Electric Vehicles
Electric Vehicles
Electric Vehicles
First of all, a distinction between' traction' and' propulsion' is required. Traction is provided
by the motor while propulsion
is provided by the combination of engine systems. When a car with an electric motor receives
the energy it needs from a
battery pack, it is considered an all-electric vehicle. This vehicle requires recharging stations
that correspond with how far
it can travel on a charge. If the electric motor is fed by the battery and a thermal engine, it is
considered to be a hybrid
vehicle. In reality, this vehicle is a water–fuel cell hybrid. Despite the fact that electric
vehicles (EVs), either all-electric or
hybrid, reduce emissions in local areas, they do not do the same for the rest of the world.
HEV can historically be categorized into three types: HEV sequence, HEV parallel, and HEV
combination
.
2.1.1. Configuration of Series HEV.
We can see from Figure 1 that the HEV series consists of the ICE, generator, power
converter, motor, and battery. There is
no mechanical connection between the ICE and the transmission, so the ICE will work at the
maximum efficient point by
controlling the output power of the battery to fulfill the vehicle's required power. However,
the power from the ICE is
transferred via the generator and the engine, so much more energy is lost. Because the engine
is the final and sole drive unit,
the engine must be sufficiently large to meet the vehicle's output, so the regenerative braking
power can almost be stored
by the engine in the battery. (Butler, Ehsani and Kamath, 1999)
In the HEV series, when it has to be recharged, an electric motor, coupled to an ICE, supplies
electricity to the electric machine to drive the vehicle and to the energy storage system. One
of the main benefits of the series is that the speeds of the engine and car are decoupled. As a
result, the engine will run at its peak, substantially reducing the consumption of fuel
However, because the electrical machine is the only one connected to the wheels and the
engine/generator set is sized for sustained grade power, this design includes a large pack of
energy storage device, electrical machine and engine, adding inefficiencies and weight.
We can see from Figure 2 that the parallel HEV allows both the electric motor and ICE to
deliver power to drive the vehicle in parallel, i.e. the ICE and motor can drive, respectively, or
together. There is a mechanical relation between the ICE and the transmission, unlike the
HEV series, and therefore the rotational speed of the ICE depends on the driving cycle, so
that the ICE can run on the optimum running line by controlling the battery output power.
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