Electric Vehicles

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Electric Vehicles (EVs) & Hybrid Vehicles (HVs) Definition

First of all, a distinction between' traction' and' propulsion' is required. Traction is provided
by the motor while propulsion
is provided by the combination of engine systems. When a car with an electric motor receives
the energy it needs from a
battery pack, it is considered an all-electric vehicle. This vehicle requires recharging stations
that correspond with how far
it can travel on a charge. If the electric motor is fed by the battery and a thermal engine, it is
considered to be a hybrid
vehicle. In reality, this vehicle is a water–fuel cell hybrid. Despite the fact that electric
vehicles (EVs), either all-electric or
hybrid, reduce emissions in local areas, they do not do the same for the rest of the world.

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES.


At least two energy converters, such as internal combustion engines (ICE), electric motors,
hydraulic drives, etc., are
combined in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The ultimate aim of the HEV is to have the
same power, range and protection
as a traditional vehicle while reducing fuel consumption and harmful emissions that are
harmful for health (Sanghvi and
Gordon, 2021). Hybrid vehicles have the ability, including the following, to realize many
benefits:
1. Higher efficiency of the electric machine: The electric machine is a simpler and more
powerful machine compared
with the ICE. For example, an electrical machine's moving parts consist primarily of the
armature (DC motor) or
rotor (AC motor) and bearings.
2. Regenerative braking: A regenerative brake is an energy system that decreases the speed of
a vehicle by
transforming some of its kinetic energy into a future storable type of energy, rather than
dissipating it as heat as
with a conventional brake.
3. Improved torque characteristics: Electric machines are more suitable for automotive
applications, with low-speed
high torque and lower cruising speed torque.
4. Reduced emissions - through smoothing and idle removal of transients.
5. For selected setups, optimum engine operation - run the engine in its 'sweet spot', staying
close to its best output
hand.
6. Engine downsizing could be necessary in order to cope with average load (not peak load)
and thereby reduce the
weight of the engine and powertrain.
7. It is possible to shut the engine off, thus reducing fuel consumption, pollution and NVH.
8. Accessory electrification enables the operation of parasitic loads on the necessary basis.
HEV drawbacks, however, include:
1. Powertrain and electronic complexity increased
2. Increased mass of the vehicle due to additional components
3. Increased cost due to extra components and power management difficulty
4. Overall system reliability can be lower due to increased complexity
5. If not optimized for the appropriate drive cycle, benefits may not be fully realized.
In order to comply with various applications, a variety of different device architectures are
considered. They are generally
categorized as split sequence, parallel, and strength. Device design selection depends
primarily on the program. The car
manufacturing organization is obliged to reduce the intensity of adverse effects on nature, as
well as to increase the level of
safety of its products, such as cars (Tengiz, 2020b) (Tengiz, 2020a). Besides, due to the
complexity of many car
manufacturing companiesstructures,a mathematical modeling becomes necessaryin orderto
simplify reality using models,
thereby increasing the ability of car producers to make the right decisions.(Magradze, 2020a)
(Magradze, 2020b).

How Hybrids Work


Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors.
They can be designed to meet
different goals, such as better fuel economy or more power.
Most hybrids use several advanced technologies:
• Braking Regenerative. During coasting or braking, regenerative braking restores energy
normally lost. It uses the
wheels' forward motion to spin the engine. This provides energy which makes the car slow
down.
• Drive/Assist Electric Motor. In order to help the engine accelerate, move, or hill climb, the
electric motor provides
power. This enables the use of a smaller, more-efficient engine. The electric motor alone
propels the vehicle in
some hybrids at low speeds, where gasoline engines are the least powerful.
• Stop/Start Automatic. When the car comes to a halt, the engine automatically shuts off and
restarts when the
accelerator is pressed. It minimizes wasted energy from idling.
Classification:

HEV can historically be categorized into three types: HEV sequence, HEV parallel, and HEV
combination
.
2.1.1. Configuration of Series HEV.

We can see from Figure 1 that the HEV series consists of the ICE, generator, power
converter, motor, and battery. There is
no mechanical connection between the ICE and the transmission, so the ICE will work at the
maximum efficient point by
controlling the output power of the battery to fulfill the vehicle's required power. However,
the power from the ICE is
transferred via the generator and the engine, so much more energy is lost. Because the engine
is the final and sole drive unit,
the engine must be sufficiently large to meet the vehicle's output, so the regenerative braking
power can almost be stored
by the engine in the battery. (Butler, Ehsani and Kamath, 1999)

In the HEV series, when it has to be recharged, an electric motor, coupled to an ICE, supplies
electricity to the electric machine to drive the vehicle and to the energy storage system. One
of the main benefits of the series is that the speeds of the engine and car are decoupled. As a
result, the engine will run at its peak, substantially reducing the consumption of fuel
However, because the electrical machine is the only one connected to the wheels and the
engine/generator set is sized for sustained grade power, this design includes a large pack of
energy storage device, electrical machine and engine, adding inefficiencies and weight.

Configuration of Parallel HEV.

We can see from Figure 2 that the parallel HEV allows both the electric motor and ICE to
deliver power to drive the vehicle in parallel, i.e. the ICE and motor can drive, respectively, or
together. There is a mechanical relation between the ICE and the transmission, unlike the
HEV series, and therefore the rotational speed of the ICE depends on the driving cycle, so
that the ICE can run on the optimum running line by controlling the battery output power.

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