COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

AUTOCAD
A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
NIKHIL RANA
(194009)

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Under the Supervision of

P.K. MISHRA
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY&

MANAGEMENT,
GURUGRAM

Affiliated to

MAHARISHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAK, HARYANA

DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in project entitled “COMPUTER AIDED
DESIGNING” in partial Fulfillment of requirement for the award of B.Tech (Mechanical
Engineering) degree, at Global Institute of Technology and Management, Farrukhnagar, Gurgaon
under MDU University Rohtak is the original work presented in this report and is submitted in
department of Mechanical Engineering. The work submitted is original to my best knowledge and
has not been submitted for any other purpose.

NIKHIL RANA

(194009)

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 CERTIFICATE

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in project entitled
“COMPUTER AIDED DESIGNING” by “NIKHIL RANA (194009)” has been
successfully completed in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of B.Tech
(Mechanical Engineering) degree is an authentic record of my own work carried out
from SEPTEMBER 2022 to NOVEMBER 2022 under the supervision of MR. P.K
MISHRA, assistant professor in MECHANUICAL Department, GITM
Farrukhnagar, Gurugram.

P.K MISHRA

(HEAD OF DEAPRTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere thanks to my Project Guide Mr. P.K. MISHRA for guiding me right from the
inception till the successful completion of the project. I sincerely acknowledge her for extending their
valuable guidance, support for literature, critical reviews of project and the report and above all the oral
support she had provided to me in all the stages of this project.

I would also like to express my gratitude to the faculty members for their kind assistance and
cooperation during the development of our project.

NIKHIL RANA
194009

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 (AUTODESK- Introduction)

Autodesk, Inc. is an American multinational software corporation that makes

software for the architecture, engineering. construction. manufacturing. media, and
entertainment industries. Autodesk is headquartered in San Rafael, Califomia, and
features a gallery of its customers' work in its San Francisco building. The company
has offices worldwide, with U.S. locations in Northem California, Oregon,
Colorado, Texas, and New England in New Hampshire It's Massachusetts, and
Canada locations in Ontario, Quebec, and Alberta. The company was founded in
1982 by John Walker, a co-author of the first versions of AutoCAD. the company's
flagship computer-aided design (CAD) software. Its AutoCAD and Revit software is
primarily used by architects, engineers, and structural designers to design. draft, and
model buildings and other structures. Autodesk software has been used in many
fields, from the New York Freedom Tower to Tesla electric cars. Autodesk became
best known for AutoCAD but now develops a broad range of software for design,
engineering. and entertainment as well as a line of software for consumers, including
Sketchbook, Homestyler, and Pixlr. The company makes educational versions of its
software available at no cost to qualified students and faculty through the Autodesk
Education Community, and also as a donation to eligible nonprofits through
TechSoup Global. Autodesk's digital prototyping software, including Autodesk
Inventor, Fusion 360. and the Autodesk Product Design Suite, are used in the

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manufacturing industry to visualize, simulate, and analyze real-world performance
using a digital model during the design process. The company's Revit line 5 of
software for building information modeling is designed to let users explore the
planning, construction. and management of a building virtually before it is built.[8]
Autodesk's Media and Entertainment division create software for visual effects,
color grading, and editing as well as animation, game development, and design
visualization. 3ds Max and Maya are both 3D animation software used in film visual
effects and game development.

(AUTODESK- History)

Autodesk's first notable product was AutoCAD, a computer-aided design

application designed to run on the systems known as "microcomputers" at the
time, including those running the 8-bit CP/M operating system and two of the new
16-bit systems, the Victor 9000 and the IBM Personal Computer (PC). This tool
allowed users to create detailed technical drawings and was affordable to the much
smaller design, engineering, and architecture companies. Release 2.1 Of
AutoCAD, released in 1986, included AutoLISP, a built-in Lisp programming
language interpreter initially based on XLISP. This opened the door for third-party
developers to extend AutoCAD's functionality, to address a wide range of vertical
markets, strengthening AutoCAD's market penetration. After AutoCAD Release
13, the company stopped supporting the Unix environment and the Apple
Macintosh platform. After AutoCAD Release 14 (R13 was the last DOS & Unix
release), first shipped in 1997, Autodesk discontinued development under DOS
and focused exclusively on Microsoft Windows. AutoCAD has grown to become
the most widely used CAD program for 2D nonspecialized applications. The
native file formats written by AutoCAD, DXF. and DWG, are also widely used for
CAD data interoperability. In 1989, Autodesk's sales grew to over
after just four operational years. In the 1990s, with the purchase of Softdesk in
1997, Autodesk started to develop specialty versions of AutoCAD, targeted to
broad industry segments. including architecture, civil engineering, and
manufacturing. Since the late 1990s. the company has added several significant
non-AutoCAD-based products. including Revit, a 6 parametric building modeling
application (acquired in 2002, from Massachusetts-based Revit Technologies for
S133 million), and Inventor, an internally developed parametric mechanical design
CAD application. Autodesk introduced its current logo at the TED conference in
Long Beach, California on February 26, 2013

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 (AUTODESK- Products)

Architecture, engineering. and construction

AutoCAD Architecture
AutoCAD MEP
AutoCAD Civil 3D
AutoCAD Map3D
AutoCAD P&lD
AutoCAD Plant 3D

Manufacturing
The Company's manufacturing software is used in various manufacturing segments.
including industrial machinery, electro-mechanical, tool and die, industrial
equipment, automotive components, and consumer products

Fusion 360
Autodesk Product Design Suite
Autodesk Factory Design Suite
Autodesk Inventor Suite
Autodesk Inventor Professional Suite
AutoCAD Mechanical
Autodesk Vault
Simulation Mechanical

Media and entertainment

Autodesk Media and Entertainment products are designed for digital media
creation, management, and delivery, from film and television visual effects, color
grading, and editing to animation. game development, and design visualization.

• Maya

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 • Softimage
• 3ds Max
• Mudbox
• Smoke
• Flame
• Lustre

Introduction

AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software

application. Developed and marketed by Autodesk. AutoCAD was first released in
December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics
controllers. Before the introduction of AutoCAD. most commercial CAD programs
ran on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user)
working at a separate graphics terminal. Since 2010, AutoCAD was released as a
mobile- and web app as well. marketed as AutoCAD 360.

AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by architects. project managers,

engineers, graphic designers, and many other professionals.

AutoCAD is available for English. German, French, Italian, Spanish, Korean,

Chinese Simplified, Chinese Traditional, Brazilian, Portuguese, Russian, Czech,
Polish and Hungarian, Albanian (also through additional Language Packs).

14
The latest version was released on 21st March 2017 as AutoCAD 2018.

Autodesk has also developed a few vertical programs:

AutoCAD Architecture
AutoCAD Civil
AutoCAD Electrical
AutoCAD ecscad
AutoCAD Map 3D
AutoCAD Mechanical
AutoCAD MEP
AutoCAD Structural Detailing
AutoCAD Utility Design
AutoCAD P&lD
AutoCAD Plant 3D

for discipline-specific enhancements

2. AutoCAD Window

Once the AutoCAD 2014 window is active, it should appear as shown in the
image shown below. However, if you look at the upper left-hand comer there is a
button with the letter (A) written in red. That is called the application menu of the
AutoCAD software. At the right of this button. there is the phrase "3D
modeling". This means that the active workspace is 3D modeling.

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I. Application Menu
This provides the user with file options like save. open, print.

2. Menu bar

The menu bar appears just below the title bar of the AutoCAD 2014 window. It
has such tabs as home, solid, surface. mesh and view among others for the case of
3D workspace. If you switch to 2D Drafting & Annotation you find other tabs
relevant to I I that workspace. Depending on which tab you are on, you will see a
collection of tool icons just below it which are organized into panels. The entire
collection of tool icons is referred to as the ribbon. As a result, the tabs on the
menu bar are called ribbon tabs.

3. Ribbon
This is a collection of tool panels representing groups of tools and features where
you will be selecting tools to draw. edit, or perform other functions. It occurs
immediately below the menu bar. Clicking on any of the tabs on the menu bar will
give you a different ribbon.

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 4. Drawing Area
This is a virtual sheet or modeling environment where your designs appear. It is a
boundless area on which your designs are created on a I : I scale regardless of their
actual life-size. The drawing area is also called the canvas. In the default
condition, the drawing area will have three icons on display: i. The user coordinate
system icon at the bottom left comer. ii. The crosshairs or drawing cursor may be
at any position on the screen depending on whether the user has touched the
mouse or not. iii. The view cube at the top right comer. This is very useful in 3D
drawing because it facilitates viewing the object from multiple directions.

5. Quick Access toolbar

This includes the basic file-handling functions that you find in virtually all
windows application programs. It occurs at the immediate right of the application
menu. It carries such functions as workspace switching and title, new file, open
file, save and undo among others.

6. Info Center
This is AutoCAD's online help facility. If you are online type a query there in case
you get stuck.

7. UCS

UCS stands for User Coordinate System. In the lower-len comer of the drawing
area. you see an L-shaped arrow. This is the UCS icon, which tells you your
orientation in the drawing. This icon becomes helpful as you start to work with
complex 2D drawings and 3D models. The X and Y arrows indicate the X- and Y-
axes of your drawing. The little square at the base of the arrows tells you that
you're in what is called the World 12 Coordinate System (WCS. Whenever you
launch AutoCAD you will be in the world coordinate system (WCS).

8. Command Window
It's located just below the drawing area. As you type in commands on the command
line or pick commands on the ribbon panels, a message is displayed on the
command window telling you what to do next. When you issue any command it
may also display a list of options related to that command. By so doing it prompts
you on your next move. Thus it is also known as the command prompt. The

17
 command window and the ribbon complement each other i.e. you can type
commands on the command line or click on the ribbon icons. However, the
command prompts that appear on the command window prevent the user from
getting confused.

9. Status Bar
The status bar is a thin strip of the AutoCAD window found between the command
window and the taskbar. To the extreme left, it carries the coordinate readout which
indicates to the user the current position of the cursor. Towards the right next to the
coordinate readout is the drawing aids panel which carries such tools as object
snap, object snap tracking, dynamic UCS, and polar tracking among others. These
aids assist the user in managing snap and tracking actions. They are activated or
deactivated by switching them on or off respectively. To the extreme right of the
status bar. we find another panel that contains the model and layout tabs. annotation
scale, and workspace switching tool (gear wheel icon) among others.

3. Selecting workspace
A workspace is a task-oriented drawing environment-oriented in such a way as to
provide you with only the tools and interface elements necessary to accomplish the
tasks relevant to that environment. You can switch between workspaces by using the
Workspace Switching Tool. You can also customize the workspace the way you
want and then save it. It will be appearing on the list of workspaces during switching
and you can select it as an option.

Workspace switching tool takes the form of a gear wheel located at the bottom right-
hand comer of the active window. Clicking on it produces a drop-down list of other
altemative workspaces. Clicking on either change the workspace to the selected 13
choice-beside natively, you can switch the workspace by clicking on the downward
arrow beside the name of the current workspace on the quick access toolbar.

4. Filing Inpu!
AutoCAD 2021 file operations are similar to the file operations in any other
Windows program. The general file handling commands include file saving, file
opening, file closing, and printing of drawings.

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I. Opening Files

There are three ways to open a drawing in AutoCAD.

Using Application Menu

Click on Application Menu> Open

On the select file dialogue box that appears, browse through the folders in the Look
in the slot. This enables you to navigate to the folder where you've saved your
drawing.
Clicking on a file allows you to look at a preview of the drawing. Select
OPEN.

Using the Quick Access Toolbar

Click on File pull-down menu> Open
At the Select file dialogue box, browse through to the folder in the Look in the
slot.
Clicking on a file allows you to look at a preview of the drawing.
Now you can click Open in the select file dialogue box.

Using the command line

At the command prompt on the command line. type Open and enter.
At the Select file dialogue box. browse through to the folder in the Look in the
slot.
Clicking on a file allows you to look at a preview of the drawing.
Select OPEN.

Il. File Saving

To save a drawingfor thefirst time

The Save Drawing dialogue box appears when you are saving a drawing for the
first time. You are required to navigate through the folders in the save in slot to
select the folder in which you want to save your drawing. Type in the file name
and then click Save.

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If you modify a drawing you may wish to save it again but retaining the original
template. In this case, select save from the file pull-down or the application menu.
Give it a name that signifies its current status i.e. taking into account the changes.
Click Save.

Saving a File as You Work

It's a good idea to save your file periodically as you work on it. As with any
Windows program, you can save it under its original name by click on the Save
tool on the Quick Access toolbar or under a different name by choosing Save As
from the Application menu, thereby creating a new file.

Making Changes

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 Il. Polar Coordinate System
Polar coordinates use a distance and an angle to locate a point.

Ill. Absolute and Relative Coordinates

i. Absolute coordinates
Represents a specific point in the current work plane relative to the origin
point (0.0). To enter an absolute coordinate, type the values as a Cartesian
coordinate (X, Y) or Polar coordinate (distance, angle).
ii. Relative coordinate
A relative coordinate is a point specified concerning the last point specified.
We emphasize that it is concerning your last specified point and not to the
origin. This is the distinguishing aspect between relative and absolute
coordinates.

IV. Dynamic Input

When dynamic input is on. tooltips display information near the cursor as it
moves. It is called dynamic input because the information moving with the cursor
is updated with the motion of the cursor. If you type the X value and press the tab,
the X field (box) displays a lock icon, The Y field is active and you can enter its
value. If you type the X value and press enter, the Y value is ignored and
AutoCAD interprets it as direct distance entry. This procedure applies to any
other set of fields for instance distance and angle.

6. Draying-UniB.A-Li.m.iE

Units:

The format. precision, and other settings used to display coordinates. distances, and
angles are set through this dialog box and are saved in the current drawing. It is

17
recommended that you save these settings to your drawing template files to reduce
your setup time when you start a new drawing. The Drawing Units dialog box is
displayed. Enter -units at the Command prompt to display options.

Limits:

When you start a new drawing and then decide how much space I need for my
drawing. Think of it as the size of your drawing area. Then you can define
drawing limits correctly. Type LIMITS enter. Type as lower-left comer then type
or click the coordinate for upper right comer based on the units which are in
Inches or
mm.

Command: LIMITS
Reset Model space limits:
Specify lower left comer or [ON/OFF) <O.OOOO, O, O
Specify upper right comer < 100.0000, 100.0000>: 300,200

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In AutoCAD, a block is a collection of objects that are combined into a single
named object. The following are some sample blocks at various scales.

Insert a block

Typically, each of these blocks is an individual drawing file. perhaps saved in a

folder with similar drawing files. When you need to insert one into your current
drawing file, you use the INSERT command (or enter I in the Command
window). The first time you insert the drawing as a block, you need to click
Browse to locate the drawing file. Make sure you organize your blocks into easy-
to-find folders.

Once inserted. the block definition is stored in your current drawing. From then
on. you can choose it from the Name drop-down list without needing to click the
Browse button.
Create A Block Dennition
Instead of creating a drawing file to be inserted as a block. you might want to
create a block definition directly in your current drawing. Use this method if you
do not plan to insert the block into any other drawing. In that case, use the
BLOCK command to create the block definition.
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 8. Isnm.elr.ig-nca.uings

A 2D isometric drawing is a flat representation of a 3D isometric projection. This

method of drawing provides a fast way to create an isometric view of a simple
design. Distances measured along an isometric axis are correct to scale, but
because you are drawing in 21). you cannot expect to extract other 3D distances
and areas, display objects from difTerent viewpoints, or remove hidden lines
automatically.

By using the ISODRAFT command, several system variables and settings are
automatically changed to values that facilitate isometric angles. The standard
isometric planes, called so planes are as follows:

Right. Aligns snap and grid along 30- and 90-degree axes.
Left. Aligns snap and grid along 90- and 150-degree axes.
Top. Aligns snap and grid along 30- and 150-degree axes.

Choosing one of the three so planes automatically causes the crosshairs cursor,
and precision drawing and tracking tools to be aligned along the corresponding
isometric axes. Therefore, you can draw the top plane, switch to the len plane to
draw aside, and switch to the right place to complete the drawing.

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You can use the Isometric Drafting tool on the status bar to select the desired
isoplane. Altematively, you can press F5 or Ctrl+E to cycles through the
isoplanes.

Isometric Drawing

9. 3D Modeling

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3D solid primitives are standard shapes that are provided among the ribbon
options on the 3D modeling workspace. They include box, wedge, cone,
cylinder, sphere, pyramid, and torus. The principles of drawing them are similar

Box: Box command on the toolbar modeling is used to draw 3D models such as
cubes and blocks. Creates a box with sides ofequal length.

Cylinder: The cylinder was created using a center point ( I a point on the
radius (2). and a point for the height (3). The base of the cylinder is always on
a plane parallel with the workplace

Sweep: Creates a 3D solid or 3D surface by sweeping a 2D object or

subobject

along an open or closed path.

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 12
Revolve: Creates a 3D solid or surface by sweeping an object around an axis.
You cannot revolve objects contained within a block or objects that will self-
intersect. REVOLVE ignores the width of a polyline and revolves from the
center of the path of the polyline.

10. Boolean Operations

Union: Combines two or more 3D solids, surfaces, or 2D regions into a

single, composite 3D solid. surface, or region. Select two or more objects
of the same type to combine.

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Subtract: Creates a new object by subtracting one overlapping region or 3D
solid from another. Objects in the second selection set are subtracted from
objects in the first selection set. A single new 3D solid or surface is created.

Intersect: With INTERSECT, you can create a 3D solid from the common
volume of two or more existing 3D solids, surfaces. or regions. If you select a
mesh, you can convert it to a solid or surface before completing the operation.
You can extrude 2D profiles and then intersect them to create a complex
model efficiently. Select intersect command. Select the two object which
intersects and then tap enter.

NTERSECT

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 3D Drawings

(SCALE 1:1)

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 (Conclusion)
Electronics & ICT Academy (E & ICT Academy) at 11T Kanpur was established in
2016 in partnership with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
(MeitY). Government of India. It is mandated to provide industry-focused and
industry-driven hands-on courses in electronics & ICT. E & ICT Academy strives to
narrow the gap between the academic approach to electronics and ICT domains as
currently provided by the educational institutions and the practically oriented
approach as demanded by the industry. It intends to work towards enhancing the
domain expertise of interested faculties with a special focus on the faculties of the
three northem states of U.P., Haryana, Punjab, and the two union territories of Delhi
and Chandigarh. through a continuous engagement model with courses upgraded
regularly. This report covered the preview of our learning path and study
28
materials. The use of AutoCAD has many advantages. It can help to reduce the
time it takes to produce the drawing needed in the work environment. AutoCAD
software is the most amazing range of mechanical computer-aided design tools. It
is now considered to be the best according to industry standards that can be
obtained for a wide array of designing. Mechanical Engineering Services, and
other industrial purposes. The use of AutoCAD may also be relied on heavily to
create efficiencies within the industries. We explored different materials ranging
from text, tutorials, and Youtube videos so as get to grips with the finer details of
mastering AutoCAD. We were guided by the fact that there is more to leaming
AutoCAD than drawing simple figures and lines. It has very vast applications in
the field of manufacturing, architecture, electrical. and many more. The company
Autodesk provides a wide range of applications and software which reduces the
effort to create complex drawings and easy to maintain. With the help of
AutoCAD, we can create designs very quickly. It improves the quality of the
drawing which we can't get by hand drafting. With the help of this software,
drawing can be easily modified whenever wanted which reduces the human effort.
We can easily transfer files from one place to another in no time which reduces the
time. This software is utilized to provide some useful and practical designing
software that will allow users to visualize as well as create prototypes of a product
in reality and quick time. AutoCAD software allows developers to give form to
their out-of-the-box ideas.

Bibliography
https://www.autodesk.eom/company https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk
https://www.autodesk.in/products/autocad/
https://en.wikipgdia.org/wiki/AutoCAD
https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/autocad/learn-explore