Ship Launching- Technology and Modeling

Naval Architecture 2.0 Lecture Notes

Ship Launching Technology and Modeling

Hussien M. Hassan
Ph.D. in Marine Hydrodynamics

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Contents
List Of Figures .................................................................................................................................................. 7
List Of Tables...................................................................................................................................................10
Nomenclature ...................................................................................................................................................11
C h a p t e r I ....................................................................................................................................................13
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................13
1.1. Objective .........................................................................................................................................13
1.2. Main Idea ........................................................................................................................................13
2. Description Of Shipyard ........................................................................................................................14
3. Actual Situation Of Shipyard Industry .................................................................................................16
4. Launching Of Ships ................................................................................................................................18
5. Methods For Ship Launching ................................................................................................................19
5.1. Ship Launching Under Gravity ....................................................................................................19
5.1.1. Longitudinal Ship Launching ...............................................................................................19
5.1.2. Transversal Ship Launching ................................................................................................20
5.2. Ship Launching By Surfacing .......................................................................................................21
5.2.1. Dry dock .................................................................................................................................21
5.2.2. Floating Dock .........................................................................................................................22
5.3. Forced Mechanized Ship Launching ............................................................................................22
5.3.1. Launching By Cranes............................................................................................................23
5.3.2. Travel Lifting .........................................................................................................................23
5.3.3. Ship-Lift System ....................................................................................................................24
5.3.4. Launching Of Offshore Structures .....................................................................................25
6. Transversal Free Ship Launching In Small Shipyards........................................................................27
6.1. Basic Principle Of Transversal Ship Launching .........................................................................27
6.2. Types Of Slipway For Transversal Ship Launching ...................................................................27
6.3. Types Of Transversal Ship Launching.........................................................................................28
6.4. Steps For Transversal Ship Launching ........................................................................................34
7. Case Study ...............................................................................................................................................36
8. Characteristic Of Transversal Ship Launching ...................................................................................38

8.1. Ship Position In The Slipway ........................................................................................................38

8.2. Retention Device Equipment.........................................................................................................38
8.2.1. Mechanical Retention Device ...............................................................................................39
8.3. Slip Truck In Rollers .....................................................................................................................40
8.4. Slipway Track.................................................................................................................................41

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8.5. Characteristics Of Slip Track .......................................................................................................42

8.6. Launch Cradle ................................................................................................................................43
8.7. Girths And Wedges ........................................................................................................................44
8.8. Lashing............................................................................................................................................44
8.9. Process Of Ship Launching By Slipway .......................................................................................46
Chapter 9 ...........................................................................................................................................................48
9. Process Of Projecting Solutions For Ship Launching ..........................................................................48
10. Analysis Of Problem ..........................................................................................................................49
10.1. Ship Launching From Floating Pontoon .................................................................................49
10.2. Process Of Transfer The Ship...................................................................................................49
11. Equipment For Transversal Launching From Pontoon ..................................................................52
11.1. Pontoon .......................................................................................................................................52
11.2. Reels ............................................................................................................................................53
11.3. Slip Device ..................................................................................................................................55
12. Description Of Portable Sliptrack.....................................................................................................57
12.1. Characteristics Of Portable Slip Truck ...................................................................................58
12.2. Slip Track ...................................................................................................................................59
12.3. Slip Cradle ..................................................................................................................................61
12.4. Supporting Structure ................................................................................................................62
13. Modeling Of Transversal Ship Launching .......................................................................................65
13.1. Process Of Ship Launching .......................................................................................................65
13.2. Calculation Of Transversal Ship Launching From Pontoon .................................................67
13.3. Period Of Transference Of Ship ...............................................................................................67
13.3.1. First Period ............................................................................................................................67
13.3.2. Second Period ........................................................................................................................68
13.3.3. Third Period ..........................................................................................................................69
13.3.4. Fourth Period ........................................................................................................................69

13.3.5. Fifth Period ........................................................................................................................... 70

13.3.6. Sixth Period........................................................................................................................... 71
13.3.7. Seventh Period ...................................................................................................................... 72
14. References ........................................................................................................................................ 102

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.01.Shipyard Layout [1] ..................................................................................................15

Fig.02.Order for Construction of Tanker [5] ........................................................................ 16

Fig.03. Typical Longitudinal Ship Launching [8] ................................................................ 20

Fig.04. Transversal Ship Launching In Canals. [9] .............................................................. 20

Fig.05. Ship Launching In Airbags.[10] ...............................................................................21

Fig.06. Ship Launching By Dry Dock. [11] ......................................................................... 21

Fig.07. Ship Launching By Floating Dock.[13] .................................................................. 22

Fig.08. Ship Launching By Crane. [14] ................................................................................23

Fig.09. Ship Launching By Travel Lift. [15] ........................................................................ 24

Fig.10. Rolls-Royce Syncrolift® [17] ................................................................................. 24

Fig.11. Launch of Jacket. [19] .............................................................................................. 25

Fig.12. Transport Of Block By Pontoon. [14] ...................................................................... 26

Fig.13.Transversal Ship Launching. [20] ............................................................................. 29

Fig.14. Transversal Launching In Slipway. [9] .................................................................... 31

Fig.15.Types Of Transversal Ship Launch.[20] ...................................................................31

Fig.16. Normal Ship Launching From Slipway Of River Shipyard. [9] ............................. 32

Fig.17.Leap Launch Of Ship, In Close Water Way (Canal). [9] .......................................... 33

Fig.18. Throw Launch Of Ship. [9] ..................................................................................... 33

Fig.19. Process Of Transversal Ship Launching ..................................................................35

Fig.20. Transport Of Ship Block, By Floating Crane. [14] ................................................. 36

Fig.21. Ship Launching By Crane Is Shipyard. [14] ............................................................ 37

Fig.22. Interruption Of Transit Caused By The Waves Made For The Launch Process. [9]37

Fig.23.Hight Of Ship Bottom To Slipway. [20] ................................................................... 38

Fig.24.Hammer Trigger. [20] ...............................................................................................39

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Fig.25. Trigger Device In Pre Preparing Launching.[33] ..................................................... 40

Fig.26. Open Trigger Device, Is Possible Show The Retention Structure In The Slip

Truck.[33]4 Fig.27. Runway For Ship Launch On Roller Skates.[20] ................................ 40

Fig.28.Ship Cradle In Wheels; From Ship Launching. [20] ................................................ 41

Fig.29.Position Of Ship In Launch Position; Tug In Two Slipways.[20] ........................... 42

Fig.30.Metal Track Of Launch.[20] .................................................................................... 42

Fig.31.Slip Track Device In Job Position.[25] ..................................................................... 43

Fig.32. Ship Cradle.[20] ....................................................................................................... 44

Fig.33.Metalic Girths.[20] ................................................................................................... 44

Fig.34.Position Of Security Lashing .................................................................................... 45

Fig.35.Parts Of Device For Transversal Launching.[20] .................................................... 45

Fig.36. Metallic Reels And Multiple Cart[20] ..................................................................... 46

Fig.37. Preliminary Design Of Ship Launching .................................................................. 51

Fig.38. Pontoon In Statically Positions For Makes The Transfer Of Ship.[14] .................. 53

Fig.39. Typical Reels For Transportation Of Ship To Pontoon ........................................... 54

Fig.40. Transference Of Ship To Pontoon........................................................................... 54

Fig.41. Preliminary Portable Slip Truck And Slipway ........................................................ 55

Fig.42. Ship Launching Process From Pontoon .................................................................. 56

Fig.43.Slipway With Different Slip Tracks. [26] ................................................................ 57

Fig.44. Slip Truck In The Positions Of Transfer The Ship ................................................. 58

Fig.45. The Positions Of Slip Truck Depend Of Length Of Ship. [27]............................... 58

Fig.46. Portable Slip Way..................................................................................................... 59

Fig.47. Slip Truck ................................................................................................................. 60

Fig.48. Rocker Arm .............................................................................................................. 60

Fig.49. Slip Way Witch Rocker Arm. [28].......................................................................... 61

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Fig.50. Cradle For Medium Part Of Ship ............................................................................. 62

Fig.51. Supporting Structure ................................................................................................ 63

Fig.52.Portable Slipway In Position Of Launch ................................................................... 64

Fig.53.Period Of Transference Of Ship ................................................................................67

Fig.54.First Period ................................................................................................................ 68

Fig.55. Second Period Of Launch ....................................................................................... 68

Fig.56. Third Period Of Launch .......................................................................................... 69

Fig.57. Fourth Period Of Launch.......................................................................................... 70

Fig.58. Fifth Period Of Launch ........................................................................................... 71

Fig.59. Sixth Period Of Launch ............................................................................................ 71

Fig.60. Seventh Period Of Launch ...................................................................................... 72

Fig.61. Dynamic Modeling Of Ship Launching .................................................................. 94

Fig.62. Maximum Von – Mises Stress ................................................................................. 95

Fig.63. Point Of Maximum Von – Mises Stress................................................................... 96

Fig.64. Maximum 1st Principal Stress .................................................................................. 96

Fig.65. Maximum Point of Displacement ........................................................................... 97

Fig.66. Minimum Point of Safety Factor ............................................................................. 97

Fig.67. Maximum Von – Mises Stress ................................................................................. 98

Fig.68. Maximum 1st Principal Stress .................................................................................. 98

Fig.69. Maximum Point of Displacement ........................................................................... 99

Fig.70. Minimum Point of Safety Factor ............................................................................. 99

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Information of % of ship construction in the moment of launch ........................... 18

Table 2.Types of ship which are make in one small shipyard ............................................. 52

Table 3. Physical characteristics of portable slipway .......................................................... 63

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U nit One

Introduction to Ship Launching

We know the launch of a ship is the transference of the ship from the place of construction
to water. Typically the ship is launched end on, where the stern gets into water first. For
shipyards located in narrow rivers (small shipyards), the launch is sideways.
For small shipyards, it is common to use the transversal launching or others, where
different devices are used for this process. The construction of one longitudinal slipway is
reserved for big shipyards where it is possible the construction of big ships.
1.1. Objective

The more import requirement in this lecture is to know the type of ship launching and their
characteristics for small ship yards. Also to know how important is that process in the spiral
of design.

1.2. Main idea

The principal idea is analyzing all possibilities for making the process of ship launching in
one small shipyard and present the possible solutions for development of this process.

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Description of Shipyard
The shipyard is one industrial complex which has structures equipment (Workshop, slips,
etc.), necessary for shipbuilding and assembly of the ship equipment. Also has workshops
for preparing ship machinery, workshop for different auxiliary mechanics and additional
details.

The distribution of one shipyard is presented in fig.1

The capacity of the shipyard will depend of cranes capacity. The methods of production
and applications of new technologies and standards of quality is important for shipyards
[2].

Shipyards can build all types of ships but only shipyards with experience in military ships
can build that type of ships.

It is possible to divide the material of construction in a shipyard (steel, fiber glass, wood,
aluminum). Most of these shipyards are for small ships.

For small shipyards it is recommended the use of floating dry docks for launch of ships, but
this method is necessary to make pumping plans and to develop procedures for drydocking
difficult or unusual vessels

Usually small shipyards use 1,000 ton capacity floating dock

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2. LAUNCHING OF SHIPS

The launching of a ship is a significant event in the life of the ship and the everyday work
of shipbuilders.

This process has two circumstances.

The first of these is that at the time of launching the ship moves from one medium to
another, getting in their native medium, in this case the water.

The second circumstance is the launching of the ship, is the only time in the process of its
construction, which has a clear synchronization.

Indeed, in the process of construction of ship no one knows when the ship starts building
but the completion of construction is clearly defined.

But the fact is, at in this moment, the ship is not yet "built". Obvious deficiencies and latent
defects are not uncommon in the practice of shipbuilding. In this case, these defects are
removed after putting the ship into operation.

For ship launching this time is in used various ways and various structures.

Also is in important to know, when the ship launching occurs, that the construction in the
ship in not finished, and afterwards, when the ship is floating we can continue the
construction.

In the next table 1, we show this information [7].

% of
Type of Ship Type of Launch preparation
Slipway/Dry
Big Ships Dock 55-70
Medium
Ships Horizontal place 75-90
Small Ships Mechanical 95-98

Table1.Information of % of ship construction

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3. Methods for Ship Launching

Ship launching begins in the period of preparation and ends in the construction period.

Modern technology provides maximum readiness of ships before their launching.

The moment of ship launching is chosen depending on the technology adopted for
construction, manufacturing conditions, shipyard or construction plant and time of year.

Before ship launching different compulsory works should be completed: assembly and
welding to ensure tighToness and structural strength of the ship; painting the underwater
hull and show of the draft marks; installation and testing of seawater valves; installation of
device of stern tube of axis ; installation of rudders, propeller shafts and propellers, rotary
nozzles; installing the necessary components of the mooring devices and rescue equipment;
fixing of mechanisms and cargo submitted to the ship.

There are several ways of launch of ship:

 Free - In an inclined plane under the action of gravity;

 Surfacing - when raising the water level in the launching facilities;
 Forced - mechanized.

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3.1. Ship launching under gravity

The ship launching by gravity (longitudinal and transverse) is one of the most complex
process in the shipbuilding industry. The period of launch is very small, and the time of
preparatory work is long. For this form of launch use the slipway, it is near of shipyard.

3.1.1. Longitudinal ship launching

The longitudinal ship launching is performed in an inclined longitudinal slipway with 100
to 350 m length and it is perpendicular or an angle to the coastline.

The slipway is a complex engineering structure having a reinforced concrete base to

accommodate trigger tracks. It consists of a surface and underwater part.

Fig.3.Tipical longitudinal ship launching [8]

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3.1.2. Transversal ship launching

The transversal ship launching is usually used for launching of ships of small and medium
tonnage in shipyards located on rivers.

Constructions consisting of a horizontal slip (before launch position) and incline launch
track, in perpendicular direction to the axis-slip are used for transversal launch.

The slope of the slip track is much greater than for longitudinal launching.

The slip track is placed on the ground or on a reinforced concrete base and deepened in the
water at 1.5m or is not deepened.

Fig.4.Transversal ship launching in canals [9]

As a last resort, is also possible to launch ships using special airbags.

Fig.5. Ship launching in airbags [10]

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3.2. Ship launching by surfacing

The ship launching by surfacing is realized in a dry dock, which chamber is filled with
water by means of pumping stations.

The docks are filled with water to a level to achieve sufficient separation under the bottom
of the refloated ship for removal of the keel blocks.

3.2.1. DryDock

In this case, the objective is filling the dry dock where the ship was built to water level.
Afterwards. The ship is pushed using tugs in from the harbor.

Fig.6. Ship launching by dry dock [11]

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3.2.2. Floating dock

Is one rectangular pontoon divided in tanks which work by action of pompons and valves.

There are different types: box, pontoon dock, sectional dock.

The total capacity of the floating dock depends on its buoyancy capacity.

It is possible to use the floating dock for small and big ships. More owners prefer the
floating dock than the dry dock, because it is more flexible

The floating dock has rules of classification, and it is necessary to perform structural
inspections in the tanks and pompons because, ¨A 40% loss of metal thickness drastically
reduces the allowable buckling stress of the deck panels¨.[12]

For security it is necessary to know the measures of waterline deflection and multiple types
of deflection on a floating dry dock.

In the launching of dock, at the place of construction, the launch is possible when the level
of water is the same of the ocean .Afterwards one tug will transport to the coast.

Fig.7.Ship launching by floating dock [13]

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3.3. Forced mechanized ship launching

Forced mechanized ship launching is carried out through the following installations:
transverse and longitudinal slips, vertical ship lifts, cranes and floating docks. This method
of launch is most often used by shipyards in the construction of small and some medium-
sized ship.

3.3.1. Launching by Cranes

This process in not different from lifting and lowering of big loads. When the construction
of the ship is finished, girths are prepared at the bottom of ship and in the deck spacer for
safety of the ship hull. The ship launch is possible with one or two coast or floating cranes.

Fig.8.Ship launching by crane [14]

3.3.2. Travel lifting

For small ships, it is possible to make the launching with special equipment.
In this case, the ship is lifted completely from a dry dock by a travel lift and transferred to
the ocean.

Fig.9. Ship launching by Travel lift [15]

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3.3.3. Ship-lift system

Its movement is up-and-descenders for repairing or maintenance of ship. It is installed

between two pile piers, and it is equipped with rail tracks and sliding trolleys, and lifting
gear to both sides. According to the principle of action this system is divided into
electromechanical, hydraulic, pontoon and combined. It also serves to lift out of the water
and launching floating equipment, concrete caisson and caisson gate for dry docking
activities.

The synchrolift has weight capacity ranges from 3,000 tons to tens of thousands of tons.
The vertical movement of the platform with ship is possible due to the lifting equipment.
The ship is transported by rail tracks with sling trolleys from the lift platform to the
workplace in the shipyard. [16]

Fig.10. Rolls-Royce Syncrolift [17]

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3.3.4. Launching of offshore structures

Floating pontoons are commonly used for launching structures (Jacket), in the offshore
industry

The structure is slipped from place of construction to pontoon, by reels, afterwards it is

transported to the launch position. Two rocker arms are installed at the stern of pontoon,
which rotate when the structure is in the process of launch that is necessary for supporting
the reactions in the pontoon and jacket structure during launching process. [18].

Fig.11. Launch of jacket. [

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Afterwards, the stern part of pontoon is inclined by pompons. That is controlled to insure
stability of pontoon. That process gives the possibility to install the jacket in vertical
position.

It is necessary to understand that after launch process the pontoons have amplitude roll,
amplitude pitch, period of roll or pitch and heave acceleration.[18]

Other type of ship launching is the process of construction in blocks. After which the
sections are launched to the water the floating sections will be coupled. (Fig.12)

That process has the next characteristics.

 The coupled of ships afloat is made for a long time.

 Caissons or various proprietary sealing devices are used for welding the abutting
parts of the ship.
 In addition to welding to connect the parts it is possible to use mechanical
connection devices, such as those used for coupling the barge-tug convoys.

Fig.12.Transport of block by pontoon [14]

In the future, this method is obvious and means for coupled ships afloat can be improved.

This will limit ship displacement and dimensions for launching and for economically
reasonable limits.

Such structures allow launching large ships to water and components of large ships

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4. Transversal Free Ship Launching In Small

Shipyards

The transversal launch of ship is used for small and medium ships. The main idea of this
type of launch is the same for longitudinal movement of big boy one inclined plane.

4.1. Basic principle of transversal ship launching

The basic principle of transversal free ship launching along an inclined plane is the
movement under the action of its own weight.

Construction of launching devices with this method is much easier and slip track is shorter
than the longitudinal slipway.

Reduction of the length of the tracks contributes to a big slope and the use of specific types
of transversal launching: normal launch, leap launch, throw launch.

Depending on the location of slipway places a transversal launch can be carried out in
several schemes.

The ship launching directly from the construction place (slipway) is done by launching
devices, consisting of multiple rotary beams (balancing tables) which are simultaneously
supporting surface of building slipway.

4.2. Types of slipway for Transversal ship launching

In the shipbuilding industry it is possible to realize the process of ship launching indifferent form.

The election will be depend of type of ship, type of slipway or occupancy of shipyard.

But the launches by slipway and launch device have big differences.

1- The construction of ship is made in the place of work, after finish the construction; the ship is
transported by slipway and afterwards the ship launch is performed (Fig.13a).
2- The ship is transported to the slip car for the pre-launch position, where in the horizontal slip
under hull of ship, slip trucks are installed. The ship with car is transferred to slip truck in
the launch position. Afterwards the launching is realized, by lubricated slip truck. (Fig.13b).

3- The ship for launch is transported to car for pre-launch position, where it is
transferred to launching car. In this position the ship is transferred to slip truck and
then ship is launched.(Fig.13c)
4- The ship for launch is transported to pre-launch position with balancing table and
slip trucks. The balancing table with the use of hydraulic pumps rotates to connect
with incline slip truck. Afterwards the ship is moved to launch position, and it is
possible to make the launch.(Fig.13d)

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4.3. Types of transversal ship launching

There are three different types of transversal launch: normal launch, leap launch and throw
launch (Fig.15).

The normal launch is made by immersion of ship. For this form of launch it is necessary
that the height between keel and launch be 0.3-0.4m.(Fig.15a)

The leap launch is made to limit of coast. The ship rotates and falls to water with an angle
between 50-60 grades.(Fig.15b)

In the throw launch, the position of the slipway is above the level of water by 1,5-2.5m.
The ship moves by slipway with device launch in the little part of slipway and falls to water
with one angle of 90 grades.

The transversal launch is for use in shipyards for ship weights between 1500-2000 Ton. In
this type of launch, less the economical spending, and have the possibility to make different
type of launch.

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Fig.14.Transversal launching in slipway [9]

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Fig.16.Normal ship launching from slipway of river shipyard [9]

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Fig. 17.Leap Launch of ship, in close water way (Canal) [9]

Fig.18.Throw launch of ship [9]

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4.4. Steps for transversal ship launching

Transversal ship launching involves many steps: preparing of slipway and launching
device; elaboration for schedules of ship launching and distribution of workers involved in
the ship launching;

 Inspection of underwater slipway tracks by divers;

 Drying of tracks and rails, application of lubricant grease;
 Translation to ship launching position using a special winch;
 Positioning and fixation of slips below of ship;
 Lift of ship with hydraulic jacks and final installation of slips in regular places with
mounted of keel blocks;
 Fixing of slip track and installation of special pieces;
 Transfer of ship to the launching device using hydraulic jacks and transport trolleys
rolling out from under the ship.
 All along the slipway on the ship is secured with special ropes.
 After the ship translation the trolley is stopped.
 The ship is towed to the quay, where the trigger device parts are dismantled.
 After the launching of the ship, a special team, which arrived with a tug, makes a
thorough inspection of compartments of re-floated ship and eliminates the defects.
The ship is transferred to the pier for completion of construction and testing.
The processes of transversal ship launching, and the most important steps, before and after
the process are shown in Fig. 19.

Fig.19.Process of transversal ship launching

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 REFERENCES
1. Conceptual Design of a Mechanized Shipyard for Fast Deployment Logistics(x)
Production; Benjamin V.Andrews,et al Stanford Research Institute; Bureau of Ship
;1965
2. Ship production; Second Edition; Richard Lee Storch; Maryland; 1995, pag.46
3. - Shipbuilding Industry Set to Pick Up After 2017
;http://worldmaritimenews.com/archives/179125/shipbuilding-industry-set-to-pick- up-
after-2017/
4. Top 16 Events that Impacted Tanker Shipping in 2016;
https://www.mcquilling.com/blog/2016/
5. The Tanker Orderbook; https://www.mcquilling.com/blog/the-tanker-
orderbook.html
6. Shipyards struggle amid market downturn;
http://www.marinelog.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=22047:ship
yards-struggle-amid-market-downturn&Itemid=230
7. Basic technology of ship construction;V.D.Matskevich; Sudostroenia; Leningrad,
1980. (In Russian)
8. 24 Most Insanely Satisfying Ship Launching Ever Recorded;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWDSWD2afqc&list=PLFTbjpS1uV-
S0FnoYzy5AaAFGrBoiSJsK&index=106
9. Big Ship Launch Fails Compilation 2016 HD;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5JThDbF4ow&index=113&list=PLFTbjpS1u V-
S0FnoYzy5AaAFGrBoiSJsK
10. Shandong Nanhai Airbag Engineering Co.,Ltd; http://www.airbag.cc/
11. FAYARD DRY DOCKING VIDEO; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfYZOn-I-
Ms
12. Floating dry dock accidents involving transverse bending failure of the pontoon; pag 1 ;
R.E. Heger, Heger Dry Dock, Inc., USA; Royal Institution of Naval Architects, ©2003.
13. Logos Hope 2012 Dry Dock In Subic Bay, Philippines;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBZCCyFaQLs
14. Finomar; http://www.finomar.com.pl/
15. Gondwana Marine Services (Seychelles) - 150t Travel Lift;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEQD54PSXyE
16. http://www.sperryaward.org/Sperrybrochure2002.pdf
17. New 4,500 Tonne Rolls-Royce Syncrolift Installed in VieTonam;
http://gcaptain.com/4500-tonne-rolls-royce-syncrolift/
18. http://fgg-web.fgg.uni-lj.si/~/pmoze/esdep/master/wg15a/l0300.htm
19. Launch of jacket ;http://fgg-web.fgg.uni-lj.si/~/pmoze/esdep/master/wg15a/l0100.htm

20. Ship launching; A.A.Kurdyumov, A.A.Gaysenok; Sudostroenia; Leningrad, 1966.(In

Russian)
21. Big Ship Launch Compilation HD 2015;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVBulzce0Oc&list=PLFTbjpS1uV-

29 | P a g e Dr.Hussien M.Hassan
 S0FnoYzy5AaAFGrBoiSJsK&index=79
22. .REGULATION NO. 3 of the Director of Maritime Office in Szczecin of 26th July
2013;§ 162.; http://www.ums.gov.pl/prawne/porte.pdf
23. .Launching 1700 TEU Container Ship OS Samsun and Keel laying;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faV2j9gihZ8
24. https://prezi.com/g5jazam5i54c/ship-launching/
25. Спуск кораблей на воду;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfpmV2OeDFM&index=98&list=PLFTbjpS1u V-
S0FnoYzy5AaAFGrBoiSJsK
26. Navy Christens Future USS Detroit;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6u4WjYaX2Q&list=PLFTbjpS1uV-
S0FnoYzy5AaAFGrBoiSJsK&index=84
27. . http://breakingdefense.com/2015/07/lcs-production-surges-prices-drops/
28. LCS 7 Detroit Side Launch; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
WPE_4bqQXc&list=PLFTbjpS1uV-S0FnoYzy5AaAFGrBoiSJsK&index=82

30 | P a g e Dr.Hussien M.Hassan