FUNCTION

 Ingestion: oral cavity

 Fragmentation: oral cavity, stomach
 Digestion: oral cavity, stomach, small
intestine
 Absorption: small intestine
 Elimination: anal canal
 COMPONENT:

• Oral cavity
• Digestive (alimentary) canal:
– pharynx
– esophagus
– stomach
– small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
– large intestine: caecum, appendix, colon,
rectum, anal canal
• Glands:
– pancreas
– liver
 ORAL CAVITY
• Devided into two smaller cavity:
- Vestibule: the space between lips, cheeks and
teeth
- Oral cavity proper: is bounded by the teeth
externally, the floor of mouth inferiorly, and the
hard and soft palates superiorly

• Oral cavity is lined with stratified nonkeratinized

squamous epithelium

• Accessories organs: teeth, tongue, salivary gland

 TEETH

• The anatomical features of a tooth include:

- the free enamel crown
- the cervix (neck)
- the root
- the periodontal ligament
- the pulp cavity
- the apical forament

• Teeth are composed of three calcified tissues that

is enamel, dentin, and cementum, and a loose
connective tissue, the pulp.
HUMAN TEETH
 TONGUE
• Tongue is a mobile mass of skeletal muscle
that function in: taste, chewing, swallowing,
and speech
• There are four types of papillae in the dorsal
surface of two-thirth of the tongue:
• - filliform papillae → do not contain taste
buds
- fungiform papillae
- foliate papillae
- circumvallate papillae
Stratified squamous epithelium

lamina propria
 taste buds

Stratified squamous
epithelium
groove
taste buds

lamina propria

glands of
Von Ebner

Circumvallate papilla Folliate papilla

 SALIVARY GLAND
Salivary glands → secrete saliva. Saliva aids digestion
by: (1) moistening food for enzyme action and taste;
(2) lubricating the bolus for swallowing; and (3)
initiating starch conversion into simple sugar by its
principal enzyme, amylase.

• Parotid glands: are the largest salivary glands, are

located below the external ears
• Submandibular glands: are located under shelter
of each side of mandible in the floor of the mouth
• Sublingual glands: is located under the mucous
membrane of the tongue, near the midline of the
floor of the mouth.
PAROTID GLAND

serous acini

salivary duct
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND

Connective tissue septa

lobuli

acini

Intralobular ducts
SUBLINGUAL GLAND

interlobular duct
connective tissue septa

lobuli

Intralobular ducts
ALIMENTARY CANAL
GENERAL HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE

The wall of alimentary canal consist of

four layers (tunics), from within
outwards they are:
•mucosa,
•sub mucosa,
•muscularis external, and
•serosa or adventitia.
Mucosa, consist of:
- epithelium
- lamina propria: an area of loose connective tissue
containing glands and components of circulatory
system
- muscularis mucosa: a thin longitudinal or circular
smooth muscle
Sub mucosa: connective tissue zone containing
glands, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
Muscularis externa: consist of two prominent layers of
smooth muscle, the inner layer is circular, the outer
is longitudinal
Serosa or adventitia: consist of loose connective
tissue, largely of collagenous and elastic fiber; fat
cells, vessels, and nerves.
 Pharynx

• The pharynx is fibromuscular tube extending from

the base of the skull to the lower level of the larynx,
as intersection of the respiratory and digestive
system

• The pharynx has three region:

- the upper part is nasopharynx,
- the middle part it oropharynx, and
- the lower part is laryngopharynx.
 Esophagus
• Mucosa
- epithelium→ a stratified squamous nonkeratin-
inized epithelium
- lamina propria → contain esophageal cardiac
glands producing mucus
- muscularis mucosa → is composed mostly of
longitudinal smooth muscle fibers
• Sub mucosa → contains esophageal cardiac glands
proper producing mucus to facilitate the movement of
food down the esophagus
• Muscularis externa → inner: circular; outer: longitudinal
- the upper third: → skeletal muscle fibers
- the middle third: → skeletal and smooth muscle
fibers
- the lower third: → smooth muscle fibers
• Adventitia:→ attaches the esophagus to the trachea
Esophagus

Lumen

Stratified squamous epithelium

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosa

Sub mucosa
Circular layer of muscularis

Longitudinal layer of muscularis

Adventitia
 Stomach

• Devide into four region; (1) cardia, (2) fundus, (3)

body or corpus, and (4) pyloris

• Mucosa of the empty stomach is thrown into the deep,

make irregular longitudinal folds called rugae. The
surface epithelium is simple columnar, which
invaginates into the lamina propria to form gastric
pits (foveolae)
The cell lining the gastric glands of mucosa are:
- surface epithelium (simple columnar) → secrete
mucus
- chief (zymogenic) cells → produce the digestive
enzymes pepsin, rennin and lipase
- parietal (oxyntic) cells → produce hydrocloric acid
- mucous neck cells → along with the surface epithelium
are responsible for the formation of mucus that
presumably protect the stomach lining from
autodisgestion by HCl
- enteroendocrine cells → secrete gastrointestinal
hormones (secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin)
• Sub mucosa contains Meissner’s nerve plexus

• Muscularis mucosa has three layers of smooth

muscle:
- inner: oblique layer
- middle: circular layer
- outer: longitudinal layer
Between circular and longitudinal layer lies
Auerbach’s myenteric nerve plexus
Stomach
Stomach with gastric pits
Stomach
Stomach
 SMALL INTESTINE
The small intestine of human being is composed of
three regions:
- duodenum, 25-30 cm long
- jejunum, 2,5-3 m long
- ileum, 4-4,5 m long

Function:
- to complete the digestion of food by appropriate
enzymes
- to selectively absorb the finished product of
digestion into the blood and lymph vessels
 GENERAL HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF
SMALL INTESTINE
• The mucosa form villi - projections that extend into the
gut lumen. The villi covered with simple columnar
absorptive epithelial cell and goblet cells interposed
them. The surface of columnar epithelial cells provided
with microvilli to increase the surface absorptive area.
The lamina propria contain intestinal glands, known as
crypts of Lieberkuhn that composed by columnar
epithelial cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells, and
enteroendocrine cells. The last cells secrete intestinal
hormone such as secretin and cholecystokinin.
• The muscularis mucosa consist of an inner circular and
an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
• The sub mucosa contains Meissner’s nerve plexus
• The muscularis externa, with Auerbach’s myenteric
plexus intervening.
 Duodenum

Special characteristic :

• abundant leaf-shaped villi, but lowest in height

• prominent Brunner’s gland in the sub mucosa
• an incomplete serosa replaced by an extensive
adventitia
• the termination of bile and pancreatic ducts
Duodenum

1. Mucosa

2. Submucosa

3. Muscularis mucosa
Duodenum

Intestinal villi

Simple columnar epithelium

Lamina propria

Crypt of Lieberkuhn

Muscularis mucosa

Submucosa
 Lamina propria

Brush border Goblet cell

INTESTINAL VILUS OF DUODENUM

 Jejunum

Special characteristic:

• the fingerlike villi are the tallest in height

• the lacteals are well developed for maximum fat
absorption
Jejunum
 Glands Lumen
Muscularis Jejunum with villi Villi
 Ileum

Special characteristic:
• abundant lymph nodules (Peyer’s patches) in lamina
propria of the mucosa.
Ileum
Ileum

1. Mucosa
2. Lymph nodule
3. Submucosa
4. Muscularis externa
 LARGE INTESTINE

• Is composed of cecum, appendix, colon, rectum,

anal canal
• The large intestine possesses no villi
• Contain crypts of Lieberkuhn in its lamina propria
• Function:
- absorbs water
- forms feces
 Cecum

• That is the beginning of large intestine, a large –

blind sac that extends caudad beyond the ileocecal
valve
• Projecting from the blind end of the cecum is the
vermiform appendix, a small worm- shaped tube
(about 10 cm long, 1 cm wide). It characterized by
multiple and large lymph nodules in the lamina
propria.
 Colon

• About 1,3 m long, consist of ascending,

transverse and descending regions
• The surface epithelium consist of three
types of cells:
- simple columnar absorptive cells
- abundant goblet cells
- stem cells → give rise to the absorptive
cells
• The crypts of Lieberkuhn of the lamina
propria are longer than those of the small
intestine, contain numerous goblet cells
• The muscularis mucosa consist of inner circular
and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers
• The sub mucosa resembles that of the jejunum or
ileum
• The muscularis externa is composed of inner
circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
layers. Auerbach’s plexus occupied between the
two layers. The outer muscle layer is modified into
teniae coli, three flat ribbons of longitudinally
smooth muscle. These are responsible for the
formation of haustra coli (sacculation)
• The colon has both serosa and adventitia. The
serosa presents small, fat-filled pouches, the
appendices epiploicae
Colon
Lieberkuhn Gland
Simple columnar epithelium
Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis externa
 Rectum

• 10-12 cm long
• The teniae coli flatten out to form a uniform,
longitudinal sheet of muscle
• The mucosa is thicker wih prominent submucosal
veins
• Crypts of Lieberkuhn are longer (0.7 mm), are lined
almost entirely by goblet cells
• Lymph nodule are less abundant
• Its serosa is progressively replaced by an adventitia
 Anal canal
• 2.5-4 cm long
• The mucosa, sub mucosa and a few longitudinally
smooth muscle fibers form 6-10 longitudinal folds
called anal columns of Morgagni
• The epithelium is stratified squamous type. At the
anal orifice, the epithelium joints the epidermis of
the skin of the anal region. Beneath the epithelium
enlarged apocrine-type sweat gland, the circum
anal gland, and sebaceous gland are present.
• At the anal orifice, the circular layer of smooth
muscle thickens to form the internal anal sphincter
• More distally the superficial skeletal muscle fiber
are organized into the external anal sphincter.
 GLANDS
LIVER
Associated With
PANCREAS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 Liver

• The liver is the largest gland of the body, 1200-1500 g

weight, surrounded by Glisson’s capsule, a thin
connective tissue.

• Anatomical unit of liver is hepatic lobule. It is

polyhedral or hexagonal, surrounded by a connective
tissue derived from Glisson’s capsule.
• Hepatic lobule:
- at the center of each lobule lies a central vein,
a branch of hepatic vein
- contains sheets or plates of hepatic cells
(hepatocytes) radiate outward from the
central vein. Between the plates of hepatic cells lies
blood sinusoids that partially lining by Kupffer cells,
a phagocytic cell for engulf whole and fragmented
senile red blood cells.
- area in the middle of three adjacent hepatic lobule
called portal area or portal canal. It
contains arteriole hepatic, portal venule, nerves,
lymphatics, bile ducts, and fat.
• As the exocrine gland, liver synthesize bile by it’s
hepatocytes → storage in gallbladder → lead to
duodenum for emulsify fats and increase absorption
of lipids.

• As the endocrine gland, liver synthesize and

release numerous plasma protein and components,
such as fibrinogen, urea, albumen, prothrombin,
and lipoproteins.
 Liver

Hepatic lobule

Portal connective tissue

(Glisson’s capsule)

Central vein

Portal triad

One portion of pig’s liver

Sinusoids Central vein of a liver lobule Hepatocytes
 Branch of the bile duct
Branch of the hepatic artery

Branch of the Portal vein

Portal connective tissues

Hepatocytes

Portal triad of liver

 Pancreas

Exocrine portion
(90%)

Pancreas

Endocrine portion
(10%)
 Exocrine portion of pancreas

The exocrine portion is a compound acini gland,

composed of 6-8 low columnar or pyramidal
serous cells surrounding a small lumen.

 Secretion: pancreatic juice contain enzymes

trypsin, amylase, maltase, and lipase → lead to
duodenum.
 Endocrine portion of pancreas

 The endocrine portion is islets of Langerhans or

islets tissue, are scattered among the acini.

 Islets of Langerhans consist of:

- alpha cells: are located mostly on the periphery of
islets, compose about 20% of the cells population;
secrete glucagon (glycogen → glucose)
- beta cells: smallest, most numerous (70%), are
located on the central area of islets; secrete
insulin (glucose → glycogen)
- delta cells: largest, few (5%); secrete somatostatin
(inhibit the release of growth hormone)
Pancreas

Connective tissue septa

Acini glands

Islets of Langerhans
Centroacinar cells

Islet of Langerhans
Acini glands

Exocrine and endocrine gland of pancreas