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    Coal Questions

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    Wardah Nisar
    The segmented memory model divides total memory into variable sized segments. For example, the Intel 8086 processor has a 16-bit data bus but 20-bit address bus, allowing up to 1MB of physical memory divided into code, stack, data, and extra segments. The debugger commands in DOSBox allow assembling, loading, and running programs by moving code and data, setting breakpoints, and tracing execution. Programs are executed by mounting drives, editing assembly code, assembling with MASM, linking to an executable, and running the program file. Memory models determine maximum code and data sizes, from tiny model's 64KB total to large/huge having no limits.

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    Coal Questions

    Uploaded by

    Wardah Nisar
    73 views4 pages
    The segmented memory model divides total memory into variable sized segments. For example, the Intel 8086 processor has a 16-bit data bus but 20-bit address bus, allowing up to 1MB of physical memory divided into code, stack, data, and extra segments. The debugger commands in DOSBox allow assembling, loading, and running programs by moving code and data, setting breakpoints, and tracing execution. Programs are executed by mounting drives, editing assembly code, assembling with MASM, linking to an executable, and running the program file. Memory models determine maximum code and data sizes, from tiny model's 64KB total to large/huge having no limits.

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    The segmented memory model divides total memory into variable sized segments. For example, the Intel 8086 processor has a 16-bit data bus but 20-bit address bus, allowing up to 1MB of physical memory divided into code, stack, data, and extra segments. The debugger commands in DOSBox allow assembling, loading, and running programs by moving code and data, setting breakpoints, and tracing execution. Programs are executed by mounting drives, editing assembly code, assembling with MASM, linking to an executable, and running the program file. Memory models determine maximum code and data sizes, from tiny model's 64KB total to large/huge having no limits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    73 views4 pages

    Coal Questions

    Uploaded by

    Wardah Nisar
    The segmented memory model divides total memory into variable sized segments. For example, the Intel 8086 processor has a 16-bit data bus but 20-bit address bus, allowing up to 1MB of physical memory divided into code, stack, data, and extra segments. The debugger commands in DOSBox allow assembling, loading, and running programs by moving code and data, setting breakpoints, and tracing execution. Programs are executed by mounting drives, editing assembly code, assembling with MASM, linking to an executable, and running the program file. Memory models determine maximum code and data sizes, from tiny model's 64KB total to large/huge having no limits.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Computer Organization and Assembly Language

    Question # 1:What is segmented memory model? Describe it.


    Segmented memory model is a model in which total memory size is divided in
    the form of segments of various sizes. The segments in the segmented memory model
    is just an area in the memory. Storing data in the form of segments is also known as
    memory segmentation.

    One of the examples of segmented memory model is intel 8086 processor. It


    stores the data in the form of bytes. The size of data bus in this processor is 16 bits.
    The intel 8086 processor has the address bus of the size 20 bits which is its physical
    memory. So, as a result of this, it can address a maximum of 1 MB of memory.

    1 MB = 2 20 bits (The size of address bus will be 20-bits.)

    In this processor there are four memory segments:

     Code Segment (CS)


    The part of memory where Bus Interface Unit is currently fetching the code
    bytes.
     Stack Segment (SS)
    A section of memory set aside to store addresses and data while a subprogram
    executes.
     Data Segment (DS)
    It is used to store the data values that are going to be used in the program
    further later.
     Extra Segment (ES)
    When any of the segment in these three got filled this segment is used to store
    extra data.
    Question # 2:

    Describe the commands for Debugger in DOS Box and explain it shortly.

    Assemble: A
    Creates machine executable code in memory beginning at CS:0100 (or the specified
    address) from the 8086/8088 (and 8087) Assembly Language instructions which are
    entered.

    Unassemble: U
    Disassembles machine instructions into 8086 Assembly code. Without the optional
    [range], it uses Offset 100 as its starting point, disassembles about 32 bytes and then
    remembers the next byte it should start with if the command is used again.

    Load: L
    This command will load the selected number of sectors from any disk's Logical Drive
    under the control of MS-DOS or Windows into Memory. 

    Move: M
    It actually copies all the bytes from within the specified range to a new address.

    Name: N
    This command can be used to load files into debug's Memory after you have started
    the program, but its main function is to create a new file under control of the Operating
    System which debug can write data to.

    Register: R
    Entering ' r ' all by itself will display all of the 8086 register's contents and the next
    instruction which the IP register points to in both machine code and an unassembled
    (Assembly Language) form.

    Trace: T
    The T command is used to trace CPU instructions one at a time.

    Fill: F
    This command can also be used to clear large areas of Memory as well
    as filling smaller areas with a continuously repeating phrase or single byte. 

    Write: W
    The write command is often used to save a program to your hard disk from within
    debug.

    Enter: E
    Used to enter data or instructions (as machine code) directly into Memory locations.
    Go: G
    Go is used to run a program and set breakpoints in the program's code.
    Quit: Q
    Immediately quits (exits) the Debug program.

    Hex: H
    It is a very simple (add and subtract only) Hex calculator.

    Search: S
    Searches within a range of addresses for a pattern of one or more-byte values given in
    a list.

    Compare: C
    Compares two blocks of memory. If there are no differences, then debug simply
    displays another prompt.

    Question # 3:

    Describe the steps for execution of program. And describe them shortly.
    Mount:

    A command inside DOSBox that can connect physical folders and drives
    to virtual drives inside DOSBox. The mounted drive does not automatically
    refresh files changed out side of DOSBox.
    Mount c c:\MP

    Edit:

    A command inside DOSBox that is used to go away from debug screen after
    typing filename and further writing Assembly Language program.
    Edit file.asm

    Masm:
    MASM - is the Microsoft Macro Assembler. It is an assembler. It takes your code pre-
    processes it and converts it to binary. The links it to runnable executable or an Object
    file.
    MASM file.asm;
    Link:
    It links the file and makes it into an object file.
    LINK file.asm;
    filename.exe:
    After the object file is converted in the machine, it is finally ready to be executed.
    It is an executable file that has a specific program and can be run on computer device.

    TABLE SHOWING THE DATA AND CODE SIZE IN THE MODEL TYPE

    MODEL SIZE CODE DATA


    Tiny The code and the data sum must be <= 64
    KB

    Small <=64 KB <=64 KB

    Medium Any size <=64 KB

    Compact <=64 KB Any size

    Large Any size Any size

    Huge Any size Any size

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