover)
• That conductor is moving within a stationary
magnetic field.
• The ac voltage is induced in the conductor
• BY using a commutator ac voltage is converted into
dc voltage.
• The direction of induced current flow can be
determined using the “right hand rule” for generator.
 Commutator action
• It converts the ac voltage generated in the
rotating loop into dc voltage.
• It serves as means of connecting the brushes
to the rotating loop
• The purpose of the brushes is to connect the
generated voltage to an external circuit.
• The brushes are connected to the ends of the
loop through the commutator.
• Brushes slide on the commutator
 Equation of the generator e.m.f(E)

• Where E is induced voltage, Ө is flux per pole , Z

is the number of conductors, n is speed(rpm) ,
2p is the number of poles and 2a is the number
of paths
• For lap: 2p=2a
• Then
 cont’
• For wave 2p/2a =2
•Then

•For a given machine E= k* Ө* n

•Therefore Ea/Eb = Өa/Өb*na/nb
•For a linear relation between flux (Ө) and field current
(If). Ө= k.If
•E2/E1 =n2/n1 *If2/If1
• Electrical power developed= E*Ia
Where Ia is an armature current
 Examples
1. a) Calculate the voltage induced in the
armature winding of 4 poles, lap wound dc
machine having 728 active conductors and
running at 1800 r.p.m the flux per pole is
30mWb. (b) what is the voltage induced if the
armature is wave connected? (c) If it is
designed to carry maximum line current of
100A, what is the maximum electrical power
developed by the machine? (d) If the armature
is reconnected in wave what will be the power
developed?
 Cont’
2. A 15 Kw, 230V DC generator has an armature
resistance of 0.1Ω and given a linear
magnetization characteristics(at n=1100rpm, If
= 0.75A , E=117V). With the armature current
kept constant at 40A, over what range must the
field current be varied in order to keep the
armature terminal voltage constant at 230V
while the speed is increased from 1100 to 1500
rpm?
 Field winding connection
• Fig. 1 The general arrangement of brushes and
field winding of four-poles DC generator

.
 Type of DC generator
• Separately excited generators
• These kind of generators has provided field
exciter terminals which are external DC
voltage source
 Self excited field generators
• This type of generator produces a magnetic
field by itself without DC sources from an
external power supply.
• They may be further classified as:
 Shunt generator
 Series generator
 Compound generator
 The conditions for self-excitation
1. Residual magnetism should be present in the
machine.
2. Connection of the field winding and the direction
of rotation of the armature should be in such a way
that the field-flux aids the residual flux.
3. The shunt field resistance should be less than the
field circuit critical resistance(Rfc)
Rf<Rfc
If the machine fails to self excite , either the speed
may be too low or field resistance(Rf) may be too
high.
 Shunt generator

• This generator, shunt field winding and armature

winding are connected in parallel through
commutator and carbon brush as illustrated in
the figure below

• It has a good voltage regulation

 cont’
• The excitation current in a shunt-wound
generator is dependent upon the output
voltage and the field resistance If=V/Rf
• When load current increases, the voltage
drop(I.R) across the armature coil increases
causing output voltage to decrease.
• As a result If the field current(If) deceases,
magnetic field also decreases and this causes
the voltage to decrease even more.
 Cont’
1. A shunt generator has a field resistance of 60Ω when
the generator delivers 6kw, the terminal voltage is
120v, while the generated emf is 133V. Determine: (a)
The armature resistance (b) The generated emf when
the output is 2Kw and the terminal voltage is 135V.
2. A dc separately excited generator has an armature
resistance of 0.4Ω , supplies 4Kw load at a terminal
voltage of 220V. If the machine is now operated as a
motor supplied from a current. Calculate the ratio of
generator speed to motor speed. Assume that the
motor flux is increased by 10 percent with respect to
generator flux.
 Cont’
• 3. A dc shunt generator driven by a belt from
an engine runs at 750rpm while feeding
100kw of electric power into a 230V voltage
source. When the belt beaks, It continues to
run as a motor drawing 9kw from the supply.
At what speed it would run? Given armature
and field resistances are 0.08Ω and 115Ω
respectively.
 Series generator
• The field winding and armature winding are connected in
series

• The change in load current affect the generator output

voltage
• It has poor voltage regulation therefore they are not used
for fluctuating loads.
• They are not suited for applications requiring constant
voltage.
 Compound dc generator
• The compound generator has both a shunt and a
series winding
• The two winding are usually connected such that
their ampere-turns act in the same direction. As
such the generator is said to be cumulatively
compound.
• With a proper design the increase in the
magnetic field strength of series winding will
compensate for the decrease in shunt field
strength to assure output voltage stability.
 cont’
• Figure(long compound)

• Compound dc generator can be long compound or

short compound
 Cont’
• Ex. A 20 kw, 240v, long compound dc generator
when the series winding current is
disconnected the shunt field current is to be 4A
on no-load and 5A at full- load to maintain the
terminal voltage at 240V. Determine the
number of series turns required on each pole
enable to maintain the voltage at 240V
between no-load and full-load. If the shunt field
has 600 turns. Sol. 6.8 series turns per pole
 Machine Efficiency
 
• The efficiency of any machine is the ratio of
the ratio of the output power to the input
power
 
Output power x 100%
• Efficiency= _________
Input power

 
 The losses of generators

• Copper losses: The copper losses are due to

the resistance of the windings.
• Iron losses: These are the eddy currents and
Hysteresis loss is present in the armature core.
• Rotational losses consist of bearing friction
loss, friction of the brushes riding on the
commutator. And windage losses
 
 Cont’
• Input mechanical power(Pm)= Pout+Losses
• Pm= T.ω where T is torque(Nm), ω is angular
velocity. ω = 2πf=2πn/60
Ex. A 100 kw, 230V dc shunt generator has
Ra=0.05 and Rf= 57.5Ω. It has a total mechanical
and core loss of 1.8kw. Calculate. a) The
generator efficiency at full load and half-full load
b) If n= 3 000 revolution/min find the torque
applied. Sol. a) Efficiency=89 percent at F.L b)
T=357.6Nm
 Armature reaction
• Armature reaction in a dc generator is the
effect of armature acting as electromagnet on
the main field.
• This take place when the armature current
flows through the armature conductors.
• The armature itself becomes a source of
magneto motive force at load, because at no
load Ia is almost zero current.
 How to reduce the effect of armature
reaction for dc machines
This is done by using:
1. Compensating winding and it is connected in
series with the armature. It is arranged so
that the ampere-turns are equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction to those
of armature
2. Commutating poles or interpoles: they
provide neutralizing flux without shifting the
brushes from their original position.
 Cont’
• The interpoles may be connected in series
with the armature.
• As current increases in the armature with a
resulting increase in armature reaction. And
the current through the commutating poles
also increases.
• Because these two fields counteract each
other, the armature reaction is counteracted
proportionally.