Manual On Fruit Vegetable Production

The College of Micronesia Land Grant offers its programs and
activities to all persons regardless of race, color, sex, national

origin, age, disability, gender, religion, political beliefs, sexual
orientation, marital or family status, and is an Equal
Employment Opportunity Employer and provider. College of
Micronesia Land Grant and the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) cooperating in furtherance with the
Cooperative Extension Work Act of September 29, 1977 as
amended.
College of Micronesia, Dr. Singeru Singeo,

Executive Director
Authors :
Nelson M. Esguerra. Ph,D. Entomologist. 3rd A
St., Abi Abi Drive Sunvalley Subdivision. V. Ra-
ma Avenue, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
Authors :
Aurora G. Del Rosario, Ph.D., Researcher. Palau

Community College Cooperative Research and
Nelson M.
Extension. Esguerra.
P.O. Ph,D. Entomologist.
Box 9 Koror, Palau 96940 3rd A St., Abi
Abi Drive Sunvalley Subdivision. V. Rama Avenue, Cebu
City 6000, Philippines
Thomas Taro. Vice President Palau Community

College Cooperative Research and Extension.
P.O.Aurora G. DelPalau
Box 9, Koror, Rosario,
96940Ph.D., Researcher. Palau
Community College Cooperative Research and
Extension. P.O. Box 9 Koror, Palau 96940
Cover Photos : Top Right : Cassava planting

Top Left : Sweet potato planting
Thomas
Bottom Taro.: Vice
Right President
Pineapple Palau Community College
plant
Cooperative Research and Extension. P.O. Box 9, Koror,
Bottom Left : Papaya tree
Palau 96940
i
MANUAL ON
CROP PRODUCTION IN
UPLAND AREAS OF PALAU
NELSON M. ESGUERRA
AURORA G. DEL ROSARIO
THOMAS TARO
College of Micronesia
Palau Community College
December, 2015
iv
Copyright @ 2014 Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change
All rights reserved, No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information
storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.
USP Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Esguerra, Nelson M.
Manual on crop production in upland areas of Palau /
Nelson M. Esguerra, Aurora G. Del Rosario and Thomas Taro.
--Kolonia, Pohnpei : College of Micronesia Land Grant Programs, 2015
105 p. ; 23cm
ISBN 978-982-98055-3-9
1. Crops--Palau. I. Del Rosario, Aurora G.

II. Taro, Thomas. III. Title.
SB 185.E84 2015
633.09966--dc23
College of Micronesia Land Grant Programs
ISBN 978-982-98055-3-9
9 789829 805539
Title : Manual on Crop Production in Upland Areas of Palau
v
MESSAGE
Aside from taro, many crops can be grown on upland

areas of Palau. These crops have to be grown so that there
will be continuous and abundant supply of food for the people
of Palau even when lowland areas have become unfit for taro
production.
These upland crops are cassava, sweet potato, banana,

papaya, corn, soursop, citrus, guava,, pineapple, dragon fruit,
and vegetable crops such as long beans, cucumber, okra,
eggplant, radish, kangkum, Chinese cabbage, bittermelon,
green onions, tomato, chili pepper and watermelon.
This report ensures that Palau can resort to planting

other crops in case lowland taro become in short supply.
DR. SINGERU SINGEO

Executive Director
College of Micronesia
viii
MESSAGE
A former employee and two research staff of the Palau

Community College Cooperative Research and Extension
have prepared a list of crops that can be grown in upland
areas of Palau when there is limited supply of food due to
climate change.
In this report, each crop have the following information

such as land preparation, method of planting, fertilization,
weeding, pest control and harvesting. Nutritional value of
each crop is included to make the report complete. These
information are valuable and can be followed easily by Palau
farmers.
PATRICK U. TELLEI, Ed.D.

President
Palau Community College
ix
PREFACE
Aside from taro, Colocasia esculenta, other crops can be grown

successfully and profitably in the upland areas of Palau, thus, ensuring
availability of food on the island.
These crops are sweet potato, cassava, corn, pineapple, banana,

papaya, dragon fruit, soursop, guava, and citrus. Vegetable crops such
as long beans, cucumber, okra, eggplant, radish, kangkum, Chinese
cabbage, squash, bitter melon, green onions, chili pepper, tomato and
water melon can also be grown.
Once grown, the above crops can get established and provide
abundant and continuous supply of nutritious food, hence ensuring
food security and preventing malnutrition among the populace in the
island country.
The information obtained was derived from the actual

experiences of the CRE Staff in growing the crops, from farmers in
Asia and from the experiences of Palauan farmers themselves. It is
hoped that these information will help other farmers successfully grow
many crops in Palau.
In the very near future many lowland areas in Palau and

Micronesia will become unfit for crop production due to climate
change. Farmers in Palau can resort to utilizing upland areas for crop
production. These crops are listed in this manual.
In this Manual each crop mentioned has the following

information: nutritional value the components of which are based on
100 gram sample of the edible portion, varieties, land preparation,
distance of planting, fertilization, weed control, pest control and
harvesting.
We would like to thank the College of Micronesia for funding the

production and printing of this Manual which can be available for use
by farmers and interested individuals.
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. Crops for Upland Areas in Palau
A, Sweet Potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. 1
B. Cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz 6
C. Corn, Zea mays L. subsp. mays 10
D. Banana, Musa balbisiana, M, acuminata 14
E. Papaya, Carica papaya L. 19
F. Soursop, Anona muricata L. 23
G. Pineapple, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. 26
H. Citrus, Citrufortunella microcarpa 31
I. Guava, Psidium guajava L. 35
J. Dragon Fruit, Hylocereus spp. 39
K. Vegetable Crops 42
1. Long Beans, Vigna unguiculata (L,) Walp. 42
2. Cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. 46
3. Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench 50
4. Eggplant, Solanum melongena L. 54
5. Radish, Raphanus sativus L. 58
6. Kangkong, Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. 61
7. Pumpkin / Squash, Cucurbita maxima 64
Duchesne var. maxima
8. Chinese Cabbage, Brassica pekinensis 67
(Lour) Rupr.
9. Bittermelon, Momordica charantia L. 70
10. Green Onion, Allium fitulosum L. 74
11. Chili Pepper, Capsicum frutescens L. 78
12. Tomato, Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) 82
Karsten
13. Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) 86
Matsum and Nakai
II. Intercropping 89
III. Prices of Locally Produced Fruits and Vegetables 90
IV. References 91
V. Acknowledgements 93
xii
LIST
LIST OFOF TABLES
TABLES
TABLE
TABLE TITLE
TITLE PAGE
1 Nutritional value of sweet potato 1

2 Nutritional value of cassava 6
3 Nutritional value of corn 10
4 Nutritional value of banana 14
5 Nutritional value of papaya 19
6 Nutritional value of soursop 23
7 Nutritional value of pineapple 27
8 Nutritional value of citrus 31
9 Nutritional value of guava 35
10 Nutritional value of dragon fruit 39
11 Nutritional value of long beans 42
12 Nutritional value of cucumber 46
13 Nutritional value of okra 50
14 Nutritional value of eggplant 54
15 Nutritional value of radish 58
16 Nutritional value of kangkong 61
17 Nutritional value of squash/pumpkin 64
18 Nutritional value of Chinese cabbage/nappa 67
19 Nutritional value of bittermelon 70
20 Nutritional value of green onions 74
21 Nutritional value of chili pepper 78
22 Nutritional value of tomato 82
23 Nutritional value of watermelon 86
24 Prices of locally produced root crops 90
fruits and vegetables in Palau
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
1 Field planting of sweet potato 1

2 Rototilling the field 3
3 Tortoise shell beetle damage 4
on sweet potato leaves
3a Close up of tortoise shell beetle 4
4 Harvested sweet potato tubers 5
5 Broadcasting lime and immediate 7
rototilling of the field
6 Field planting of cassava 8
7 Cassava leaves damaged by spider mite 9
8 Harvested cassava tubers 9
9 Ears of sweet corn 10
10 Field planting of sweet corn 12
11 Sweet corn with husk 13
12 The banana plant 14
13 Marasmiellus infected banana (left) and 17
removal of infected leaf sheath (right)
14 Fruits of Lakatan (left) and 18
Meskebesang banana (right)
15 ‘Red Lady’ papaya plant (left) and 20
close up of fruit (right)
16 Mature papaya leaf severely 21
damaged by red spider mite
17 Soursop fruits 24
18 Cross section of soursop fruit 25
showing white flesh
19 The ‘Queen’ variety of pineapple 26
20 ‘Hawaiian’ variety of pineapple with 28
crown and slips as planting material
21 Suckers of pineapple as planting 29
material
22 Calamansi tree 32
23 Tree bearing calamansi fruits 34
24 Close up of calamansi fruits 34
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE

25 Fruits of native (left) and introduced 26
(right) varieties of guava
26 Guava trees with bagged fruits 37
27 Dragon fruit plant 40
28 Cross section of red fleshed 41
dragon fruit
29 Close up of long beans pods 43
30 Close up of field planting of long beans 44
31 Fresh cucumber fruit 47
32 Field planting of cucumber 48
33 Close up of okra plant and pods 51
34 Field planting of okra 52
35 Eggplant fruits 55
36 Field planting of eggplant 57
37 Roots and leaves of radish 59
38 Field planting of kangkong 62
39 Kangkong tops in the market 63
40 Squash plant and fruits 65
41 Field planting of Chinese cabbage 68
42 Harvesting Chinese cabbage 69
43 Bittermelon fruits (left) and leaves 71
(right)
44 Bittermelon fruits still attached to 73
the plant
45 Green onions ready for the market 75
46 Green onions in the field 77
47 Fruits on chili pepper plant 79
48 Whitefly infestation on chili pepper 81
leaves
49 Chili pepper fruits ready for selling 81
in the market
50 Tomato fruits still attached to the plant 83
51 Field planting of watermelon 87
52 Close up of watermelon fruits 88
53 Intercropping papaya with taro 89
xv
Sweet potato---- 1
I. CROPS FOR UPLAND AREAS IN PALAU

A. SWEET POTATO
It is a spreading prostrate herbaceous hairy vine forming edible
small or large tuberous roots which are a staple food in Palau. The
leaves are cooked and eaten as vegetable.
Fig. 1. Field planting of sweet potato

Table 1. Nutritional Value of Sweet Potato
======================================================
Nutritional Content
Component
Tubers Leaves
======================================================
Edible Portion 89% 100%
Water 73.5% 93.2%
Energy 104 kcal 29 kcal
Protein 0.7 g 1.1 g.
Fat 0.5 g. 0.7 g.
Carbohydrate 24.3 g. 4.6 g.
Crude Fiber (2.3 g.) 0.9 g.
Ash 1.0 g. 0.5
Calcium 15.2 mg. 57 mg.
Phosphorus 50 mg. 23 mg.
======================================================
2 ----Upland Crop Production
Table 1. (Cont’d)
======================================================
Nutritional Content
Component
Tubers Leaves
======================================================
Iron 1.1 mg. 1.6 mg
Retinol 0 0
B-Carotene 25 ug. 1280ug.
Total Vitamin A 4 ug. 213 ug.
Thiamine 0.13 mg. 0.03 mg.
Riboflavin 0.04 mg. 0.05 mg.
Niacin 0.7 mg. 0.4 mg.
======================================================
The tuber is a good source of energy and phosphorus while the

leaves are a good source of calcium, B-carotene and total Vitamin A.
Varieties
There are 17 distinct varieties of sweet potato in Palau. These

are Bent 1, Bent 2, Bent 3, Bertakl, Dirradid, Guam Orange, Hawaiian,
Ishiobing, Kangkum, Kangkum 2, Ngaraard, Nikangets, Ningsing, OISCA,
Techeboet, Telekeok and Telentund. There are also several introduced
varieties from the Center for Pacific Crops and Trees (CePaCT), of the
Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) in Fiji which are maintained
at the PCC Research and Development Station.
Land Preparation
Newly established areas for planting are cleared of shrubs and

trees. Before rototilling the soil, lime is applied by broadcast at 750
kg./ha. Rows are made 1 meter apart.
Sweet potato---- 3
Fig. 2. Rototilling the field
Planting Materials
Before harvest, planting materials are collected from the vines.

Stems measuring 12 inches from the tip are cut. Stems are planted
immediately or placed in the shade for 2 to 3 days before planting in
the field.
Distance Of Planting
Two cuttings measuring 12 inches long from the tip of the plant
are placed on each planting hole. The distance between plants is 60
cm. A handful of chicken manure is applied at the base of each plant at
planting time.
Fertilization
One month after planting, inorganic fertilizer in the form of 10-
30-10 (NPK) is applied at the base of each seedling at the rate of 1,500
kg/ha.
Weed Control
Manual weeding is done during the first 2 months after planting.
The bases of the plants are cultivated and hilled up.
Pest Control
The most common pest attacking sweet potato is the tortoise
shell beetle causing perforations on the leaves. Blotch miners are
also present as larvae feed on the leaves. The most common disease
is a fungal parasite that causes scabs and lesions on the leaves and leaf
shoots. Since farmers plant different varieties of sweet potato, control
of these insect pests and diseases is seldom done.
Fig. 3. Tortoise shell beetle damage on sweet potato leaves
Fig. 3a. Close up of tortoise shell beetle

Sweet potato---- 5
Harvesting
The tubers are harvested 4 to 5 months after planting. Using
knives or machetes, farmers dig around the base of the plant to expose
the tubers. The plants are pulled and the tubers are removed. The
tubers are placed in baskets and then washed to remove the dirt.
Fig. 4. Harvested sweet potato tubers

B. CASSAVA
Cassava is an erect, smooth, shrubby plant 1.5 to 3 meters high

and is planted for the tuberous roots. The tuber is high in food energy,
phosphorus and ascorbic acid while the leaves are high in calcium,
ascorbic acid and beta-carotene.
Table 2. Nutritional Value of Cassava

======================================================
Nutritional Content
Component
Boiled Tubers Leaves
======================================================
Edible Portion 71 % 100 %
Water 71.8 g. 89.5 g.
Energy 111 k cal 43 k cal
Protein 0.6 g. 3.4 g.
Fat 0.1 g. 0.7 g.
Fiber (1.3 g.) 1.5 g.
Ash 0.6 g. 0.7 g.
Calcium 10 mg. 102 mg.
Iron 0.3 mg. 0.6 mg.
B-Carotene Traces 11,735 ug.
Total Vitamin A Traces 1956ug.
Ascorbic acid 22 mg. 84 mg.
======================================================
Cassava---- 7
Varieties
There are about 30 distinct varieties of cassava being grown in

Palau. These varieties are Aderuangel, Angaur Red, Chemeraech, Cheual
Buil, Dilubech, Dokkoiso, Fiji, Hide, Homusted, Idub, Ikrebai, Kamerang,
Klerang, Kodep, Mechebechubel, Modekngei, Ngchar, Ngeaur, Ngesuong,
Ngkud, Ochobirang, Oreor, Saibal, Shimizu, Stebania, Smiich, Terue,
Tikei, Umad, and Yasireng. Farmers usually plant different varieties of
cassava in their farm.
Land Preparation
Cassava grows well in open, flat or slightly sloping areas. The

area is cleared with grasses, shrubs and other vegetation.
Liming
Lime at 750 kg/ha is applied by broadcasting before plowing.

Using a rototiller, the lime is mixed with the soil. Rows are made 1
meter apart.
Fig. 5. Broadcasting lime and immediate rototilling of the

field
8----Upland Crop Production
Planting Materials
Stems of cassava are cut into stakes. Each stake must have about
5 to 7 nodes and are planted in vertical or slanting position.

Areas planted to cassava for three growing seasons must be
rotated with legumes or grass to maintain soil productivity.
Distance of Planting
Planting is done at a distance of 50 to 70 cm between hills.
Fertilization
Two to 6 weeks after planting, a handful of compost or chicken

manure is applied in a hole 15 to 20 cm from the base of the plants.
Inorganic fertilizer such as 10-30-10 or a mixture of equal parts of 10-
20-0 and 14-14-14 are also applied on the base of seedlings at the rate
of 1,500 kg/ha.
Weed Control
Manual weeding is done during the first three months after

planting. Once canopy closes, weeding is stopped.
Fig. 6. Field planting of cassava

Cassava---- 9
Pest Control
The most serious pest of cassava in Palau is the spider mite,

Tetranychus sp. However, the predatory mite had been released in
many cassava growing areas of Palau and is contributing in lowering
the population of spider mites in cassava fields.
Fig. 7. Cassava leaves damaged by spider mite

Harvesting
Cassava is harvested 9 to 10 months from planting. The stems of

cassava are cut and then the plant is pulled by hand from the ground.
Cassava tubers should be peeled and stored in a freezer immediately
after harvest to prevent loss of quality due to dark streaks caused by
oxidation and fungal attack.
Fig. 8 Harvested cassava tubers

C. CORN
Fig. 9. Ears of sweet corn
Corn is planted in many areas of Palau. Its ears are a good source
of carbohydrates for energy, high in phosphorus and total Vitamin A.
Table 3. Nutritional Value Of Corn

======================================================
Component Nutritional Content
======================================================
Edible Portion 54%
Water 59.2 gm.
Energy 167 k cal
Protein 3.3 g.
Fat 1.2 g.
Carbohydrate 35.7 g.
Fiber (5.0 g.)
Ash 0.6 g.
Calcium 10 mg.
Phosphorus 92 mg.
Iron 1.2 mg.
======================================================
Corn----11
Table 3. (Cont’d)
======================================================
======================================================
B-Carotene 10.4 ug.
Total Vitamin A 17 ug.
Thiamine 0.09 mg.
Riboflavin 0.08 mg.
Niacin 0.9 mg.
Ascorbic acid 5.0 mg
======================================================
Varieties
Sweet corn is the most common type of corn grown in Palau. The
common varieties available from the stores in Palau are Supersweet,
Bright Jean No. 2, Sweet Jean and Snow Jean. These seeds come from
the Philippines and Taiwan.
Land Preparation
The area for planting is cleared of weeds, grasses and small

vegetation. Once cleared, the area is rototilled and one meter rows are
made.
Liming
Lime is applied by broadcast on top of the soil immediately

before rototilling.
On top of the furrow, the soil is slightly made open with the use
of a hoe. Two to three seeds are placed every 5 cm and then covered
with soil.
Fertilization
At seedling emergence, inorganic fertilizer and manure are

applied in band application about 5 cm from the bases of the seedlings.
The fertilizer and manure are covered with soil. Second fertilizer
application is done at whorl stage. Hilling up is done to cover bases of
seedlings and at the same time remove the weeds.
Fig. 10. Field planting of sweet corn
Weed Control
Weeding is done manually with the use of sickle or hoe. Weeds

are removed from the base of the seedlings. Weeds in between the rows
are removed with the use of a hoe.
Corn----13
Pest Control
The corn borer is a major pest of sweet corn in Palau. The mature
larvae bore into the stem and feed inside. As a result, the plant can be
toppled over by winds.
One way of controlling infestation is by applying granular

pesticide, Diazinon, on the leaf whorl. Newly hatched larvae of corn
borer come in contact with the pesticide and are killed.
Harvesting
The ears of corn with their husks are removed from the plant
manually. Some of the old husks are removed before they are placed in
a container.
Fig. 11. Sweet corn with husk

D. BANANA
The banana is a monocotyledonous plant and considered the

largest plant on earth without a woody trunk. Its stems and leaf sheath
produce a trunk like structure that can grow as high as 10 meters. It
has a crown of wide long leaves with fruits hanging heavily in a cluster.
It bears fruit only once.
Fig. 12. The banana plant.
Table 4. Nutritional Value Of Banana

======================================================
======================================================
Edible Portion 73 %
Water 73.4 g.
Energy 105 k cal
Protein 1.2 g.
Fat 0.3 g.
======================================================
Banana---- 15
Table 4. (Cont’d)
======================================================
======================================================
Ash 0.7 g.
Calcium 17 mg.
Phosphorus 34 mg.
Iron 0.7 mg.
B-Carotene 30 ug.
Thiamine 0.02 mg.
Riboflavin 0.02 mg.
Niacin 0.5 mg.
Ascorbic acid 21 mg
======================================================
The fruit is mainly composed of water as well as carbohydrates

which provide energy to the human body. It is high in phosphorus,
calcium and ascorbic acid .
Varieties
There are several varieties of banana grown in Palau. Some of

the popular varieties are as follows: Mechad, Lakatan, Medakt a Deleb,
Meskebesang, Rubeang, Bechochod, Sato, Cavendish Variety, Emaus,
Kurob, Meduch a Ngerel, Cherasech.
Land Preparation
Newly established areas for planting are cleared of vegetation

and trees. Usually 50 cm holes are made at a distance of 3 to 4 meters
between plants.
Planting Materials
Planting materials used are suckers, corms and corm bits.

Different varieties of banana produce varying number of suckers on
the sides of mother plants. Suckers that grow vigorously tapering in
general for over a meter tall are selected. Corms are about 10 to 15 cm
in diameter with a minimum of one good bud and “2 eyes” weighing
about 0.5 kilogram.
Bits are bigger corms that has been cut into 2 to 4 pieces, Each
bit should have an “eye”. Plant these bits in a row 30 cm apart. After
several weeks, shoots will start to grow from each bit.

Fertilization
Two handfuls each of manure or compost and inorganic

fertilizers are placed at the bottom of the hole before planting. Manure
and fertilizer are covered with soil. The planting material is placed in
the hole and then covered with soil. During the first 5 months of growth
two handful of fertilizer is applied 30 to 60 cm from the pseudostem in
a ring or band placement.
In Palau, irrigation is not needed as rainfall is well distributed

throughout the year.
Weed Control
Farmers use “green machines” or “grass cutters” to cut the grass

in the farm to prevent weeds from overgrowing the banana plants.
Sucker Removal
Suckers that exceed three are removed to prevent competition

for soil nutrients. In Palau however, farmers do not remove extra
suckers.
Banana---- 17
Pest Control
In Palau, Marasmiellus is a very serious disease on banana. It

is caused by the fungus Marasmiellus moderna. Pink fungal growth
occurs between leafsheaths. Affected plants usually have smaller
leaves and the fruit bunch is drastically reduced. Fungal fruiting bodies
(mushroom-like) are produced on the leafsheaths or on debris on the
ground. Lakatan variety is particularly susceptible to the disease.

Affected outer leafsheaths are removed to reduce infection on
the plant.
Fig. 13. Marasmiellus infected banana (left) and removal of

infected leafsheath (right).
Propping and bagging of fruits are done to prevent damaging

the fruits.
Harvesting
Fruits are harvested when they are green at varying stage

of maturity. As basis for maturity the number of days from flower
emergence is recommended. For example for Mechad, the fruit must
be harvested 9 to 11 weeks after flower emergence; for Lakatan, 12 to
14 weeks and for Meskebesang 20-24 weeks after.
Fig. 14. Fruits of Lakatan (left) and Meskebesang (right) banana.

Papaya---- 19
E. PAPAYA
The papaya is a fast growing single stemmed polygamous
arborescent herb that grows up to 10 meters tall. Its trunk is cylindrically
hollow 10 to 30 cm in diameter and roughened by large prominent leaf
and inflorescence scars.
Table 5. Nutritional Value Of Papaya

======================================================
Nutritional Content
Component
Young Fruit Ripe Fruit
======================================================
Edible Portion 64 % 64 %
Moisture 92.9 g. 86.6 g.
Fat 0.1 g. 0.3 g.
Fiber 1.3 g. 1.3 g.
Ash 0.5 g. 0.5 g.
Calcium 60.0 mg. 34 mg.
Phosphorus 28.0 mg. 11.0 mg.
B-Carotene 0 450 ug.
Vitamin A 0 75 ug.
======================================================
The ripe fruit of papaya is a good source of B-carotene, ascorbic

acid and calcium.
Fig. 15. ‘Red Lady’ papaya plant (left) and close up of fruit (right)
Varieties
The most common varieties being grown are the native, Solo,
and Red Lady.
Land Preparation
Papaya grows well in light well drained acidic soil, rich in organic
matter. In Palau, farmers dig a hole 30 cm in diameter and about 30 to
40 cm deep. A kilo of compost and 50 grams of complete fertilizer are
placed in the hole. A thin layer of soil is added to prevent direct contact
of roots of seedlings with the fertilizer.
Planting Materrials
Seeds are grown first in seedboxes. About one month old

seedlings are transplanted. Three seedlings are planted in each hole.
At flowering, male seedlings and sickly looking seedlings are cut and
only one vigorous seedling is retained and allowed to continue to grow.
In semi-commercial plantings, the land is rototilled and rows

are provided where to plant seedlings. The distance between plants is
about two meters and 3 meters between rows.
Papaya---- 21
Fertilization
At flowering, the plants are fertilized again with a handful of

fertilizer placed in a hole 5 cm from the base of the seedlings. Another
handful of fertilizer is placed on the other side. After first harvest, the
plants are provided again with fertilizer.
Weed Control
The grass and weeds between plants and between rows are cut
to prevent the weeds from outgrowing the plants. Cutting of grasses is
done as often as necessary.
Pest Control
Spider mites, Tetranychus sp., often infest seedlings after

transplanting, causing death of mature leaves. Throughout the island, a
predatory mite, Neoseiulus longispinosus, had been released to control
spider mites.
The most destructive disease that affects papaya is the papaya
ringspot virus. It has never been observed to occur yet on papaya
in Palau. Care must be taken to prevent it from reaching the island.
The disease is characterized by the presence of faint chlorosis on
younger leaves. Fruits show characteristic ring spotting or with small
watersoaked or oily spots on the surface.
Fig. 16. Mature papaya leaf severely

damaged by red spider mite
Harvesting
Fruits must be harvested at the right stage of maturity. The

presence of a streak of yellow at the ridges of the apical end is a good
indicator. The fruits are harvested and allowed to ripen in the shaded
areas in the house.
Soursop---- 23
F. SOURSOP
The plant is grown for its 20 to 30 cm long, prickly green fruit
which can weigh up to 6.8 kg. The flesh of the fruit contains an edible
white pulp, some fiber and a core of indigestible black seeds.
The pulp is also used to make fruit nectar, smoothies, juice

drinks, as well as candies, sorbets and ice cream flavorings.
Table 6. Nutritional Value Of Soursop

======================================================
======================================================
Edible Portion 70 %
Water 82 gm.
Energy 70 k cal
Protein 1.1 g.
Fat 0.1 g
Crude Fiber 0.6 g.
Ash 0.6 g.
Calcium 16 mg.
Phosphorus 23 mg.
Iron 6.0 mg.
B-Carotene 0
Total Vitamin A 0
Thiamine 0.09 mg.
Riboflavin 0.07 mg.
Niacin 0.9 mg.
Ascorbic acid 27 mg.
======================================================
Soursop is a good source of Vitamin C, phosphorus and calcium.
Fig. 17. Soursop fruits

Varieties
Seeds are locally available from trees that have ripe fruits.
Planting Materials
Seeds from ripe fruits are collected and dried. The seeds are
initially grown in polybags with soil and manure. When seedlings are
about 10 cm tall, one seedling is planted in each polybag. The seedlings
are watered to promote growth of seedlings. Six months after, the
seedlings are ready for transplanting in the field.
Land Preparation
The area for planting is cleared of weeds and shrubs before

transplanting.
Holes 30 cm in diameter and 30 cm deep are made with the use

of hoe and spade. The distance between trees must be about 4 meters.
In each planting hole, a kilo each of manure and complete

fertilizer are placed and lightly covered with soil.
Soursop---- 25
Weed Control
Overgrown weeds and grasses found in the spaces between

plants are cut using a “green machine”. Some of the weeds growing
near bases of plants are removed manually.
Pest Control
The tail jay butterfly is a pest of soursop. The larvae feed on

the leaves. It is not a serious pest and no control measures are being
implemented to reduce its damage on the leaves.
Harvesting
Mature fruits are harvested and allowed to ripen in shaded areas

in the house. The fruits are mature if the skin is shining green in color
and the spines are well separated.
Fig. 18. Cross section of soursop fruit showing white flesh

G. PINEAPPLE
The pineapple plant is a terrestrial herb 0.75-1.5 m high with
a spread of 0.9-1.2 m; a very short, stout stem and a rosette of waxy,
50 to 180 cm long-pointed strap like leaves; usually needle tipped and
generally bearing sharp, upcurved spines on the margins. The leaves
may be all green or variously striped with red, yellow or ivory down
the middle or near the margins. At blooming time, the stem elongates
and enlarges near the apex and puts forth a head of small purple or red
flowers, each accompanied by a single red, yellowish or green bract. The
stem continues to grow and acquires at its apex a compact tuft of stiff,
short leaves called the “crown” or “top”. Occasionally a plant may bear 2
or 3 heads, or as many as 12 fused together, instead of the normal one.
As individual fruits develop from the flowers they join together

forming a cone shaped, compound, juicy, fleshy fruit to 30 cm or more
in height, with the stem serving as the fibrous but fairly succulent
core. The tough, waxy rind, made up of hexagonal units, may be dark-
green, yellow, orange-yellow or reddish when the fruit is ripe. The
flesh ranges from nearly white to yellow. If the flowers are pollinated,
small, hard seeds may be present, but generally one finds only traces of
undeveloped seeds.
Fig. 19. The ‘Queen’ variety of pineapple.

Pineapple---- 27
Table 7. Nutritional Value Of Pineapple

======================================================
======================================================
Edible Portion 100 %

Water 71.1 g.
Energy 119 k cal
Protein 0.4 g.
Fat 0.8 g.
Crude Fiber 1.2 g.
Ash 0.2 g.
Calcium 12 mg.
Phosphorus 4 mg.
Iron Traces
B-Carotene Traces
Total Vitamin A Traces
Thiamine 0.12 mg.
Riboflavin 0.01 mg.
Niacin 0.3 mg.
Ascorbic acid 7.0 mg.
======================================================
Pineapple slices are rich in calcium and ascorbic acid.
Varieties
There are two varieties of pineapple being grown in Palau.

These are the sweet type or Queen variety and the Hawaiian variety.
The Queen variety has smaller fruits with small eyes and the leaves are
spiny. On the other hand, the Hawaiian variety has bigger fruits and
bigger eyes with less spines on the leaves.
Land Preparation
The area for planting is rototilled and rows are made 1 meter
apart.
Liming
Liming is not practiced in areas planted to pineapple as the plant

can tolerate acid soils.
The distance of planting within each row is 30 cm between

plants and 1meter between rows.
Planting Materials
Slips, suckers and crowns are used as planting materials

Generally farmers in Palau make holes at a distance of about 30 cm
between plants. A handful of manure and a handful of fertilizer (10-30-
10) are placed in the holes, covered slightly with soil to prevent roots of
pineapple from coming in direct contact with manure and fertilizer.
Fig. 20. ‘Hawaiian’ variety of pineapple showing crown and

slips as planting materials.
Pineapple---- 29
Fig. 21 . Suckers of pineapple as planting materials
Flower Inducing Agent
In semi-commercial planting of pineapple, calcium carbide

mixed with water is applied on the growing point of one year old
pineapple plantings. This is done to attain uniform flowering and
fruiting of pineapple.
Small farmers however do not apply any flower inducing agents.

They just wait for the fruit to come out more than a year after planting.
Fertilization
A handful of fertilizer is applied at the base of each plant 6

months after planting.
Weed Control
Control of weeds is done by hoeing at the early stage of plant

growth. When the canopy of plants begins to touch each other, weeding
is no longer done. Sometimes “grass cutter” are used to cut grass in
between rows of plants.
Pest Control
The pineapple mealy bug, Dysmicoccus brevipes, infests

pineapple in Palau. The colonies of mealy bugs are partially covered
with soil made by ants at the bases of fruits. Ants usually tend on them.
In semi-commercial planting of pineapples, Malathion is sprayed at the
recommended rate at the bases of fruits and plants.
Harvesting
In small plantings since flower inducing agent is not used, fruits

come out at different dates during the growing season. Some fruits
harvested are for home consumption while the rest of the fruits are
sold in the market.
The fruit is harvested once it becomes light yellow or golden

yellow in color. The fruits are harvested manually and are placed in
suitable containers.
Citrus---- 31
H. CITRUS
This plant is a shrub or small tree with a long tap root, 2 to 7.5
m tall. Trees grown from seed start fruit production 5 to 6 years after
planting, but this is shortened to 3 years or less by planting asexually
propagated seedlings.
Flowering and fruiting is year round with a peak harvest season

lasting for three months which falls during the months of August to
October.
Fruits are round, greenish to yellow with a diameter of about

2 to 4 cm and reaches full maturity in about 3 months after flowering.
The fruit is rich in phosphorus, calcium, iron and vitamin C.
Table 8. Nutritional Value Of Citrus

======================================================
======================================================
Edible Portion 38 %
Water 89.8 g.
Energy 44 k cal
Protein 0.4 g.
Fat 1.0 g
Carbohydrate 8.3 g.
Crude Fiber Trace
Ash 0.5 g.
Calcium 18 mg.
Phosphorus 12 mg.
Iron 0.8 mg.
B-Carotene 0
Thiamine 0.02 mg.
Riboflavin 0.01 mg.
Niacin 0.2 mg.
======================================================
Citrus fruit is high in ascorbic acid, calcium and phosphorus.
Fig. 22. Calamansi tree.
Varieties
The most common variety of citrus grown in Palau is the

calamansi or “kingkang” in Palauan language.
Land Preparation
The area for planting is cleared of weeds and low vegetation. A

30-cm wide planting holes and about 30 cm deep are established in the
area.
Planting Materials
The ripe fruits of calamansi are harvested and seeds are collected.
The seeds are washed with water to remove the mucilaginous material
which covers them. The seeds are then planted in seedboxes and placed
in shaded areas around the house. Two to three week old seedlings are
transferred to polybags, one seedling in each bag with soil and manure.
Watering is done to provide moisture for rapid growth of seedlings. Six
months after, the seedlings are ready for transplanting in the field.
Citrus---- 33
The distance of planting is about 4 meters. In each hole, a kilo

each of manure and complete fertilizer are applied and then covered
with soil. One seedling is planted in each hole and the base of the
seedling is covered with soil.
Fertilization
At flowering time, one kilo each of manure and complete fertilizer

are placed about 30 cm from the base of the plants. The fertilizer and
manure are again covered with soil.
Weed Control
Weeds are removed manually from the base of the plants.

Weeds that grow in areas between plants are cut with the use of “green
machines” or “grass cutter”.
Pest Control
Although many serious diseases of calamansi are present in

many countries where citrus is grown, none of these have been found
to be present in Palau. Care must then be exercised to prevent their
introduction to Palau.
Sometimes scabs and canker are present on the fruit and bark.
It is not serious enough to warrant control measures.
The orange spiny white fly is also present in Palau. A parasitic

wasp had been introduced to Palau and is keeping the spiny white fly
under control.
Harvesting
With the use of a ladder, the fruits are individually collected

by hand and placed in a container or basket. Fruits that are ready for
harvest usually assume golden yellow color.
Fig. 23. Trees bearing calamansi fruits
Fig. 24. Close up of calamansi fruits

Guava---- 35
I. GUAVA
Guavas are common tropical fruits cultivated and enjoyed in

many tropical countries. It is a small tree with tough dark leaves that
are opposite, simple, elliptic to ovate and 5-15 cm long. The flowers are
white with 5 petals and numerous stamens. The fruits are many seeded
berries.
The guava fruits, usually 4 to 12 cm long are round or oval.

They have a pronounced and typical fragrance. The outer skin maybe
rough, often with a bitter taste or soft and sweet. The pulp inside may
be sweet or sour and off white (white guavas) to deep pink (red guavas).
The seeds in the central pulp vary in number and hardness.
Table 9. Nutritional Value Of Guava

======================================================
======================================================
Edible Portion 99 %
Water 88.4 g.
Energy 70 k cal
Protein 0.8 g.
Fat 0.3 g
Carbohydrate 16 g.
Crude Fiber (5.3 g.)
Ash 0.5 g.
Calcium 31 mg.
Phosphorus 26 mg.
Iron 0.9 mg.
B-Carotene 40 ug.
Thiamine 0.06 mg.
Riboflavin 0.05 mg.
Niacin 1.2 mg.
======================================================
Guava fruits have high ascorbic acid, calcium, phosphorus and

B-carotene.
Fig. 25. Fruits of native (left) and introduced (right) varieties of guava
Varieties
Planting materials of guava are available at the Taiwan Technical

Mission. The seedlings are ready for transplanting.
Land Preparation
The area for planting is cleared of weeds and shrubs. Planting

holes are made 30 cm wide and 40 cm deep. On each hole, a kilogram
each of manure and complete fertilizer are placed. The hole is covered
slightly with soil to prevent the planting material from getting in touch
with the fertilizer and manure. One seedling is planted in each hole.
The bases of the seedlings are then covered with soil.
The recommended spacing is 3 meters apart.

At flowering time, the trees are pruned carefully to induce
flowering and formation of fruit buds.
Guava---- 37
Fertilization
One kilogram each of manure and complete fertilizer are placed

about 30 cm from the bases of the tree at flowering time. The fertilizer
and manure are then covered with soil.
Fruiting
When fruits start to appear, they are enclosed with a white

paper bag to prevent fruit flies from attacking them and at the same
time allow the fruits to mature and attain full size.
Fig. 26. Guava trees with bagged fruits.
Weed Control
Weeds which grow near the base of the trees and in between
trees are cut with the use of “green machine”.
Harvesting
The fruits are harvested manually. Sometimes a ladder is used

to facilitate harvesting the fruits on top of the trees. Fruits are placed
in containers and sold in the market.
Dragon Fruit---- 39
J. DRAGON FRUIT
Dragon fruit is cultivated both for ornamental vine and its edible
fruit. It belongs to the Cactus family. The plant flowers at night. The
flower is large, waxy, with white petals and very fragrant. It is called
“moon flower” or “Queen of the Night”.
Table 10. Nutritional Value Of Dragon fruit

======================================================
======================================================
Water 83 %
Protein 0.229 g.
Fat 061 g
Crude Fiber 0.9 g.
Ash 0.28 g.
Calcium 8.8 mg.
Phosphorus 36.1 mg.
Iron 0.65 mg.
B-Carotene 0.012 mg.
Vitamin A 0.045 mg.
Thiamine 0
Riboflavin 0.044 mg.
Niacin 1.3 mg.
Ascorbic acid 9 mg.
Vitamin B3 0.43 mg.
Others 0.68 g.
======================================================
** Letsgohealthy.blogspot.com/2013/01 health benefits and nutrition

on line html.
The fruit contains Vitamin

3 B which is known to lower bad
cholesterol in the blood and also lowers sugar level for type 2 diabetes
patients.
Fig. 27. Dragon fruit plant
Varieties
There are three known types of dragon fruit . These are :

1. Hylocereus rendatus - white flesh with pink skin
2. Hylocereus polyrhicus - red flesh with pink skin
3. Selenicereus megalinichus—white flesh with yellow skin
Land Preparation
The area to be planted with dragon fruit should be cleared with

weeds and shrubs using a grass cutter, green machine and machete.
Holes are made 3 meters apart.
Two handful each of manure and complete fertilizer are placed

in a hole partly covered with soil.
Cement posts are placed where the plants can cling on for
support when growing. The posts should be buried 60 cm deep and at
least 180 cm above the ground.
Dragon Fruit---- 41
Planting Materials
Cut the stems about 20 cm long. Plant one stem in each hole
with a cement post.
Fertilization
Apply a kilo of manure and about 100 grams complete fertilizer

at the base of the seedlings every year.
Pest Control
A fungal disease affects the growth of plants. Birds also feed

on the fruits. Scale insects sometimes become a problem. In general,
seldom if ever farmers apply pesticides to control disease and other
pests.
In other countries, pests such as tussock moths, mealy bugs,
aphids, flea beetles, bugworm, coffee bean weevil, black bug and
Oriental fruitfly infest the plant. The diseases of dragon fruit include
fruit rot, leaf spot, rust, leaf blight, yellow spot and flower rot.
Harvesting
Fruits can be harvested 40 to 50 days from flowering. When

fruit skin turns from green to red, it is ready for picking. The fruit can
be stored for 40 days at 5 C and 90% relative humidity.
Fig. 28. Cross section of red fleshed dragon fruit

K. VEGETABLE CROPS
1. LONG BEANS
Long beans are climbing herbaceous crop raised primarily for

its edible pods. Pods are slender, about 60 cm long and sometimes
implanted with many seeds.
Table 11. Nutritional Value Of Long Beans

======================================================
======================================================
Water 88.9 g.
Energy 43 k cal
Protein 3.1 g.
Fat 0.2 g
Carbohydrate 7.2 g.
Crude Fiber 2.2 g.
Ash 0.6 g.
Calcium 61 mg.
Phosphorus 47 mg.
Iron 0.9 mg.
B-Carotene 0
Thiamine 0.12 mg.
Riboflavin 0.11 mg.
Niacin 1.0 mg.
======================================================
The pod contains high calcium, phosphorus and Vitamin A.

Long Beans---- 43
Fig. 29. Close up of long bean pods
Varieties
Seeds of long beans varieties 6001XL and Asparagus Beans come

from Taiwan and the Philippines. They are available in some stores in
Palau.
Land Preparation
Lime is broadcasted on the surface of the soil before land

preparation. The field is rototilled and rows are made 1 meter apart.
Holes are made 50 cm apart. Manure and inorganic fertilizer are placed
in each hole.
Planting Materials
Two to three seeds are placed in each hole and covered with
soil. Fertilizer and manure are partly covered with soil to prevent seeds
from getting in contact with them.
Trellising And Nets
Vertical trellis is used for single row plots. Bamboo poles are
placed two meters apart with GI wire. Nylon nets are then placed for
the plants to climb on.
Fig. 30 . Close up of field planting of long beans
Fertilization
A handful of complete fertilizer is placed in each hole made 5 cm

from the base of the seedlings. Fertilizer is then covered with soil.
In Palau, evenly distributed rainfall provides enough moisture

to long beans throughout its growing period.
Weed Control
Hand pulling of weeds that grow at the bases of the plants is

done. Hoeing is done to remove weeds between plants and between
rows.
Long Beans---- 45
Pest Control
An important pest of long beans is the pod borer. The caterpillar

bores into the pods and feeds inside. It also feeds on flowers and
flower buds. Farmers usually apply either Diazinon or Malathion at
the recommended rate starting at flowering time and one week after
first spray.
Harvesting
Long beans are harvested 70 days from planting. It is harvested

by hand every 3 to 4 days for up to 30 times during the growing season.
Harvesting is done in the morning to avoid weight loss. They are placed in
shaded area prior to selling them in the market.
2. CUCUMBER
Cucumber is a widely planted vegetable crop in Micronesia. It

is grown for its immature fruits which are used in salads (slicing type) or
soaked or stored in brine (pickling type). The common varieties of slicing
cucumbers have sprawling vines with large green leaves and curling tendrils.
The growth of these plants is fast and the crop yield is abundant.
Table 12. Nutritional Value Of Cucumber

======================================================
======================================================
Edible Portion 81%
Water 95.5 g.
Energy 16 k cal
Protein 0.6 g.
Fat 0.2 g
Carbohydrate 2.9 g.
Crude Fiber 0.5 g.
Ash 0.4 g.
Calcium 22 mg.
Phosphorus 17 mg.
Iron 0.4 mg.
B-Carotene Tr
Total Vitamin A Tr
Thiamine 0.02 mg.
Riboflavin 0.02 mg.
Niacin 0.1mg.
======================================================
Fruits of cucumber have high calcium, phosphorus and
ascorbic acid.
Cucumber---- 47
Fig. 31. Fresh cucumber fruits
Land Preparation
Established areas for planting are rototilled and rows are made 1
meter apart. Holes are made 30 cm apart 2-3 cm deep.
Planting Materials

Seeds of cucumber varieties Pipinito, Fountain F1 Hybrid come
from Taiwan and the Philippines. They are available in some stores in Palau.
Fertilization
In each hole a handful each of compost and inorganic complete

fertilizer are placed. A small amount of soil separates the seeds to prevent
them from coming in direct contact with the fertilizer and compost. Two
or three seeds are placed in each hole and covered again with soil. Another
fertilization is done at flowering time.
Irrigation
Sometimes manual sprinkler irrigation is done when weather

becomes too hot and there is no rain.
Pest Control
The most common insect pests that attack cucumber are orange
cucumber beetles and melon worms. These insects feed on flowers, leaves
and sometimes fruits of cucumber. Farmers apply Diazinon or Malathion at
the recommended rates to control infestation.
Trellising And Netting
Cucumber nets are installed 1 – 2 weeks after seedling emergence to

allow the plants to climb the trellis before flowering to facilitate harvesting
the fruits and other farm works.
Fig. 32. Field planting of cucumber

Cucumber---- 49
Weed Control
Weeds are removed manually from the base of the plants and
in between rows. Hilling up is practiced before flowering to suppress
weed growth. In between rows, hoeing is done to prevent weeds from
getting established in the area.
Harvesting
Harvesting of fruits is done in less than 2 months. Usually 7 to 8

harvesting of fruits is done. Harvesting is done twice a week to prevent
occurrence of oversized fruits. Harvested fruits are placed in containers and
placed in shaded areas before selling them in the market.
3. OKRA
Okra is a perennial plant and often grows to around 2 m tall. The

leaves are 10-20 cm long and broad, palmately lobed with 5-7 lobes.
The flowers are 4-8 cm in diameter with 5 white to yellow petals, often
with a red or purple spot at the base of each petal. The fruit is a capsule
up to 18 cm long with pentagonal cross section containing numerous
seeds.
Table 13. Nutritional Value Of Okra

======================================================
======================================================
Edible Portion 90 %
Water 92.2 g.
Energy 30 k cal
Protein 1.0 g.
Fat 0.2 g
Carbohydrate 6.1 g.
Crude Fiber 2.6 g.
Ash 0.5 g.
Calcium 79 mg.
Phosphorus 23 mg.
Iron 0.5 mg.
B-Carotene 80 ug
Thiamine 0.04 mg.
Riboflavin 0.05 mg.
Niacin 0.6 mg.
======================================================
Okra is high in calcium, phosphorus and B-carotene.

Okra---- 51
Fig. 33. Close up of okra plant and pods
Varieties
The seeds of okra varieties Smooth Green and Chant come from
the Philippines and Taiwan. The seeds are available at some stores in
Palau.
Land Preparation
The area for planting is cleared of grasses and shrubs. Lime

at 750 kg/Ha is broadcast on top of the soil. The area is rototilled to
mix the lime with the soil. Rows are made 1 meter apart. Holes are
made 30 cm apart. A handful each of manure and inorganic fertilizer
are placed in each hole. It is then covered with soil to prevent roots
of seedlings to come in contact with the fertilizer and manure.
Planting Material
Two to three seeds of okra are placed in each hole and covered
with soil.
Fertilization
At flowering, a handful each of complete fertilizer and manure

are again placed in shallow holes made about 5 cm from the bases of the
seedlings.
Fig. 34. Field planting of okra

Weed Control
Weeding is done manually especially in removing weeds and

grasses near the base of the plants. In between rows, hoeing and
hilling up are done to remove weeds and covering the base of the plants.
Irrigation
Sometimes during the dry spell, watering the plants is done

with the use of a sprinkling can. This is done to provide moisture and
hasten them to grow vigorously.
Okra---- 53
Pest Control
Leaf folders have been observed to damage the plant. The larvae
roll the leaves and feed inside. It is a minor pest of okra.
Harvesting
Okra produces large flowers about 2 months after planting. The

okra pods are ready to pick 3-4 days later.
When the pods are 3 to 4 inches long, harvesting is done using a

small knife or scissor to remove the pods from the plant. Harvesting is
done in the morning and afternoon each day to prevent occurrence of
overmature and hard pods.
4. EGGPLANT
The eggplant is a delicate tropical perennial which grows 40 to

150 cm tall with large, coarsely lobed leaves that are 10-20 cm long
and 5-10 cm broad. The stem is often spiny. The flower is white to
purple with a 5-lobed corolla and yellow stamens. The egg shaped
glossy purple fruit has a white flesh with a meaty texture. The cut
surface of the flesh rapidly turns brown when the fruit is cut open.
Table 14. Nutritional Value Of Eggplant

======================================================
======================================================
Water 93.6 g.
Energy 24 k cal
Protein 1.0 g.
Fat 0.1 g
Carbohydrate 4.9 g.
Crude Fiber (1.9 g.)
Ash 0.4 g.
Calcium 30 mg.
Phosphorus 28 mg.
Iron 0.5 mg.
B-Carotene 80 ug.
Thiamine 0.07 mg.
Riboflavin 0.04 mg.
Niacin 0.5 mg.
Ascorbic acid Trace
======================================================
Eggplant contain considerable amount of calcium, phosphorus

and B-carotene.
Eggplant---- 55
Fig. 35. Eggplant fruits
Varieties
Seeds of eggplant varieties Bulakena, Long Purple, Charming,

Longship and Pingtung Long come from Taiwan and the Philippines.
The seeds are available at some stores in Palau.
Land Preparation
The area for planting is cleared of grasses and shrubs. Once

cleared, lime is applied by broadcast on top of the soil. Rototilling
the soil is done so that the lime mixes well with the soil. Rows are
established 1 meter apart.
Planting Materials
Seeds of eggplant are grown initially in polybags with soil and

are placed in a shaded area. Watering is done using a sprinkler. Urea
is added at 1 teaspoon per gallon of water to provide good growth of
seedlings. Hardening of seedlings is done gradually by exposing them
under the sun and restricting watering. After one week, the seedlings
are ready for transplanting.
Planting holes are made in each row using a spade. The distance
between planting holes is about 60 cm. In each hole, a handful each
of manure and inorganic fertilizer (10-30-10) are placed and covered
with soil. One seedling per hole is planted and then covered with soil.
Fertilization
At flowering, a handful each of manure and inorganic fertilizer

(10-30-10) are placed in a hole about 10 cm away from the bases of the
plants and then covered with soil.
Irrigation
If it is not raining for a few days, watering is done twice a week

to promote growth of seedlings.
Weed Control
Pulling of weeds growing near bases of the plants are done.

Hoeing removes the weeds in between plants and in between rows.
Pest Control
In many tropical countries, the eggplant fruit borer is a serious

insect pest of eggplant. The caterpillar bores on the fruit and feeds
inside causing rotting of fruits. This insect is not yet present in Palau.
Extreme care must be taken to prevent it from being introduced to
Palau.
Eggplant---- 57
Fig. 36. Field planting of eggplant
Harvesting
At maturity, the fruits are harvested manually using a small

knife to detach it from the mother plant. Harvesting is done twice a
week to prevent occurrence of oversized and over mature fruits.
5. RADISH
Radish, Raphanus sativus, is a herbaceous annual plant in the

family Brassicaceae grown for its edible tap root. The radish plant has
a short hairy stem and a rosette (ground level horizontal and circular
leaves) of oblong shaped leaves which measures 5 – 30 cm in length.
The top leaves of the plant are smaller and lance-like. The tap root
of the plant is cylindrical or tapering and commonly white in color.
The radish root can be eaten fresh in salads or cooked with

other ingredients such as meat. The leaves of the plant are also edible
and can be used as salad green.
Table 15. Nutritional Value Of Radish

======================================================
======================================================
Edible Portion 75 %
Water 96.2 g.
Energy 14 k cal
Protein 0.2 g.
Fat 0.1 g
Carbohydrate 3.2 g.
Crude Fiber 0.5 g.
Ash 0.3 g.
Calcium 24 mg.
Phosphorus 13 mg.
Iron 0.5 mg.
B-Carotene 0 ug
Thiamine 0.01 mg.
Riboflavin 0.01 mg.
Niacin 0.3 mg.
======================================================
Radish contains a high amount of ascorbic acid, calcium and
phosphorus.
Radish---- 59
Fig. 37. Roots and leaves of radish
Varieties
The seeds of radish varieties K08060RK617 and Diwata come

from Taiwan and the Philippines. They are available at some stores in
Palau.
Land Preparation
The land for planting is cleared of weeds and shrubs. Lime

at 450 kg/ha is applied by broadcast on top of the soil. Rototilling
is done immediately to mix lime with soil. One meter wide beds
are made with the use of a spade and hoe. Shallow lines are
made across the bed. The distance between lines is about 7 cm.
The distance between plants is about 7 cm. On each line a

hole is made every 7 cm. Two to three seeds of radish are placed in
each hole and covered with soil. One month after seedling emergence
complete fertilizer is applied near the base of the seedlings.
Weed Control
The weeds between plants on the bed are removed manually using a
small knife.
Pest Control
The diamond back moth is a serious pest of radish. The larvae feed
primarily on leaves causing defoliation. Diazinon at the recommended rate
is applied every week to control infestation.
Harvesting
At harvest time, the plants are carefully uprooted to prevent damage

to the roots. The enlarged roots are separated from the mother plant.

Intact leaves can also be used as vegetables in soup dishes.
Kangkong---- 61
6. KANGKONG
It is a fast growing creeping herb with succulent hollow stem

rooting at the nodes. Young leaves and stem are cooked with meat or
fish. The vines are also used as fodder for cattle and pigs.
Table 16. Nutritional Value Of Kangkong

======================================================
======================================================

Water 92.9 g.
Energy 28 k cal
Protein 1.5 g.
Fat 0.4 g
Carbohydrate 4.7 g.
Crude Fiber 0.7 g.
Ash 0.5 g.
Calcium 51 mg.
Phosphorus 25 mg.
Iron 1.3 mg.
B-Carotene 1550 ug
Thiamine 0.03 mg.
Riboflavin 0.08 mg.
Niacin 0.6 mg.
======================================================
Kangkong contains high B-carotene, Vitamin A, Vitamin C,

calcium and phosphorus.
Fig. 38. Field planting of kangkong

Varieties
Seeds of dryland kangkong variety Longleaf come from Taiwan

and the Philippines. The seeds are available at some stores in Palau.
Land Preparation
Liming is done by broadcasting about 750 kg./ha. The land

is prepared by rototilling to mix lime with the soil. Rows are made 1
meter apart.
Planting Material
Seeds and cuttings are used for propagation.
About 30 to 170 plants are planted per square meter. When

seeds are used, make shallow lines 10 cm across the beds before
sowing.
Kangkong---- 63
Fertilization
Fifteen days after emergence, apply urea or ammonium sulfate

in between rows of plants.
Weed Control
Hand pulling of weeds is done to prevent weeds from taking

over the plants. Hoeing is done between rows.
Pest Control
Caterpillars such as sweet potato hornworm feed on the leaves.

Spraying with Malathion of Diazinon is done to get rid of the caterpillars.
Harvesting
Harvesting is done by cutting shoots 20 to 50 days after sowing.

The plants are cut about 5 to 10 cm from the ground. Fertilizing is
again done to allow the cut stem to produce new shoots for another
harvesting.
Fig. 39. Kangkong tops sold in the market

7. SQUASH / PUMPKIN
The squash or pumpkin is a vegetable crop that is grown for its

fruits, flowers and young shoots. They are herbaceous annual plants
which are either trailing vines or bush like in morphology. Vines
generally have large lobed leaves and long vines which can climb
by attaching to surfaces with their tendrils. Squash plants produce
yellow to orange flowers and green, white or yellow fruit in a variety
of shapes with smooth or ridged skin. Vining squash varieties can
reach several meters in length and as annuals, survive only one
growing season. Flowers and young shoots are also used as vegetables.
Table 17. Nutritional Value Of Squash / Pumpkin

======================================================
======================================================
Water 88.2 g.
Energy 47 k cal
Protein 0.4 g.
Fat 0.2 g
Crude Fiber 0.6 g.
Ash 0.4 g.
Calcium 38 mg.
Phosphorus 20 mg.
Iron 0.3 mg.
B-Carotene 410 ug
Thiamine 0.08 mg.
Riboflavin 0.02 mg.
Niacin 0.5 mg.
======================================================
The fruit contains high B-carotene, Vitamin A, calcium and
phosphorus.
Squash---- 65
Fig. 40. Squash plant and fruits

Varieties
Seeds of squash varieties Winter Squash, and Crowning come

from the Philippines and Taiwan. The seeds are available at some stores
in Palau.
Land Preparation
The area for planting is cleared of weeds and vegetation.

Once cleared, holes about 50 cm wide are made using hoe and spade.
The distance between plants is about 2 meters. The soil

in the holes are pulverized and a handful of lime is added to the
hole. Each planting hole is provided with a handful each of manure
or compost and complete fertilizer (10-30-10). A small amount
of soil is applied to cover the manure and fertilizer to prevent
the roots of seedlings to come directly in contact with them.
Planting Materials
Seeds of pumpkin are initially grown in plastic bags with soil.

Watering is done to promote good growth of seedlings. Hardening of
seedlings are done by gradually exposing the seedlings under the sun
and by restricting watering. One week after hardening, the seedlings
are transplanted in the field. Usually three seedlings are planted in
each planting hole.
Fertilization
At flowering a handful of fertilizer and a handful of manure or

compost are placed in a hole about 7 cm from the base of the plants.
Weed Control
Grasses that grow in between rows of plants. are cut using

“grass cutter”. Grasses and weeds at the bases of plants are pulled.
Pest Control
The important insect pest attacking squash is the orange

cucumber beetle. During early morning hours, farmers hand collect the
less active adult beetles and are placed in empty cans with kerosene to
kill them.
Harvesting
When the fruits are mature, they are harvested by hand. Some
of the fruits are cooked for home consumption while the others are sold
in the market.
Chinese Cabbage---- 67
8. CHINESE CABBAGE / NAPPA
The Chinese cabbage or nappa is a vegetable crop that is

grown for its leaves. It is a hardy biennial grown as an annual.
It has broad, thick tender leaves and heavy midribs. There are
several varieties of Chinese cabbage, some are loose head and
some are tight headed, plants grow from 15-18 inches tall.
Table 18. Nutritional Value Of Chinese Cabbage / Nappa

======================================================
======================================================

Water 96.2 g.
Energy 14 k cal
Protein 1.0 g.
Fat 0.1 g
Carbohydrate 2.4 g.
Crude Fiber 0.4 g.
Ash 0.3 g.
Calcium 82 mg.
Phosphorus 18 mg.
Iron 0.4 mg.
B-Carotene 2.3 g.
Total Vitamin A —-
Thiamine 0.02 mg.
Riboflavin 0.02 mg.
Niacin 0.5 mg.
======================================================
Chinese cabbage contains high amounts of calcium,

phosphorus and ascorbic acid.
Fig. 41. Field planting of Chinese cabbage

Varieties
Seeds of Chinese cabbage variety Black Behi and Summer

Bright come from Taiwan and the Philippines. They are available at
some stores in Palau.
Land Preparation
Lime is applied by broadcasting on top of the soil. The soil is

rototilled. Once rototilling is done, a 1 meter bed is made using hoe and
spade. Shallow lines are made across the bed where the seedlings will
be planted.
Planting Materials
Seeds of Chinese cabbage are planted first in seed boxes. Urea

fertilizer at ½ teaspoon per gallon of water is mixed and sprayed on
seed boxes with seeds. Hardening of the seedlings is done by gradually
exposing the seedlings under the sun and by restricting watering.
One week after hardening, the seedlings are ready for transplanting
in the field. The seedlings are transplanted at a distance of 8 cm
between plants and then watered with urea and water every other day
especially if it is not raining. This promotes rapid growth of seedlings.
Chinese Cabbage---- 69
Fertilization
The distance between plants is 8 cm. Manure and complete

fertilizer are placed in each hole 14 days before transplanting.
Weed Control
Weeding is done manually, removing the weeds that are close to

the seedlings. Weeding is done as often as necessary until the plants
have grown and can compete with the weeds.
Pest Control
The diamond back moth is a serious pest of Chinese cabbage.

The larvae feed on the leaves and if serious infestation occurs, the
plants look like brooms. Spraying with Diazinon or Malathion at the
recommended rates is done every week to control infestation. Last
spray application is done 7 days before harvest.
Harvesting
The plants are mature enough at about 45 days from

transplanting. The plants are pulled carefully and soil is removed on
root system. Plants are washed to remove dirt and make plants look
fresh for sale in the market.
Fig. 42. Harvesting Chinese cabbage

9. BITTERMELON
Bittermelon is a herbaceous, tendril-bearing vine which grows up

to 5 m in length. It bears simple alternate leaves 4-12 cm across, with
3-7 deeply separated lobes. Each plant bears separate yellow male and
female flowers.
The fruit has a distinct warty exterior and an oblong shape. It is

hollow in cross section, with a relatively thin layer of flesh surrounding
a central seed cavity filled with large, flat seeds and pith. The fruit is
most often eaten green, or as it is beginning to turn yellow. At this
stage the fruit flesh is crunchy and watery in texture, but bitter. The
skin is tender and edible. Seed and pith appear white in unripe fruits,
they are not intensely bitter and can be removed before cooking.
The leaves and shoots are also added to several dishes as vegetables
too.
Table 19. Nutritional Value of Bittermelon
======================================================
Nutritional Content
Component
Fruits Leaves
======================================================
Edible Portion 100 % 100%
Water 95.9 g. 87.6 g
Fat 0.2 g. 0.6 g.
Crude Fiber 0.4 g. 0.3 g.
Ash 0.3 g. 0.6 g.
Calcium 33 mg. 74 mg.
B-Carotene 95 ug. 1205 ug.
======================================================
Bitter Melon---- 71
Fig. 43. Bittermelon fruits (left) and leaves (right)
The leaves contain very high B-carotene, calcium and Vitamin

A; while the fruit has appreciable amounts of calcium and B-carotene.
Varieties
The seeds of bitter melon variety Makiling and CY 00363 come

from Taiwan and the Philippines. The seeds are available at some
stores in Palau.
Land Preparation
The area for planting is cleared of weeds and shrubs. Lime

is added to the soil at 750 kg/ha by broadcasting. Rototilling is done
immediately to mix lime with the soil. Rows about I meter wide is made
by using a rototiller.
Planting Materials
Seeds of bittermelon are initially planted in polybags with

manure and fertilizer. Two to three seeds are planted in each polybag
and covered with soil. Watering is done to hasten seedling emergence.
Hardening of seedlings is done by gradually exposing them under the
sun and by restricting watering. One week after hardening, seedlings
are carefully transplanted into each planting hole and the base of the
seedlings are covered with soil.
Planting holes on the rows are spaced 30 cm between plants.

On each hole a handful of manure and complete fertilizer are placed
and partly covered with soil.
Trellising And Nets
Trellis and nylon nets are placed on each row to allow the
seedlings to climb on it. This will facilitate spraying and harvesting of
fruits.
Weed Control
Weeds are removed manually from the bases of plants. The

weeds in between rows and plants are removed by using a hoe.
Sometimes, hilling up is also being done.
Pest Control
Bittermelon is attacked by the orange cucumber beetle and

melon worms. The beetles bore holes on the leaves while the melon
worm larva feeds on leaves and surface of fruits. Spraying either with
Diazinon or Malathion is done to control infestation.
Harvesting
The fruits are harvested manually twice a week to prevent

ripening of the fruits.
Bitter Melon---- 73
Fig. 44. Bittermelon fruit still attached to the plant

10. GREEN ONIONS

Green onions may be any variety of onion and are simply
harvested before they bulb. Each Green onion plant produces a singular
underground bulb, known as the plant’s roots, with multiple vertical
green leaves that evolve above ground during the plant’s growing
process.
Green onions differentiate themselves from bulbing onions in not

just appearance, but also taste. Their sleek linear shape is a reflection
of the flavor that they represent. Their slightly sharp savoriness, grassy
undertones and succulent crunch allow them the favor of adapting to
many culture’s cuisines and seasons beyond that of the common onion.
Table 18. Nutritional Value Of Green Onions

======================================================
======================================================
Edible Portion 77 %
Water 90 g.
Energy 40 k cal
Protein 1.8 g.
Fat 0.5 g
Carbohydrate 7.2 g.
Crude Fiber 2.4 g.
Ash 0.5 g.
Calcium 54 mg.
Phosphorus 36 mg.
Iron 3.4 mg.
B-Carotene 1575 ug
Thiamine 0.07 mg.
Riboflavin 0.09 mg.
Niacin 0.6 mg.
======================================================
Green Onions---- 75
Fig. 45. Green onions ready for the market.
Green onions are high in B carotene, total Vitamin A, calcium

and phosphorus.
Varieties
Seeds of green onions variety Bunching Onion come from

Taiwan and the Philippines. Seeds are available at some stores in Palau.
Land Preparation
The area for planting is cleared of weeds and shrubs. Lime

is applied on the soil by broadcasting. Rototilling is done and 1 meter
bed is established by using a hoe and spade. Once beds are formed,
shallow lines are made across the bed
Each shallow line on top of the bed is spaced 10 cm from each

other. On each shallow line, a hole spaced 7 cm apart is made. On each
hole 2 to 3 seeds of green onions are placed and covered with soil.
Manure and fertilizer are applied between shallow lines and covered
with soil.
Irrigation
Watering of seedlings are done if it is not raining. One half

teaspoon of urea is added to a gallon of water, mixed thoroughly and
sprinkled to the seedlings using a sprinkling can.
Weed Control
The weeds between plants and between shallow lines are

carefully pulled by hand.
Pest Control
In Palau, the plants are seldom attacked by insects. Sometimes,

onion thrips can be a problem. If this happens, the plants are sprayed
with either Malathion or Diazinon at recommended rates to reduce
infestation.
Green Onions---- 77
Harvesting
At harvest time the plants are carefully pulled from the soil
with the use of a knife. Harvested green onions are cleaned with water
before selling them to the market .
Fig. 46 . Green onions in the field.

11. CHILI PEPPER
Chili peppers are commonly grown for its hot fruits, which are
used as spice. The leaves are eaten as vegetables. Hot peppers are
perennials with varying structures. They can be herbaceous or shrub-
like but are generally branching with green-brown stems and simple
oval leaves. The plant produces flowers with 5 petals which are usually
white in color. Chili pepper plants are commonly grown as annuals
with fruit being harvested for one growing season.
Table 21. Nutritional Value of Chili Pepper

======================================================
Nutritional Content
Component Fruits Leaves
======================================================
Edible Portion 89 % 100%

Water 72.2 g. 86.8 g
Fat 2.2 g. 0.3 g.
Crude Fiber 1.4 g. 0.5 g.
Ash 11.8 g. 0.6 g.
Calcium 65 mg. 87mg.
B-Carotene 4207 ug. 2030 ug.
======================================================
The fruit of chili pepper contains high amounts of B-carotene,

total vitamin A, phosphorus and calcium, while the leaves have high
amounts of B-carotene, total Vitamin A and calcium.
Chili Pepper---- 79
Fig. 47. Fruits on chili pepper plant
Varieties
Seeds of chili pepper varieties Sinigang, and Spicy Chili pepper

come from Taiwan and the Philippines. Seeds are available at some
stores in Palau.
Land Preparation
The area to be planted has to be cleared of weeds and shrubs.

Once cleared, lime is applied by broadcasting it on top of the
soil. Rototilling is done immediately to mix the lime with the
soil. Rows are made 1 meter apart. On each row planting holes
are made 60 cm from each other. On each hole, a handful each of
manure and complete fertilizer are applied and covered with soil.
Planting Materials
Seeds of chili pepper are grown first in small plastic bags with
soil. They are watered daily to hasten seedling emergence. Hardening
of seedlings are done for one week by exposing them under the sun and
by restricting watering. After one week of hardening, the seedlings
are ready for transplanting in the field.
Two seedlings are placed in each hole and pressing the soil at
the base of the seedlings.
Irrigation
Watering of seedlings is done if it has not been raining to

prevent wilting of seedlings and also finally preventing their death.
Fertilization
At flowering time, a handful each of manure and complete

fertilizer are applied in a hole made 10 cm away from base of the plants.
The holes are then covered with soil.
Weed Control
Weeds near the base of the plants are pulled carefully by hand
while weeds in between plants and between rows are removed using a
hoe.
Pest Control
The chili whitefly, Aleurotrachelus trachoides, infests leaves

of chili pepper. Their honeydews encourage growth of sooty molds
making the leaves black. Farmers usually spray Diazinon at the
recommended rate to kill the nymphs and adults that aggregate on the
underside of leaves.
Chili Pepper---- 81
Fig. 48. Whitefly infestation on chili pepper leaves

Harvesting
As soon as chili pepper fruits are mature, they can be harvested

by pulling them carefully from the plant. The fruits are placed in harvest
baskets and then placed in plastic bags for sale in the market.
Fig. 49. Chili pepper fruits ready for selling

in the market
12. TOMATO

Tomato plants are vines, typically growing 180 cm (6 ft)
or more above the ground if supported, although erect bush varieties
have been bred, generally 100 cm (3 ft) tall or shorter. Indeterminate
types are “tender” perennials, dying annually in temperate climates,
although they can live up to three years in a greenhouse in some cases.
Determinate types are annual in all climates.
Tomato grow as a series of branching stems, with a terminal

bud at the tip that does the actual growing. When that tip eventually
stops growing, whether because of pruning or flowering, lateral buds
take over and grow into other, fully functional, vines.[63]
Tomato vines are typically pubescent, meaning covered with fine
short hairs. These hairs facilitate the vining process, turning into
roots wherever the plant is in contact with the ground and moisture,
especially if the vine’s connection to its original root has been damaged
or severed.
Most tomato plants have compound leaves. The leaves are

10–25 cm long, odd pinnate, with five to 9 leaflets on petioles,[65] each
leaflet up to 8 cm long, with a serrated margin; both the stem and leaves
are densely glandular-hairy. Their flowers, appearing on the apical
meristem, have the anthers fused along the edges, forming a column
surrounding the pistil’s style. Flowers in domestic cultivars tend to be
self-fertilizing. The flowers are 1–2 cm across, yellow, with five pointed
lobes on the corolla; they are borne in a cyme of three to 12 together.
Tomato fruit is classified as a berry. As a true fruit, it develops

from the ovary of the plant after fertilization, its flesh comprising
the pericarp walls. The fruit contains hollow spaces full of seeds and
moisture, called locular cavities. These vary, among cultivated species,
according to type. Some smaller varieties have two cavities, globe-
shaped varieties typically have three to five, beefsteak tomatoes have a
great number of smaller cavities, while paste tomatoes have very few,
very small cavities. For propagation, the seeds need to come from a
mature fruit, and be dried or fermented before germination.
Tomato---- 83
Fig. 50. Tomato fruits still attached to the plant

Table 18. Nutritional Value Of Tomato
======================================================
======================================================
Edible Portion 98 %
Water 93.6 g.
Energy 25 k cal
Protein 0.4 g.
Fat 0.1 g
Carbohydrate 5.6 g.
Crude Fiber 1.3 g.
Ash 0.3 g.
Calcium 13 mg.
Phosphorus 9 mg.
Iron 0.5 mg.
B-Carotene 255 ug
Thiamine 0.03 mg.
Riboflavin 0.02 mg.
Niacin 0.3 mg.
======================================================
Tomato fruits contain B-carotene, ascorbic acid and total

Vitamin A.
Varieties
Seeds of Cherry Tomato, Marimar and Malakas come from Taiwan

and the Philippines. They are on sale at some stores in Palau.
Land Preparation
The area to be planted has to be cleared of weeds and shrubs. Lime

is added to the area by broadcasting it on top of the soil. Rototilling is
done immediately to mix the lime with the soil. At the same time, rows
are established 1 meter apart.
Planting Material
Seeds of tomato are grown initially in small containers like paper

cups with soil and manure. The cups are watered daily to hasten
seedling emergence. Hardening of seedlings is done by gradually
exposing them under the sun and by restricting watering. One week
after hardening, the seedlings are ready to be transplanted to the field.
Planting holes are made 60 cm apart on top of each row. On each

hole, a handful each of manure and complete fertilizer are placed and
then covered with soil. Two to three seedlings of tomato are planted in
each hole. The base of the seedlings are then covered with soil.
Fertilization
At flowering, a handful each of manure and complete fertilizer are

applied in holes made 10 cm away from the bases of the plants.
Tomato---- 85
Irrigation

Watering the plant is done when there is no rain. This is done
with the use of either a water hose or sprinkling can.
Weeding
Weeds growing near the bases of the plants are pulled by hands.
Weeds in between plants and on rows are cut by using a hoe or scythe.
Pest Control
The tomato fruitworm is a pest of tomato. The larvae bored into

the fruits and feed inside. Farmers resort to using Diazinon sprays at
recommended rate to kill the worm.
Harvesting
Fruits become ripe with the occurrence of shades of orange and

yellow on the fruit surface. Fruits are harvested by hand and placed in
a basket. The fruits are washed and placed in plastic bags before taking
them to the market.
13. WATERMELON

Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus, is a viny annual plant in the family
Cucurbitaceae grown for its fleshy fruit. Watermelon vines are thin,
grooved and covered in tiny hairs. Vines are branching and possess
deeply lobed pinnate leaves. The plant produces solitary yellow flowers
and a large spherical to oblong fruit. The fruit is a ‘pepo’ - a fleshy fruit
protected by a thick leathery rind. The fruit is smooth, light to dark
green in color and can be striped, marbled or solid green. The flesh
of the fruit is usually red in color but some cultivars produce green,
orange or white flesh and contains numerous seeds which are usually
black or dark brown in color. Watermelon vines can reach a length of
3 m (10 ft) and as an annual, survives only one growing season.
Table 23. Nutritional Value Of Watermelon

======================================================
======================================================
Edible Portion 62 %
Water 92.3 g.
Energy 31 k cal
Protein 0.1 g.
Fat 0.2 g
Carbohydrate 7.2 g.
Crude Fiber 0.5 g.
Ash 0.2 g.
Calcium 8 mg.
Phosphorus 7 mg.
Iron 0.2 mg.
B-Carotene 100 ug
Thiamine 0.02 mg.
Riboflavin 0.03 mg.
Niacin 0.2 mg.
Ascorbic acid 7 mg.
======================================================
Watermelon is high in B-carotene and total vitamin A.
Watermelon---- 87
Fig. 51. Field planting of watermelon

Varieties
Seeds of watermelon varieties HV 186 and Yellow Baby come

from the Philippines and Taiwan. Seeds are available at some stores
in Palau.
Land Preparation
The area for planting is cleared first with weeds and other
vegetation. Holes about 30 cm wide are established every 2 meters
apart. A handful each of manure and inorganic fertilizer are placed in
each hole and covered with soil.
Planting Materials
Seeds of watermelon are planted first in plastic bags with soil.

The plastic bags are placed under the shade. Two to three seeds are
placed in each plastic bag. Watering is done to facilitate seedling
emergence. Hardening of seedlings is done by gradually exposing them
under the sun and by restricted watering. One week after hardening
the seedlings are ready for transplanting. Two to three seedlings are
transplanted in each hole and the bases of seedlings are covered with
soil.
Fertilization
A handful each of manure and inorganic fertilizer are applied at

flowering. These are placed in a hole about 12 cm from the base of the
plants.
Weed Control
Regular weeding by hand is done to remove weeds near the bases

of the seedlings. The seedlings are allowed to crawl on the ground.
Pest Control
The orange cucumber beetle feeds on the leaves of watermelon.

Farmers usually come to the field early morning to collect beetles and
kill them by placing in a can with kerosene.
Harvesting
The fruit is mature once the underside of the fruit begin to turn
yellow and the fruit peduncle begin to dry up. The fruits are harvested
by hand using a small knife to detach them from the mother plant. They
are stored inside the house to prevent rats from feeding on the fruits.
Fig. 52. Close up of watermelon fruits

Intercropping---- 89
II. INTERCROPPING
Intercropping has not been practiced in Palau. Intercropping

maximizes land use and provides additional income to farmers.
Other intercropping concepts are being practiced already in

many countries in Asia. Papaya for example is used as intercrop for
perennial crops such as coconut and banana. Papaya can be used as the
main crop with early maturing crops such as pineapple and ginger
as intercrops. Upland taro can be used as intercrop for coconut,
pineapple and papaya.
Fig. 53. Intercropping papaya with taro

96——-Upland Crop Production
III. PRICES OF LOCALLY PRODUCED ROOT CROPS,

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN PALAU
COMMODITY PRICE
Taro $ 1.25 / lb
Sweet Potato $ 0.75 / lb
Cassava (Peeled) $ 5.00 / bag
Cassava (Ground) $ 5.00 / bag
Sweet Corn $ 1.45 / lb
Banana (Local) $ 0.99 / lb
Papaya $ 0.65 / lb
Soursop $ 0.75 / lb
Pineapple (Local) $ 1.00 / lb
Citrus (Kingkang) $ 1.25 / pkg
Guava $ 1.25 / lb
Dragon Fruit
Long Beans $ 1.00 / lb
Cucumber $ 0.85 / lb
Okra $ 1.00 / lb
Eggplant $ 0.85 / lb
Radish $ 0.95 / lb
Kangkum $ 0.85 / lb
Pumpkin / Squash $ 0.85 / lb
Chinese Cabbage / Nappa $ 1.50 / bag
Bittermelon / Margoso $ 1.05 / lb
Green Onions $ 2.00 / bundle
Chili Pepper $ 0.85 / pkg
Tomato $ 2.50 / bag
Watermelon $ 0.85 / lb
References---- 91
VI. REFERENCES
Del Rosario, A.G. 2001. Sweet potato varieties in the Republic

of Palau. PCC- CRE Publication 24/01(3.0 C) 38 pp.
Del Rosario, A.G. 2003; Cassava varieties in the Republic of

Palau. PCC-CRE Publication 26/03(3.0 C) 44 pp.
Del Rosario, A.G. and N. M. Esguerra. 2009. Manual on

banana production on Palau. Palau Community
College Cooperative Research and Extension. 58 pp.
Esguerra, N.M. and G. Rengiil. 2000. Crop Profile for cucumber

and Chinese cabbage in the Republic of Palau. PCC-CRE
Publication 20/00 (2.0C) 24 pp.
Esguerra, N.M. and A.G. Del Rosario. 2007. Economic

Entomology in Micronesia. Palau Community College. 214 pp.
Food and Nutrition Research Institute. 1997. The Philippine

Food Composition Tables. Department of Science
and Technology. Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila.
Philippines
Letsgohealthy.blogspot.com.2013.01:Health benefits and

nutrition on line.html.
PCARRD. 1976. The Philippine Recommends for Pineapple.

PCARRD. Los Banos, Laguna. Philippines. 66 pp.
PCARRD. 2007. Cucumber production guide. Information

Bulletin 152-A. Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines.

PCARRD. 2012. Pole sitao (string beans) production guide.
Information Bulletin 154-A. Los Banos, Laguna,
Philippines.
PCARRD. 2000. Kangkong production guide. Information

Bulletin 163. Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines.
Sarian, Z. B. 2012. Dragon fruit: Prospect and problem.

Agriculture Monthly 16:6-8
Schlub, R. and Yudin, L. (Eds.). 2002. Eggplant, pepper and tomato

production guide for Guam. Guam Cooperative Extension.
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. University of Guam.
188 pp.
Acknowledgements---- 93
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Jerry Pajela and Gigi Velez for allowing us
to take photographs of field plantings of fruits and vegetables in their
farm in the State of Melekeok.
Likewise, we acknowledge with thanks the Western Caroline

Trading Company (WCTC) for allowing us to take photographs of
locally produced fruits and locally produced vegetables on display and
for sale in their store. Also, the WCTC provided us valuable information
on prices of locally produced vegetables and fruits in their store.
The expert editorial assistance of Ms. Alice Arejola of the University

of the Philippines Los Banos is also hereby acknowledged.
We extend our gratitude to the PCC-CRE Agriculture Staff, Felix

Sengebau, Franson Oiterong, Leory Fritz, Rehabeam Madlutk, Siliang
Michael, Maria Teruzi, Itwong Ngiraikelau, Dalton Thomas, Tyler Tellei,
Ruskey Remoket for their assistance in land preparation, planting,
maintenance and harvesting of various upland crops grown at the PCC
Research and Development Station in Ngermeskang, Ngaremlengui
and at the Nekken Farm.
_________________________________________________________
About the Authors
Dr. Nelson M. Esguerra has extensive work experience in

Crop Protection in Micronesia. For more than a decade since 1986
he was assigned at the College of Micronesia based on Pohnpei,
covering the Republic of Marshall Islands and the Federated States
of Micronesia, including low lying outer atolls. He moved to the
Republic of Palau at the end of 1997 and worked as a Researcher
at the Palau Community College Cooperative Research and
Extension. His work dealt primarily on importing, rearing and
releasing biological control agents for control of introduced pests
and weeds. He spent many times traveling to remote islands of
Micronesia introducing natural enemies of introduced pests and
learning how people lived including their cultures and traditions.
He holds both M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Entomology from the
University of Hawaii at Manoa, including a B.S. Agriculture degree
from the University of the Philippines at Los Banos. He has written
many publications including the recently printed book entitled
“Economic Entomology in Micronesia” with Dr. A.G. Del Rosario as
co-author.
Dr. Aurora G. Del Rosario obtained her B.S. Agriculture,
M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Horticulture from the University of the
Philippines at Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. As an Associate
Professor at U.P., she taught undergraduate and graduate courses
in Horticulture aside from advising undergraduate and graduate
students in their thesis research. She also conducted extensive
research in coconut, banana, abaca and ornamental and medicinal
plant tissue culture. Upon her retirement from the University in
1999, she joined the Palau Community College Cooperative
Research and Extension as a Researcher working on Crop
Production, Collection and Maintenance of the Root Crops
Germplasm in Palau and development of Tissue Culture Technique
for the rapid multiplication of taro, banana and other crops. She has
done extensive research on the Evaluation of different taro varieties
Adaptable under Palauan Environment, Introduction and
Evaluation of Pest and Disease Resistant Taro Hybrids, Evaluation
and Identification of Salt Tolerant Taro Varieties in Palau,
Prevention of Salt Water Intrusion to Taro Patches in Palau. She
has travelled extensively, attending conferences and presenting
papers about her work on Horticulture.
Thomas Taro holds an M.A. Degree in Education from the
San Diego State University. As Vice President of the Palau
Community College Cooperative Research and Extension, he
provides the needed leadership in implementing and coordinating
the College of Micronesia Land Grant Programs in Palau.
_______________________________________________________________

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Manual On Fruit Vegetable Production

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Manual On Fruit Vegetable Production

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The College of Micronesia Land Grant offers its programs and

activities to all persons regardless of race, color, sex, national

College of Micronesia, Dr. Singeru Singeo,

Aurora G. Del Rosario, Ph.D., Researcher. Palau

Thomas Taro. Vice President Palau Community

Cover Photos : Top Right : Cassava planting

USP Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

1. Crops--Palau. I. Del Rosario, Aurora G.

College of Micronesia Land Grant Programs

Title : Manual on Crop Production in Upland Areas of Palau

Aside from taro, many crops can be grown on upland

These upland crops are cassava, sweet potato, banana,

This report ensures that Palau can resort to planting

DR. SINGERU SINGEO

A former employee and two research staff of the Palau

In this report, each crop have the following information

PATRICK U. TELLEI, Ed.D.

Aside from taro, Colocasia esculenta, other crops can be grown

These crops are sweet potato, cassava, corn, pineapple, banana,

The information obtained was derived from the actual

In the very near future many lowland areas in Palau and

In this Manual each crop mentioned has the following

We would like to thank the College of Micronesia for funding the

1 Nutritional value of sweet potato 1

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1 Field planting of sweet potato 1

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

I. CROPS FOR UPLAND AREAS IN PALAU

Fig. 1. Field planting of sweet potato

The tuber is a good source of energy and phosphorus while the

There are 17 distinct varieties of sweet potato in Palau. These

Newly established areas for planting are cleared of shrubs and

Fig. 2. Rototilling the field

Before harvest, planting materials are collected from the vines.

Fig. 3. Tortoise shell beetle damage on sweet potato leaves

Fig. 3a. Close up of tortoise shell beetle

Fig. 4. Harvested sweet potato tubers

Cassava is an erect, smooth, shrubby plant 1.5 to 3 meters high

Table 2. Nutritional Value of Cassava

There are about 30 distinct varieties of cassava being grown in

Cassava grows well in open, flat or slightly sloping areas. The

Lime at 750 kg/ha is applied by broadcasting before plowing.

Fig. 5. Broadcasting lime and immediate rototilling of the

Planting is done at a distance of 50 to 70 cm between hills.

Two to 6 weeks after planting, a handful of compost or chicken

Manual weeding is done during the first three months after

Fig. 6. Field planting of cassava

The most serious pest of cassava in Palau is the spider mite,

Fig. 7. Cassava leaves damaged by spider mite

Cassava is harvested 9 to 10 months from planting. The stems of

Fig. 8 Harvested cassava tubers

Fig. 9. Ears of sweet corn

Table 3. Nutritional Value Of Corn

The area for planting is cleared of weeds, grasses and small

Lime is applied by broadcast on top of the soil immediately

At seedling emergence, inorganic fertilizer and manure are

Fig. 10. Field planting of sweet corn

Weeding is done manually with the use of sickle or hoe. Weeds