Chapter 10 Problems recorded occurred at Prospect Creek Camp

in Alaska on January 23, 1971, when the

1, 2, 3 = straightforward, intermediate, temperature plummeted to –79.8°F.
challenging Convert these temperatures to the Celsius
= full solution available in Student scale.
Solutions Manual/Study Guide
= coached solution with 5. Show that the temperature –40° is
hints available at www.cp7e.com unique in that it has the same numerical
= biomedical application value on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales.

Section 10.1 Temperature and the Zeroth 6. A constant-volume gas thermometer

Law of Thermodynamics is calibrated in dry ice (–80.0°C) and in
Section 10.2 Thermometers and boiling ethyl alcohol (78.0°C). The
Temperature Scales respective pressures are 0.900 atm and 1.635
atm. (a) What value of absolute zero does
1. For each of the following the calibration yield? (b) What pressures
temperatures, find the equivalent would be found at the freezing and boiling
temperature on the indicated scale: (a) points of water? (Note that we have the
–273.15°C on the Fahrenheit scale, (b) 98.6°F linear relationship P = A + BT, where A and
on the Celsius scale, and (c) 100 K on the B are constants.)
Fahrenheit scale.
7. Show that if the temperature on the
2. The pressure in a constant-volume Celsius scale changes by ΔTC, the
gas thermometer is 0.700 atm at 100°C and Fahrenheit temperature changes by ΔTF =
0.512 atm at 0°C. (a) What is the (9/5)ΔTC.
temperature when the pressure is 0.0400
atm? (b) What is the pressure at 450°C? 8. The temperature difference between
the inside and the outside of an automobile
3. Convert the following temperatures engine is 450°C. Express this difference on
to their values on the Fahrenheit and Kelvin (a) the Fahrenheit scale and (b) the Kelvin
scales: (a) the boiling point of liquid scale.
hydrogen, –252.87°C; (b) the temperature of
a room at 20°C. 9. The melting point of gold is 1 064°C,
and the boiling point is 2 660°C. (a) Express
4. Death Valley holds the record for the these temperatures in Kelvins. (b) Compute
highest recorded temperature in the United the difference of the two temperatures in
States. On July 10, 1913, at a place called Celsius degrees and in Kelvins.
Furnace Creek Ranch, the temperature rose
to 134°F. The lowest U.S. temperature ever
Section 10.3 Thermal Expansion of Solids a 100-cm3 increase in the volume of the
and Liquids cube?

10. A cylindrical brass sleeve is to be 15. A brass ring of

shrink-fitted over a brass shaft whose diameter 10.00 cm at
diameter is 3.212 cm at 0°C. The diameter of 20.0°C is heated and slipped over an
the sleeve is 3.196 cm at 0°C. (a) To what aluminum rod of diameter 10.01 cm at
temperature must the sleeve be heated 20.0°C. Assuming the average coefficients
before it will slip over the shaft? (b) of linear expansion are constant, (a) to what
Alternatively, to what temperature must temperature must the combination be
the shaft be cooled before it will slip into cooled to separate the two metals? Is that
the sleeve? temperature attainable? (b) What if the
aluminum rod were 10.02 cm in diameter?
11. The New River Gorge bridge in West
Virginia is a 518-m-long steel arch. How 16. Show that the coefficient of volume
much will its length change between expansion, β, is related to the coefficient of
temperature extremes of –20°C and 35°C? linear expansion, α, through the expression
β = 3α.
12. A grandfather clock is controlled by
a swinging brass pendulum that is 1.3 m 17. A gold ring has an inner diameter of
long at a temperature of 20°C. (a) What is 2.168 cm at a temperature of 15.0°C.
the length of the pendulum rod when the Determine its inner diameter at 100°C (αgold
temperature drops to 0.0°C? (b) If a = 1.42 × 10–5 °C–1).
pendulum’s period is given by
, where L is its length, does the change in 18. A construction worker uses a steel
length of the rod cause the clock to run fast tape to measure the length of an aluminum
or slow? support column. If the measured length is
18.700 m when the temperature is 21.2°C,
13. A pair of eyeglass frames are made what is the measured length when the
of epoxy plastic (coefficient of linear temperature rises to 29.4°C? (Note: Don’t
expansion = 1.30 × 10–4 °C–1). At room neglect the expansion of the tape.)
temperature (20.0°C), the frames have
circular lens holes 2.20 cm in radius. To 19. The band in Figure P10.19 is stainless
what temperature must the frames be steel (coefficient of linear expansion = 17.3 ×
heated if lenses 2.21 cm in radius are to be 10–6 °C–1; Young’s modulus = 18 × 1010
inserted into them? N/m2). It is essentially circular with an
initial mean radius of 5.0 mm, a height of
14. A cube of solid aluminum has a 4.0 mm, and a thickness of 0.50 mm. If the
volume of 1.00 m3 at 20°C. What band just fits snugly over the tooth when
temperature change is required to produce heated to a temperature of 80°C, what is the
tension in the band when it cools to a hot-water heater in the basement, through a
temperature of 37°C? hole in the floor 5.0 m above the water
heater. The “ticks” are caused by the pipe
sticking in the hole in the floor until the
tension in the expanding pipe is great
enough to unstick the pipe, enabling it to
jump a short distance through the hole. If
the hot-water temperature is 46°C and
room temperature is 20°C, determine (a) the
distance the pipe moves with each “tick”
and (b) the force required to unstick the
pipe if the cross-sectional area of the copper
in the pipe is 3.55 × 10–5 m2.

23. The average coefficient of volume

expansion for carbon tetrachloride is 5.81 ×
Figure P10.19 10–4 (°C)–1. If a 50.0-gal steel container is
filled completely with carbon tetrachloride
20. The Trans-Alaskan pipeline is 1 300 when the temperature is 10.0°C, how much
km long, reaching from Prudhoe Bay to the will spill over when the temperature rises
port of Valdez, and is subject to to 30.0°C?
temperatures ranging from –73°C to +35°C.
How much does the steel pipeline expand 24. On a day when the temperature is
due to the difference in temperature? How 20.0°C, a concrete walk is poured in such a
can this expansion be compensated for? way that its ends are unable to move. (a)
What is the stress in the cement when its
21. An automobile fuel tank is filled to temperature is 50.0°C on a hot, sunny day?
the brim with 45 L (12 gal) of gasoline at (b) Does the concrete fracture? Take
10°C. Immediately afterward, the vehicle is Young’s modulus for concrete to be 7.00 ×
parked in the sunlight, where the 109 N/m2 and the compressive strength to
temperature is 35°C. How much gasoline be 2.00 × 107 N/m2.
overflows from the tank as a result of the
expansion? (Neglect the expansion of the 25. Figure P10.25 shows a circular steel
tank.) casting with a gap. If the casting is heated,
(a) does the width of the gap increase or
22. When the hot water in a certain decrease? (b) The gap width is 1.600 cm
upstairs bathroom is turned on, a series of when the temperature is 30.0°C. Determine
18 “ticks” is heard as the copper hot-water the gap width when the temperature is
pipe slowly heats up and increases in 190°C.
length. The pipe runs vertically from the
 gas in the vessel. (b) How many molecules
are in the vessel?

29. (a) An ideal gas occupies a volume of

3
1.0 cm at 20°C and atmospheric pressure.
Determine the number of molecules of gas
in the container. (b) If the pressure of the
1.0-cm3 volume is reduced to 1.0 × 10–11 Pa
(an extremely good vacuum) while the
temperature remains constant, how many
moles of gas remain in the container?

30. A tank having a volume of 0.100 m3

Figure P10.25 contains helium gas at 150 atm. How many
balloons can the tank blow up if each filled
26. A hollow aluminum cylinder 20.0 cm balloon is a sphere 0.300 m in diameter at
deep has an internal capacity of 2.000 L at an absolute pressure of 1.20 atm?
20.0°C. It is completely filled with
turpentine and then warmed to 80.0°C. (a) 31. A cylinder with a movable piston
How much turpentine overflows? (b) If it is contains gas at a temperature of 27.0°C, a
then cooled back to 20.0°C, how far below volume of 1.50 m3, and an absolute pressure
the surface of the cylinder’s rim is the of 0.200 × 105 Pa. What will be its final
turpentine surface? temperature if the gas is compressed to
0.700 m3 and the absolute pressure
Section 10.4 Macroscopic Description of increases to 0.800 × 105 Pa?
an Ideal Gas
32. The density of helium gas at T = 0°C
27. One mole of oxygen is ρ0 = 0.179 km/m3. The temperature is then
gas is at a pressure raised to T = 100°C, but the pressure is kept
of 6.00 atm and a temperature of 27.0°C. (a) constant. Assuming that the helium is an
If the gas is heated at constant volume until ideal gas, calculate the new density ρf of the
the pressure triples, what is the final gas.
temperature? (b) If the gas is heated so that
both the pressure and volume are doubled, 33. A weather balloon is designed to
what is the final temperature? expand to a maximum radius of 20 m at its
working altitude, where the air pressure is
28. Gas is contained in an 8.0-L vessel at 0.030 atm and the temperature is 200 K. If
a temperature of 20°C and a pressure of 9.0 the balloon is filled at atmospheric pressure
atm. (a) Determine the number of moles of and 300 K, what is its radius at liftoff?
 39. Use Avogadro’s number to find the
34. A cylindrical diving bell 3.00 m in mass of a helium atom.
diameter and 4.00 m tall with an open
bottom is submerged to a depth of 220 m in 40. The temperature near the top of the
the ocean. The surface temperature is atmosphere on Venus is 240 K. (a) Find the
25.0°C, and the temperature 220 m down is rms speed of hydrogen (H2) at that point in
5.00°C. The density of seawater is 1 025 Venus’s atmosphere. (b) Repeat for carbon
kg/m3. How high does the seawater rise in dioxide (CO2). (c) It has been found that if
the bell when it is submerged? the rms speed exceeds one-sixth of the
planet’s escape velocity, the gas eventually
35. An air bubble has a volume of 1.50 leaks out of the atmosphere and into outer
3
cm when it is released by a submarine 100 space. If the escape velocity on Venus is
m below the surface of a lake. What is the 10.3 km/s, does hydrogen escape? Does
volume of the bubble when it reaches the carbon dioxide?
surface? Assume that the temperature and
the number of air molecules in the bubble 41. A cylinder contains a mixture of
remain constant during its ascent. helium and argon gas in equilibrium at a
temperature of 150°C. (a) What is the
Section 10.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases average kinetic energy of each type of
molecule? (b) What is the rms speed of each
36. A sealed cubical container 20.0 cm type of molecule?
on a side contains three times Avogadro’s
number of molecules at a temperature of 42. Three moles of nitrogen gas, N2, at
20.0°C. Find the force exerted by the gas on 27.0°C are contained in a 22.4-L cylinder.
one of the walls of the container. Find the pressure the gas exerts on the
cylinder walls.
37. What is the average kinetic energy of
a molecule of oxygen at a temperature of 43. Superman leaps in
300 K? front of Lois Lane to save her from a volley
of bullets. In a 1-minute interval, an
38. (a) What is the total random kinetic automatic weapon fires 150 bullets, each of
energy of all the molecules in 1 mole of mass 8.0 g, at 400 m/s. The bullets strike his
hydrogen at a temperature of 300 K? (b) mighty chest, which has an area of 0.75 m2.
With what speed would a mole of Find the average force exerted on
hydrogen have to move so that the kinetic Superman’s chest if the bullets bounce back
energy of the mass as a whole would be after an elastic, head-on collision.
equal to the total random kinetic energy of
its molecules? 44. In a period of 1.0 s, 5.0 × 1023 nitrogen
molecules strike a wall of area 8.0 cm2. If the
molecules move at 300 m/s and strike the cm in diameter. If the temperature of the
wall head on in a perfectly elastic collision, rod increases by 75°C, find its increases in
find the pressure exerted on the wall. (The (a) length, (b) diameter, and (c) volume.
mass of one N2 molecule is 4.68 × 10–26 kg.)
47. A popular brand of cola contains
Additional Problems 6.50 g of carbon dioxide dissolved in 1.00 L
of soft drink. If the evaporating carbon
45. Inside the wall of a house, an L- dioxide is trapped in a cylinder at 1.00 atm
shaped section of hot-water pipe consists of and 20.0°C, what volume does the gas
a straight horizontal piece 28.0 cm long, an occupy?
elbow, and a straight vertical piece 134 cm
long (Fig. P10.45). A stud and a second- 48. A 1.5-m-long glass tube that is closed
story floorboard hold the ends of this at one end is weighted and lowered to the
section of copper pipe stationary. Find the bottom of a freshwater lake. When the tube
magnitude and direction of the is recovered, an indicator mark shows that
displacement of the pipe elbow when the water rose to within 0.40 m of the closed
water flow is turned on, raising the end. Determine the depth of the lake.
temperature of the pipe from 18.0°C to Assume constant temperature.
46.5°C.
49. Long-term space missions require
reclamation of the oxygen in the carbon
dioxide exhaled by the crew. In one method
of reclamation, 1.00 mol of carbon dioxide
produces 1.00 mol of oxygen, with 1.00 mol
of methane as a by-product. The methane is
stored in a tank under pressure and is
available to control the attitude of the
spacecraft by controlled venting. A single
astronaut exhales 1.09 kg of carbon dioxide
each day. If the methane generated in the
recycling of three astronauts’ respiration
during one week of flight is stored in an
originally empty 150-L tank at –45.0°C,
what is the final pressure in the tank?

Figure P10.45 50. A vertical cylinder of cross-sectional

area 0.050 m2 is fitted with a tight-fitting,
46. The active element of a certain laser frictionless piston of mass 5.0 kg (Fig.
is an ordinary glass rod 20 cm long and 1.0 P10.50). If there are 3.0 mol of an ideal gas
in the cylinder at 500 K, determine the
height h at which the piston will be in
equilibrium under its own weight.

Figure P10.51

52. A hollow aluminum cylinder is to be

fitted over a steel piston. At 20°C, the inside
diameter of the cylinder is 99% of the
outside diameter of the piston. To what
common temperature should the two pieces
be heated in order that the cylinder just fit
Figure P10.50
over the piston?
51. A liquid with a coefficient of volume
53. A steel measuring tape was designed
expansion of β just fills a spherical flask of
to read correctly at 20°C. A parent uses the
volume V0 at temperature T (Fig. P10.51).
tape to measure the height of a 1.1-m-tall
The flask is made of a material that has a
child. If the measurement is made on a day
coefficient of linear expansion of α. The
when the temperature is 25°C, is the tape
liquid is free to expand into a capillary of
reading longer or shorter than the actual
cross-sectional area A at the top. (a) Show
height, and by how much?
that if the temperature increases by ΔT, the
liquid rises in the capillary by the amount
54. Before beginning a long trip on a hot
Δh = (V0/A)(β – 3α)ΔT. (b) For a typical
day, a driver inflates an automobile tire to a
system, such as a mercury thermometer,
gauge pressure of 1.80 atm at 300 K. At the
why is it a good approximation to neglect
end of the trip, the gauge pressure has
the expansion of the flask?
increased to 2.20 atm. (a) Assuming that the
volume has remained constant, what is the
temperature of the air inside the tire? (b)
What percentage of the original mass of air 57. If 9.00 g of water is placed in a 2.00-L
in the tire should be released so the pressure cooker and heated to 500°C, what
pressure returns to its original value? is the pressure inside the container?
Assume that the temperature remains at the
value found in (a) and the volume of the 58. An expandable cylinder has its top
tire remains constant as air is released. connected to a spring with force constant
2.00 × 103 N/m. (See Fig. P10.58.) The
55. Two concrete spans of a 250-m-long cylinder is filled with 5.00 L of gas with the
bridge are placed end to end so that no spring relaxed at a pressure of 1.00 atm and
room is allowed for expansion (Fig. a temperature of 20.0°C. (a) If the lid has a
P10.55a). If the temperature increases by cross-sectional area of 0.010 0 m2 and
20.0°C, what is the height y to which the negligible mass, how high will the lid rise
spans rise when they buckle (Fig. P10.55b)? when the temperature is raised to 250°C?
(b) What is the pressure of the gas at 250°C?

Figure P10.55 Figure P10.58

56. A copper rod and a steel rod are 59. A swimmer has 0.820 L of dry air in
heated. At 0°C, the copper rod has a length his lungs when he dives into a lake.
LC and the steel one has a length LS. When Assuming the pressure of the dry air is 95%
the rods are being heated or cooled, a of the external pressure at all times, what is
difference of 5.00 cm is maintained between the volume of the dry air at a depth of 10.0
their lengths. Determine the values of LC m? Assume that atmospheric pressure at
and LS. the surface is 1.013 × 105 Pa.

60. Two small containers, each with a

volume of 100 cm3, contain helium gas at
0°C and 1.00 atm pressure. The two
containers are joined by a small open tube
of negligible volume, allowing gas to flow
from one container to the other. What
common pressure will exist in the two
containers if the temperature of one
container is raised to 100°C while the other
container is kept at 0°C?

61. A bimetallic bar is

made of two thin
strips of dissimilar metals bonded together.
As they are heated, the one with the larger
average coefficient of expansion expands Figure P10.61
more than the other, forcing the bar into an
arc, with the outer strip having both a 62. A 250-m-long bridge is improperly
larger radius and a larger circumference. designed so that it cannot expand with
(See Fig. P10.61.) (a) Derive an expression temperature. It is made of concrete with α =
for the angle of bending, θ, as a function of 12 × 10–6 °C–1. (a) Assuming that the
the initial length of the strips, their average maximum change in temperature at the site
coefficients of linear expansion, the change is expected to be 20°C, find the change in
in temperature, and the separation of the length the span would undergo if it were
centers of the strips (Δr = r2 – r1). (b) Show free to expand. (b) Show that the stress on
that the angle of bending goes to zero when an object with Young’s modulus Y when
ΔT goes to zero or when the two raised by ΔT with its ends firmly fixed is
coefficients of expansion become equal. (c) given by αYΔT. (c) If the maximum stress
What happens if the bar is cooled? the bridge can withstand without
crumbling is 2.0 × 107 Pa, will it crumble
because of this temperature increase?
Young’s modulus for concrete is about 2.0 ×
1010 Pa.

63. The density of gasoline is 730 kg/m3

at 0°C. Its volume expansion coefficient is
9.6 × 10–4 °C–1. If 1.00 gal of gasoline
occupies 0.003 8 m3, how many extra
kilograms of gasoline are obtained when 10
gallons of gasoline are bought at 0°C rather
than at 20°C?
© Copyright 2004 Thomson. All rights reserved.