Jhampure Safe Drinking Water

II. Executive Summary

As the years passed by, the demand for clean water is growing and the price of having clean water continues to
increased, so we thought of building a water refilling station business with a high standard purified water, the Jhampure
Safe Drinking Water.

Jhampure Safe drinking water is located at S8 Belmont Hills Subd. Pasong Kawayan 2 General Trias Cavite. Our
purpose in building it is to help the community have high standard and cheap drinking water. So this is the solution to
what customers have been wanting for a long time, cheap, convenient, safe, and licensed drinking water. Our target
market is households and business establishments that are close to us and of course in General Trias Cavite as well.

Jhampure Safe drinking water offers clean purified water at a very reasonable price. The business will use a
3000gdp reverse osmosis system with 30 stages of standard filtration systems. Our business hours are from 7:00 Am to
6:00 pm six times a week. The price per gallon of purified water is 25 pesos. This is competitive pricing as the other
ranges from 30-35 pesos per gallon.

Included in the jhampure safe drinking water service is free delivery for every five gallons plus one gallon free.
Although many in our community already have access to purified water, they still prefer to deliver water to jhampure
safe drinking water because of our good service and sweet-tasting water, that is why many of the household and
business establishments choose us.

We are also in business to make a profit and at the same to give households and establishments that patronize
our water the opportunity to be part of the success story of Jhampure Safe drinking water.
Furthermore, it also gives employment opportunities to the people in the neighborhood and also provides more
funds to the government in form of taxes and mandatory government fees.
Table of Content
I. Title Page
II. Executive Summary
III. Table of Content
IV. Introduction
V. Main Content
1. Background Information
2. Vision
3. Mission
4. Theoretical Framework
5. Review of Literature
5.1. Science and Technology of water purification
5.2. Water Treatment
5.2.1. Coagulation and Flocculation
5.2.2. Sedimentation
5.2.3. Filtration
5.2.4. Disinfection
6. Methodology
7. Findings
8. Discussion of Findings
VI. Conclusion
VII. Use of References
VIII. Appendices
Introduction
Water is one of the basic human needs. Man needs clean water in order to live. But due to human abuse of
nature, our waters have become polluted. Because of that many of us get sick from drinking dirty water. According
to WHO (World Health Organization), about 3.4 million died annually from water-related diseased. About a million
Filipino get sick with the water-borne disease yearly. And these are diarrhea cases alone. These problems are
accredited to the poor water system in the Philippines. Even in the capital Manila, only about three fourth of the
population received pipe water from the municipality authority. Outside manila fewer people have access to clean
water. The scenario is the provinces have to get water from the well and river and they are not sure of the
cleanliness of the water. These families must find alternative water sources if they want to avoid waterborne
diseases.

Amidst this certainty, a solution has appeared in the thousands of water refilling stations. The shop began as a
privately run community water source. Water consumers would bring a container and fill them for a per gallon fee.
Because of the high demand for cleaner water starting a water refilling station business become one of the most
promising and profitable businesses today.

Main Content
Background Information
Jhampure Safe Drinking Water is purified water distribution business and it is located at S8 Belmont Hills
Subdivision Pasong Kawayan 2, General Trias Cavite. The Jhampure Safe Drinking Water will offer a high standard, safe
and cheap drinking water.

Jhampure Safe drinking water offer a clean purified water at a very reasonable price. The business will use
3000gdp reverse osmosis system with 30 stages standard filtration systems. Our business hours is from 7:00Am till
6:00pm six times a week. The price per gallon of purified water is 25 pesos. This is a competitive pricing as the other
ranges from 30-35 pesos per gallon.
Vision

To be the most leading, trusted, high quality and safe water refilling station in the City.

Mission

To provide the client with purest, cleanest and safe drinking water and to give clients the best service that we
can give within our coverage area.

Objectives

1. Increase public awareness of health benefits of drinking water.

2. To produce safe and tasty drinking water.
3. Understanding the meaning and importance of water filtration.
4. To develop home-based income.
5. To develop a service based company that aims to exceed customer satisfaction.
6. To provide convenience to the buyers in our target area.

Theoretical Framework
According to this article, access to clean water and sanitary facilities is one of the most widespread issues
affecting people worldwide. In the upcoming decades, water issues are predicted to get worse, with water shortages
occurring everywhere, even in areas that are today thought of as water-rich. In order to solve these issues, a ton of
research has huge be done in order to find effective new ways to purify water at lower costs and with less energy, while
also reducing chemical usage and environmental impact. Here, we showcase some of the research and technologies
being explored to enhance water disinfection and decontamination, as well as initiatives to boost water supply through
safe wastewater reusing and effective desalination of seawater. (Nature, 2008).

Moreover, in this article, the basis for a conceptual model of the filtering process quickly explains certain
elements of filtration theory. According to universal consensus, physical and chemical processes are involved in water
filtering. The presentation and discussion of experimental data pertaining to the chemical components of water
filtration. (Charles & Werner, 1967).

Therefore, providing a community with pleasant and acceptable drinking water is one of a water quality
engineer's main responsibilities. (Sengupta, Sukalyan 2017).

The theoretical relevance of this study concern in water treatment. What are the objectives of water treatment
in the community and in our everyday lives?

Review of Literature
Science and technology for water purification

One of the most pervasive problems afflicting people throughout the world is inadequate access to clean water
and sanitation. Problems with water are expected to grow worse in the coming decades, with water scarcity occurring
globally, even in regions currently considered water-rich. Addressing these problems calls out for a tremendous amount
of research to be conducted to identify robust new methods of purifying water at lower cost and with less energy, while
at the same time minimizing the use of chemicals and their impact on the environment. Here we highlight some of the
science and technology being developed to improve the disinfection and decontamination of water, as well as efforts to
increase water supplies through the safe re-use of wastewater and efficient desalination of sea and brackish water.

Reverse osmosis and active desalination membrane processes. Concentration gradients in RO (a) and active (b)
desalination membranes. The energy levels marked with 'start' and 'end' correspond to the evolution of each process.
The darker blue color denotes a higher concentration. Insets depict different mechanisms of salt ion separation. The
active process with energy input shows a conceptual strategy for overcoming the Born barrier with fixed charges.

Water Treatment
The primary purpose of water treatment is to protect public health. Water can contain a wide array of
constituents that make people ill and has a unique ability to rapidly transmit disease to a large number of people.
Water treatment is the process that improves the quality of the water to make it appropriate for specific end-use.
The stages of water treatment are coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection

Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation
The chemical water treatment process used to remove solids from water, by manipulating electrostatic charges
of particles suspended in water. This process introduces small, highly charged molecules into water to destabilize the
charges on particles, colloids, or oily materials in suspension.

Flocculation
The “snowballing” of small particles into larger particles (called “floc”). It is a time-dependent process that
directly affects clarification efficiency by providing multiple opportunities for particles suspended in water to collide
through gentle and prolonged agitation.

Coagulation and flocculation are two separate processes, used in succession, to overcome the forces stabilizing
the suspended particles. While coagulation neutralizes the charges on the particles, flocculation enables them to bind
together, making them bigger, so that they can be more easily separated from the liquid. Coagulation and flocculation
are essential processes in a number of diverse disciplines, including biochemistry, cheese manufacturing, rubber
manufacturing, and in water waste treatment. In water waste treatment coagulation and flocculation, phenomena are
extremely important in the area of potable water treatment, clarification of water with a coagulation agent has been
practiced from ancient times using a variety of substances most notably crushed seeds. In modern water treatment,
coagulation and flocculation are still essential components of the overall suite of the treatment process.

Sedimentation
  The process of separating small particles and sediments in the water. This process happens naturally when water
is still because gravity will pull the heavier sediments down to form a sludge layer. However, this action can be artificially
stimulated in the water treatment process.
Shallow tubes are very efficient sedimentation devices. Two basic tube configurations have been used:
essentially horizontal, and steeply inclined. Sludge is removed from the essentially horizontal tubes by automatically
draining them each time the filter backwashes and refilling them with filter backwash water. Over 20 water treatment
plants using these horizontal tubes with sedimentation detention times of less than 10 minutes with capacities of 20-
2,000 gpm are now in operation. In tests described in this paper, a plant providing flocculation, tube sedimentation, and
mixed media filtration, produced potable water (0.1 JU turbidity) from a raw water turbidity of 1,000 JU with an overall
plant detention time of 16 minutes. Flow distribution analyses demonstrate that the shallow horizontal tubes enable
good flow distribution to be readily achieved.

Filtration
Water filtration is the process of removing or reducing the concentration of particulate matter, including the
concentration of particulate matter, including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi as well as
other undesirable chemical and biological contaminants from contaminated water to produce safe and clean water for
specific purposes such as drinking, and medical application

During filtration, the clear water passes through filters that have different pore sizes and are made of different
materials (such as sand, gravel, and charcoal). These filters remove dissolved particles and germs, such as dust,
chemicals, parasites, bacteria, and viruses. The most common type of filter is a rapid sand filter. Water moves vertically
through sand which often has a layer of activated carbon or anthracite coal above the sand. The top layer removes
organic compounds, which contribute to taste and odor. The space between sand particles is larger than the smallest
suspended particles, so simple filtration is not enough. Most particles pass through surface layers but are trapped in
pore spaces or adhere to sand particles. Effective filtration extends into the depth of the filter. This property of the filter
is key to its operation: if the top layer of sand were to block all the particles, the filter would quickly clog.

To clean the filter, water is passed quickly upward through the filter, opposite the normal direction (called back flushing
or backwashing) to remove embedded particles. Prior to this step, compressed air may be blown up through the bottom
of the filter to break up the compacted filter media to aid the backwashing process; this is known as air scouring. 

Disinfection

 The removal, deactivation, or killing of pathogenic microorganisms. Microorganisms are destroyed or

deactivated, resulting in the termination of growth and reproduction. When microorganisms are not removed from
drinking water, drinking water usage will cause people to fall ill.

Disinfection of water can be achieved by various chemical and physical processes. The chemical process
compromises the treatment of water with halogen, ozone hypohalous salt, and enzyme while the physical process
compromises thermal treatment and application of ultrasound and electromagnetic radiation through a filter capable of
retaining bacteria and reverse osmosis. The goal of disinfection of public water supplies is the elimination of the
pathogen that is responsible for waterborne diseases.

Methodology

As a water refilling station owner, you must know the basic filtration method of your system’s equipment and its
function.

(1) Started in Water Source There are three types of water sources, deep well, usually high in mineral and
hardness. Surface water such as rivers, lakes, and well are High in turbidity and suspended solids and local water utilities
this source already passes the PNSDW standard and does not require rigorous water. Then goes to the (2) feed water
tank, which is where you store the source water which will be used for purification. This tank is very helpful when the
water pressure of your water source is low. After that (3) feed water booster pump pushes the water thru the filters at a
certain pressure and flow rate. This pump is usually balanced with a proper RO pump and properly sized filter tanks.
Then goes to the (5) multimedia tank the raw water is initially treated with silica sand, manganese, and anthracite to
remove suspended matter down to 10~20μ size and some organics from the water, which if left, will cause a premature
drop off in performance from the RO membranes. Our new product AFM® filters down to 4μ at 98% efficiency. (6) Water
Softener process consists of a Softening and Conditioning Process. It is composed of Resin Beads which attract mineral
contents and converts Hard Water to Soft Water; The Brine Tank (salt compounds) serves as the storage of the industrial
salt for the automatic regeneration of the resins. (7) Sediment Filters (Pre-Reverse Osmosis Microfiltration a five-micron
cartridge filter is used as a safeguard to ensure that any fines or particulates are removed from the water, which would
otherwise damage the RO membranes. After that it goes to (8) Reverse Osmosis Pre-treated raw water is then pumped
through to the CENTRAL PURIFICATION SYSTEM (RO). RO Technology involves using a high-pressure pump to force
a portion of the feed water through a semi-permeable membrane. The amount of permeate product water produced
varies directly with the feed water pressure and temperature. Since the bulk of the product water contaminants are left
on the feed water upstream side of the membrane and would over time, foul or scale the membrane, a portion of the
feed water is directed to drain. This stream is called reject water, and the amount of reject water required varies with
the amount and type of contaminants in the water. Each specific feed water source will have a maximum recovery rate
or conversion. (i.e. Amount of permeate product water produced divided by the amount of feed water entering the RO
unit). The estimated conversion factor determined for this system is 0.35. (9) Product Water Storage Tank this tank
stores the RO water, also known as purified water. The bigger the tank, the more water you store, and the more bottles
you can dispense. (10) Product Water Booster Pump Purified Water is boosted thru multiple faucets with appropriate
pressure using a booster pump. The stronger the pump, the faster the flow rate of the water at the dispensing area. (11)
Polishing Carbon polishing here means removing any carryover odor and further enhancement of the taste of the
purified water. (12) UV Light the purified water is passed through a UV sterilizer as a final safeguard against bacteria.
Bacterial growth in any high-purity water treatment plant will increase the frequency of equipment cleaning.  (13)
Dispensing this area is where the water is dispensed thru multiple faucets. This area also contains the washing sink for
the containers.

Findings
Appendices

Theory

O, C. R., & Stumm, W. (1967). Theory of Water Filtration. Journal (American Water Works Association), 59(11),
1393-1412. https://doi.org/10.2307/41267535

Water treatment
Principles of Water Treatment
By Kerry J. Howe, David W. Hand, John C. Crittenden, R. Rhodes Trussell, George
Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment
By John Bratby

by: James Greenwood on Feb 2, 2022

https://www.dober.com/water-treatment/resources/wastewater-coagulation#:~:text=Coagulation%20is%20the
%20chemical%20water,or%20oily%20materials%20in%20suspension.

https://htt.io/understanding-sedimentation-water-treatment/#:~:text=Sedimentation%20is%20the%20process%20of,in
%20the%20water%20treatment%20process.

https://www.ecologixsystems.com/library-water-purification/#:~:text=Water%20purification%20is%20the
%20process,fit%20for%20a%20specific%20purpose.
Drinking Water Disinfection Techniques
By Jyoti Kishen Kumar, Aniruddha Bhalchandra Pandit

Methodology

https://einfachindustrialsupply.com/blogs/news/water-refilling-station-process-flow