ASSIGNMENT NO:2

(MUST University)
~Department of IT
Subject: Physics-1118 Roll Number: FA22-BIT-117
Student Name: Fatima Tariq Section: B
Q1: Write the use of electromagnetic radiations in our daily life.
• Mobile Phone:
Electromagnetic radiation refers to the waves of electromagnetic field radiating through space.
This radiation includes radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet, infrared, X-rays and gamma rays .A
mobile phone has both transmitter and receiver sections. When the mobile phone is turned on,
it emits radio waves that consist of radio frequency (RF) energy—a form of electromagnetic
radiation moving at the speed of light .When talking on a cell phone, a transmitter takes the
sound of your voice and encodes it onto a continuous sine wave . A sine wave is just a type of
continuously varying wave that radiates out from the antenna and fluctuates evenly through
space. Sine waves are measured in terms of frequency. Once the encoded sound has been
placed on the sine wave, the transmitter sends the signal to the antenna, which then sends the
signal out. Cell phones have low-power transmitters in them. Most handheld cell phone
operates on about 0.5 to 1 watt of power. The position of a transmitter inside a phone varies
depending on the manufacturer, but it is usually in close proximity to the phone's antenna. The
radio waves that send the encoded signal are made up of electromagnetic
radiations propagated by the antenna. The function of an antenna in any radio transmitter is to
launch the radio waves into space; in the case of cell phones, these waves are picked up by a
receiver in the cell-phone tower. Electromagnetic radiation is made up of waves of electric and
magnetic energy moving at the speed of light according to (FCC). All electromagnetic energy
falls somewhere on the electromagnetic spectrum which ranges from extremely low
frequency (ELF) radiation to X-rays and gamma rays. Cell phones emit low levels of non-ionizing
radiation while in use. The type of radiation emitted by cell phones is also referred to as radio
frequency (RF) energy. As stated by the national cancer institute "there is currently no
consistent evidence that non-ionizing radiation increases cancer risk in humans. The only
consistently recognized biological effect of radiofrequency radiation in humans is heating."

• Microwave Oven:

Microwave ovens use electromagnetic waves that penetrate food, causing some
molecules to vibrate and generate heat which is transferred throughout the food. Microwave ovens use
electromagnetic radiation to heat food. The non-ionizing radiation used by a microwave does not make
the food radioactive. Microwaves are only produced when the oven is operating. The microwaves
produced inside the oven are absorbed by food and produce the heat that cooks the food. Microwave
ovens are constructed to ensure the electromagnetic radiation does not leave the oven. This includes
safety interlocks which ensure that the oven turns off anytime the door is opened. Most injuries from
microwave ovens are the result of heat related burns from overheated food or liquids.

If microwave ovens are used while broken or altered, it is possible for them to leak electromagnetic
radiation. Microwave radiation leaks are hard to detect because you can't smell or see microwaves. The
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates radiation-emitting products such as
microwave ovens, advises against standing directly in front of or up against the oven while it is operating.
This will avoid harm from any possible leaks. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it
heats food. Exposure to high levels of microwaves can cause a painful burn. Two areas of the body, the eyes
and the testes, are particularly vulnerable to RF heating because there is relatively little blood flow in them to
carry away excess heat.

• Televisions:
Televisions have cathode ray tubes that send a stream of electrons toward its screen. These
electrons travel at rapid speed in a straight line and strike the screen at a centralized location.
When they hit the screen, electromagnets in the tube’s neck deflect the electrons to the entire
screen. When the electrons strike, a coating lights up that allows us to see visual images on the
screen. Visible light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. The purpose of a television is to emit
visible light to display a picture. A television emits electromagnetic waves because that is
exactly what it was designed to do. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves with the longest
wavelengths, lowest frequencies, and least amount of energy. They are used for radio and
television broadcasts and many other purposes. Television broadcasts also use radio waves. For
TV broadcasts, sounds are encoded with frequency modulation, and pictures are encoded with
amplitude modulation. The encoded waves are broadcast from a TV tower. When the waves are
received by television sets, they are decoded and changed back to sounds and pictures.

• Radars:
Radar systems transmit electromagnetic, or radio, waves. Most objects reflect radio waves, which can be detected by
the radar system. The frequency of the radio waves used depends on the radar application.Microwaves are less energetic
electromagnetic waves which are used in radar system for aircraft navigation. radar uses radio waves to detect the
location of objects. Radio waves are at the low energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum electromagnetic spectrum.
The waves used in the radar are radio waves or microwaves,where the radar is usualy used to detect and track space
objects and ballistic missiles etc.

• HEATERS:
Infrared radiation is an electromagnetic wave which doesn’t require a medium for heat transfer.
Infrared (‘below red’ in Latin ) is electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of 0.78 μm and 1000
μm (1 mm). Radiation of shorter wavelengths is more energetic and contains more thermal energy. The
diagram below shows the relationship between wavelength and frequency: Infrared light which is in the
invisible spectrum penetrates almost everything. Insulation provides almost no protection from this heat. Infrared
is what causes sunburn and ultraviolet causes cancer. If the same heat we feel from the sun. Electric heaters along
with any form of radiant heat warm in two ways.
The direct response when you feel the infrared radiation on your body and the warming air that results when
objects in the room heat up. Radiators both heat the air and radiate infrared light. As the air circulates through
convection, it comes in direct contact with the hot fins of the radiators. The heated molecules of the metal fins also
emit infrared.

It is not a dangerous form of radiation when not accompanied by UV. But you can get sunburned if you get too
close to a very hot electric radiant heater that depends solely on infrared heat. Those round parabolic heaters that
concentrate the infrared light to reach further, are more prone to causing sunburn if you get too close to the focal
point.

Q2: How Electromagnetism is used to generate electricity?

Electricity and magnetism are essentially two aspects of the same thing, because a changing
electric field creates a magnetic field, and a changing magnetic field creates an electric field.
Moving magnetic fields pull and push electrons. Metals such as copper and aluminum have electrons
that are loosely held. Moving a magnet around a coil of wire, or moving a coil of wire around a
magnet, pushes the electrons in the wire and creates an electrical current. Electromagnetism is
produced when an electrical current flows through a simple conductor such as a length of wire or
cable, and as current passes along the whole of the conductor then a magnetic field is created along
the whole of the conductor. When an electrical current flows through a conductor a circular
electromagnetic field is produced around it with the magnetic lines of flux forming complete loops
that do not cross around the whole length of the conductor.

The direction of rotation of this magnetic field is governed by the direction of the current flowing
through the conductor with the corresponding magnetic field produced being stronger near to the
center of the current carrying conductor. This is because the path length of the loops being greater
the further away from the conductor resulting in weaker flux lines . The magnets can be permanent
or electric magnets. Permanent magnets are mainly used in small generators, and they have the
advantage that they don't need a power supply. Electric magnets are iron or steel wound with wire.
When electricity passes through the wire, the metal becomes magnetic and creates a magnetic field.

The coils of wire of the generators are conductors, and when the electrons in the wires are exposed to
changing magnetic fields, they move, creating an electric current in the wires. The wires are connected
together, and the electricity eventually leaves the power station and goes on to power homes and factories.

When permanent magnets are used in a generator, you just have to turn the generator shaft to produce
electricityLarge power plants have big, room-sized generators that produce electricity using magnetic fields
from electric magnets. Usually the electric magnets are mounted on a shaft and are connected to the
electric power supply. When the electricity is switched on, the electric magnets create powerful magnetic
fields. Coils of wire are mounted around the shaft. As the shaft with the magnets rotates, the coils of wire
are exposed to changing magnetic fields, and an electric current is generated in the wires.