ELECTRICAL AND HYBRID VEHICLE

ELECTRICAL AND HYBRID VEHICLE
Title – INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC COMPONENTS

USED IN HYBRID AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid vehicles (HVs) are

becoming increasingly popular due to their environmental
benefits and energy efficiency. This paper provides an
introduction to the key electric components used in these
vehicles. It discusses the fundamental components such as
batteries, electric motors, power electronics, and charging
systems. The paper also explores the role of these components
in the operation of EVs and HVs, highlighting their importance in
achieving sustainable transportation solutions. Additionally, it
examines the latest advancements in electric vehicle technology
and their implications for the future of automotive engineering.
Table of contents:-
SL NO CONTENT NAME PAGE NO
1 Introduction 1
2 Energy Savings Potential of Hybrid 2-3
Drive trains
3 HEV Configurations 4-5
4 Resources 6
Introduction :- The term hybrid vehicle refers to a vehicle with at
least two sources of power. Hybrid-electric vehicle indicates that one
source of power is provided by an electric motor. The other source of
motive power can come from a number of different technologies, but
is typically provided by an internal combustion engine designed to run
on either gasoline or diesel fuel. As proposed by Technical Committee
(Electric Road Vehicles) of the International Electro technical
Commission, an HEV is a vehicle in which propulsion energy is available
from two or more types of energy sources and at least one of them can
deliver electrical energy.
Based on this general definition, there are many types of HEVs, such as:
 the gasoline ICE and battery

 diesel ICE and battery
 battery and FC
 battery and capacitor
 battery and flywheel
 Battery and battery hybrids.
Most commonly, the propulsion force in HEV is provided by a

combination of electric motor and an ICE. The electric motor is used to
improve the energy efficiency (improves fuel consumption) and
vehicular emissions while the ICE provides extended range capability.
Energy Savings Potential of Hybrid Drive trains

In terms of overall energy efficiency, the conceptual advantages of a
hybrid over a conventional vehicle are:
1. Regenerative braking.
A hybrid can capture some of the energy normally lost as heat to the
mechanical brakes by using its electric drive motor(s) in generator
mode to brake the vehicle.
2. More efficient operation of the ICE, including reduction of idle:
A hybrid can avoid some of the energy losses associated with engine
operation at speed and load combinations where the engine is
inefficient by using the energy storage device to either absorb part of
the ICE’s output or augment it or even substitute for it. This allows the
ICE to operate only at speeds and loads where it is most efficient.
When an HEV is stopped, rather than running the engine at idle, where
it is extremely inefficient, the control system may either shut off the
engine, with the storage device providing auxiliary power (for heating
or cooling the vehicle interior, powering headlights, etc.), or run the
engine at a higher-than-idle (more efficient) power setting and use the
excess power (over auxiliary loads) to recharge the storage device.
When the vehicle control system can shut the engine off at idle, the
drivetrain can be designed so that the drive motor also serves as the
starter motor, allowing extremely rapid restart due to the motor’s high
starting torque.
3. Smaller ICE:
Since the storage device can take up a part of the load, the HEV’s ICE
can be down sized. The ICE may be sized for the continuous load and
not for the very high short-term acceleration load. This enables the ICE
to operate at a higher fraction of its rated power, generally at higher
fuel efficiency, during most of the driving. There are counterbalancing
factors reducing hybrids’ energy advantage.
4. Electrical losses:-
Although individual electric drivetrain components tend to be quite
efficient for one-way energy flows, in many hybrid configurations,
electricity flows back and forth through components in a way that
leads to cascading losses. Further, some of the components may be
forced to operate under conditions where they have reduced
efficiency. For example, like ICEs, most electric motors have lower
efficiency at the low-speed, low-load conditions often encountered in
city driving. Without careful component selection and a control
strategy that minimizes electric losses, much of the theoretical
efficiency advantage often associated with an electric drivetrain can be
lost.
HEV Configurations
In Figure 2 the generic concept of a hybrid drivetrain and possible
energy flow route is shown. The various possible ways of combining
the power flow to meet the driving requirements are:
i. power train 1 alone delivers power
ii. Power train 2 alone delivers power
iii. Both power train 1 and 2 deliver power to load at the same time
iv. Power train 2 obtains power from load (regenerative braking)
v. power train 2 obtains power from power train1
vi. Power train 2 obtains power from power train 1 and load at the
same time
vii. Power train 1 delivers power simultaneously to load and to power
train2
viii. Power train 1 delivers power to power train 2 and power train 2
delivers power a ton load.
ix. power train 1 delivers power to load and load delivers power to
power train 2.
The load power of a vehicle varies randomly in actual operation

due to frequent acceleration, deceleration and climbing up and down
the grades. The power requirement for a typical driving scenario is
shown in Fig. The load power can be decomposed into two parts:
i. steady power, i.e. the power with a constant value
ii. Dynamic power, i.e. the power whose average value is zero
In HEV one powertrain favors steady state operation, such as an
ICE or fuel cell. The other powertrain in the HEV is used to supply the
dynamic power. The total energy output from the dynamic powertrain
will be zero in the whole driving cycle. Generally, electric motors are
used to meet the dynamic power demand. This hybrid drivetrain
concept can be implemented by different configurations as follows:
o Series configuration
o Parallel configuration
 Series-parallel configuration
 Complex configuration
Resources:-
1. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals, Iqbal
Hussein, CRC Press.
2. Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with

Practical Perspectives, C. Mi, M. A.
Masrur and D. W. Gao, John Wiley & Sons.
3. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Khanna Publishing House.
4. Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Energy Management Strategies,

Onori Simona, Serrao Lorenzo and
Rizzoni Giorgio, Springer.
5. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, T. Denton, Routledge.

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ELECTRICAL AND HYBRID VEHICLE

Title – INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC COMPONENTS

Abstract: Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid vehicles (HVs) are

 the gasoline ICE and battery

Most commonly, the propulsion force in HEV is provided by a

Energy Savings Potential of Hybrid Drive trains

The load power of a vehicle varies randomly in actual operation

2. Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with

3. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Khanna Publishing House.

4. Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Energy Management Strategies,

5. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, T. Denton, Routledge.

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