A.

Y 2022-2023 1

U2 LESSON 1: THE PHYSICAL SELF  Gene – short pieces of DNA that determine a specific
trait.
 20-25 thousand genes total, each one
 Physical Self – tangible aspect of the person that can
responsible for a different characteristic
be directly observed and examined as we interact with
 The genes in your cells are different from your
our environment and fellow beings.
parents’ genes
 Refers to one’s physical body.
 You inherit one copy of each gene from your
 An individual’s physical characteristics includes
father and one from your mother
one’s face, body shape and structure, height,
 Gametes – special type of cell that has one
weight, skin color, hair color, and fitness.
copy of each gene.
 Self-worth and perception of beauty are
critical aspects of the physical self since a  Punnet Square – can be used as a tool to determine
healthy one leads to a dynamic functioning of which traits will be expressed in the offspring of two
the ‘self’ towards self-realization parents.
 Self-concept – totality of perceptions that each
person has of themselves.  Environmental factors – social interaction with our
- The more an individual feels happy with his or family, in school, in the church, or in a bigger social
her physique, the higher his or her self-esteem group.
becomes.  Being exposed to various practices and cultural
 Self-esteem – how you feel about who you are norms make us more conscious of our physical
as a person. self.
- often referred to as “confidence” in yourself. CULTURAL CONCEPTION OF BEAUTY
- It is also called Physical Self-Esteem or
Physical Self-Worth, which means “a person’s
evaluation of their physical self which includes  U.S. – beautiful firls mean having long, flowy hair,
evaluations of both the physical appearance bronzed skin and a wrinkle-free face.
and physical competencies.
 Physical-Self Perception Profile (PSPP)  Ethiopia - Kato tribes creates scars onto women’s
stomachs at childhood, which are meant to attract
 Sport Competence (Sport) – Perceptions men.
of sport and athletic ability
 Physical Condition (condition) –  Kenya - They define beautiful as having long,
perceptions of physical condition, stamina, stretched ear loves and shaved heads.
and fitness
 Women use everything from elephant tusks to
 Body Attractiveness (body) – perceived
attractiveness of figure or physique twigs to pierce and stretch their loves to become
 Physical strength (strength) – perceived more attractive
strength, muscle development, and  Burma - Long, giraffe-like necks are the ultimate sign
confidence in situations requiring strength of beauty and female elegance.
 Physical self-worth (PSW) – general
feelings of happiness
 Asia – pale, white skin is a sign of affluence and
attractiveness.
 Heredity – transmission of traits
 Japan – women avoid the sun at all costs
 DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) – material that
determines all your traits
 China and Thailand – whitening agents are normal
 Found inside the nucleus of all your cells
 Blueprint of an individual’s physical features.  New Zealand - Tattoos are sacred rituals wherein a
 Triggers the physical growth and maturation that chisel is used to carve groves into the skin, creating
our bodies go through swirling tattoos called Ta-moko.
 Maturation – unfolding of a person’s inherent
traits.
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 Primary sex changes in boys involve an

 Western Africa – they find women who are increase in the size of the prostate gland,
overweight to be the most beautiful. testes, seminal vesicles, and penis.
 Families in Mauritania send their children to “fat  Ejaculation - Most noticeable change that
farms” camps that force-feed 16,000 calories a occurs for young men (often occurs during
day to help them reach their ideal weight sleep); may also experience spontaneous
 Iran – rhinoplasty capital of the world. erections.
 Both men and women are proud to show off  Primary sex changes in girls involve the
their procedures, which is considered as a sign uterus and vagina. Uterus begin to build a lining;
of their social status and their path on the route Vagina starts to produce discharge.
to beauty.  menstrual period - Most noticeable change
that occur for young women.

 India – They turn to nose rings, bindis, and henna to SEXUAL ANATOMY OF MALE
make themselves more attractive for festivals and
celebrations.  Testes – two structures that generate immature sperm
 Brides often wear a dot of red powder on the
face known as kumkum to look more beautiful.  Epididymis – long coiled tube that connects to a
 Japan – stick straight hair is the norm, and therefore testicle and stores maturing sperm
the most beautiful hair texture.
 Japanese women have turned into pros at  Scrotum – pouch-like sac that houses the testes
thermal conditioning and flat-ironing to
straighten hair.  Penis – sexually sensitive organ during intercourse,
one that ejects semen.
U2 LESSON 2: SEXUAL SELF
 Semen – secretion that contains sperm and fluids
produced by the accessory glands.
 Adolescent sexual development – occurs during
puberty and includes many changes such as physical,  Accessory Sex Glands – include prostate, seminal
emotional, and social changes. vesicles, and bulbourethral glands.

 Puberty – transformations that occur as a child  Seminal vesicles – produce most of the fluid volume
 Resulting in the sexually mature body of an found in semen
adult.
 Bulbourethral glands – fluid that neutralizes any
 Normal girls may experience puberty between
acidity found in the urethra; responsible for pre-
the ages of 8 to 15
ejaculatory fluid.
 Normal boys experience puberty between the
ages of 9 to 17 INTERNAL FEMAL REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
 Gondotrophins – special hormones that activate the
 Vagina – called the birth canal, accepts a man’s penis
sexual glands
 Testes – sexual glands in boys
 Uterus – known as the womb; where the baby
 Ovaries – sexual glands in girls
develops inside the mother
 “Ranging hormones”
 Androgens – hormones released by the male testes  Ovaries – produce an egg that meets up with man’s
sperm
 Estrogen – Hormones released by the female ovaries
 Responsible for female sexual maturation.  Fallopian Tubes – connecting passageway for the
 Influences the menstrual cycle and pregnancy egg
and sexual behaviour  Located between the ovaries and uterus
 Primary Sex Characteristics – refer to sexual organs
 A.Y 2022-2023 3

 Allow an egg to pass from an ovary and into the

uterus.  Gestation – another term for pregnancy
 Site where an egg is fertilized
DISEASES LINKED TO THE
 Cervix – lower portion of the uterus REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Allows sperm to enter the uterus from the
vagina  Prostatitis – bacterial infection; start in the prostate
 Allows babies to leave the uterus during gland surrounding the urethra
childbirth.  Potential inflammation and pain in the testes or
other structure
EXTERNAL FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
STRUCTURES  Mumps virus – cause and infection in the system

 Labia majora – large lips; enclose the other external  Prostate cancer – usually related to aging; symptoms
structures include difficulty in urinating and low back pain or pain

 Labia minora – small lips; smaller skin fold lying with ejaculation.
within the labia majora
 Penile cancer – can be caused by the human
 Surround the opening to the vagina
papilloma virus (HPV).
 Urethra – structure that empties the bladder; houses  HPV – causes most cervical cancers in women.
the urine
 Male infertility – can develop because of genetic
factors causing low or absent sperm production,
 Prepuce – structure formed by the labia minora
blockage in the duct system, a hormonal imbalance.
 Varicocele – veins in the scrotum that carry
 Clitoris – structure akin to the penis; covered by the
blood back to the heart became enlarged;
prepuce
causes fertility problems.
 Most sexually sensitive part of a woman’s body
 Erectile Dysfunction (ED) – interferes with a man’s
 Vestibule – area enclosed by the labia minora
ability to develop or sustain an erection
 Area where the urethral and vaginal openings
 Causes include poorly-managed diabetes, low
are found
levels of male hormones, side effects from
 Vestibular glands – open into the vestibule and prescription drugs, stress or anxiety.
produce lubricant
 Escherichia Coli (E.Coli) – infection caused by
bacteria or virus can result to pelvic inflammatory
 Mons Pubis – fatty prominence over the pubic bone;
disease and fertility problems. (i.e., chlamydia,
acts as a cushion during intercourse.
gonorrhoea)
HORMONES
 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – occurs when
 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – stimulates the bacteria from the vagina and cervix migrate upward
development of ovarian follicle; includes an immature into the uterus and fallopian tubes
egg
 Stimulates the production of fully mature sperm.  Endometriosis – condition where the endometrial
 Helps the little egg and sperm grow tissue grows outside the uterus
 Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – the ovulating hormone
 Adenomyosis – endometrial tissue that has grown
 Allows ovaries to release a mature egg.
into the muscular wall of the uterus.
 Progesterone – hormone responsible for the
preparation of the uterus for implantation of the  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) – women who
fertilized egg have abnormally high levels of sex hormones called
androgens causing an imbalance that leads to cysts in
 Testosterone - responsible for male sexual the ovaries.
maturation, sexual behaviour, and muscle strength.
 A.Y 2022-2023 4

 Symptoms include irregular or absent periods;

increased body hair and acne.  Idealize – the more we idealize the one we love, the
 Ovarian torsion – ovary become twisted, cutting off stronger the relationship during the attachment stage.
its blood supply
 Dopamine – “pleasure chemical”; produces a feeling
 Menopause – absence of menstrual periods for 12 of bliss
months; function of the ovaries ceases
 Norepinephrine – similar to adrenaline; races the
 Contrary, Men are capable of reproducing even
heart and produces excitement
beyond their 80s if they are healthy
 Dopamine and norepinephrine produces elation,
SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTCS
intense energy, sleeplessness, craving, loss of
appetite, and focused attention
 Secondary Sex Characteristics – visible changes
that mark adult maturation
 Include body hair growth, body odor, and a  Lower levels of serotonin – causes intense focus
sudden increase in height, changes to body and idealizing view of people in love in the attraction
shape or voice stage.
 Both boys and girls begin to develop pubic hair  Found in people with obsessive-compulsive
and underarm hair disorders
 Body odor (B.O) – new smell under the arms  Oxytocin – love hormone or cuddle chemical
and other parts of the body  Associated with the ability to maintain healthy
 For girls, hips widen, and their breasts begin to interpersonal relationships and healthy
develop psychological boundaries with other people
 Nocturnal Emissions (wet dreams) – penis  Released during sexual intercourse when
becomes erect and ejaculates to release a white orgasm is achieved
fluid containing sperm  Released in females when they give birth or are
breast feeding.
LUST, LOVE, ATTRACTION, AND ATTACHMENT  Vasopressin – antidiuretic hormone; associated with
the formation of long-term, monogamous relationships
 Lust – erotic passion; a person’s sex drive or libido
 General desire for sexual gratification  Oxytocin and vasopressin – interfere with the
 Attraction – infatuation; passionate and obsessive dopamine and norepinephrine; explain why passionate
love love fades as attachment grows.
 “romantic passion”
 A person focuses their energy and attention on  Endorphins – body’s natural pain killers
a mating partner they prefer
 Often loses the ability to think rationally EROGENOUS ZONE
 Stage when we often do not see any flaws our
partner might have  Erogenous zone – refers to region in the human body
that has increased sensitivity
 Stage when we cannot get them off our minds
 Mouth; lips; breasts (nipples); genitals; buttocks;
(“baliw na baliw sa isang tao” 😛
ears; neck; abdomen; thighs; feet; toes
 Attachment – commitment; emotional union with a
HUMAN SEXUAL SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
long-term partner
 “love for the duration”
 Human sexual behaviour – stimulates sexual arousal
 Entering into real love
 (1) inherited sexual response patterns that have
 Has to be strong enough to withstand many evolved to ensure reproduction and at the same
problems and distractions 💗 time, a part of each individual’s genetic
 Idealization – appears to keep people together and inheritance
keep them happier in marriage
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 (2) restraint or other types of influence exerted  Exhibited by the feeling of sudden intense
by the society on individual in the expression of pleasure
his or her sexuality  Lasts for a few seconds (not over ten seconds)
 Solitary behavior – individually induced sexual  Resolution Phase – rapid return to an unaroused
arousal state; decrease in blood pressure; muscular
 Satisfy oneself through self-masturbation or relaxation.
self-stimulation  Refractory Period – time until women and men
 Masturbation is very common among males can repeat the cycle
 Common among individuals who are deprived of - during this time an individual is incapable of
socio-sexual opportunities experiencing another orgasm.
- as men age, refractory periods span longer
 Socio-sexual behavior –if it involves more than one
- women are physically capable of repeated
person.
orgasms without taking a rest
 Petting – may occur as a preliminary to coitus
 women can quickly repeat the sexual response
(i.e., kissing, hugging)
cycle; men must pass through a longer
- can lead to orgasm or a substitute to coitus
refractory period.
 Heterosexual behaviour – male with female
BIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
 Homosexual behaviour – male with male or female
with female
 Sex – physiological differences between male, female,
 Most sexually sensitive part of a woman’s body and intersex bodies.
 Males – has XY chromosomes
SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE  Females – XX Chromosomes
 Determined by the doctors in adherence to the
 Sexual Response Cycle – series of four five factors: (1) presence or absence of Y
psychological phases that both men and women go chromosomes, (2) type of gonads, (3) sex
through during sex hormones, (4) internal reproductive anatomy,
(5) external genetalia.
 Excitement Phase – increase in heart rate or blood
pressure.  Intersex – person born with a combination of male
and female biological characteristics.
 Increase in blood supply to the surface of the
body  Turner syndrome – XO chromosomes
 Increased skin temperature  Triple X Syndrome – XXX Chromosomes
 Enlargement of all distensible body parts (penis  Klinefelter Syndrome – XXY Chromosomes
for male, breasts for female)  De la Chapelle Syndrome – XX male
 Rapid breathing  Swyer Syndrome – XY female
 Secretion of genital fluids
THE BRAIN AND SEX
 Vaginal expansion
 Increase in muscle tension
 Brain – structure that translated the nerve impulses
 Plateau Phase – lasts for a short period of time from the skin into pleasurable sensations.
 Women – experience further swelling of the  Controls nerves and muscles used during
vagina and increased blood flow to the labia sexual behaviour
minora  Regulates the release of hormones.
 Men – full erection accompanied by pre-
 Cerebral Cortex – outer layer of the brain
ejaculatory fluid.
 Allows for thinking and reasoning
 Sexual Climax (Orgasm) – marked by rhythmic  Origin of sexual thoughts and fantasies.
contractions of the pelvis and uterus along with
 Limbic System – found beneath the cortex; consists
increased muscle tension in women and build up of
of the amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, and
seminal fluid near the urethra in men.
septal area
 A.Y 2022-2023 6

 Where emotions and feeling are believed to problems with the skin in the vulvar and vaginal
originate. areas
 Hypothalamus – important part of the brain for sexual  Sexual Disorder – disturbances in sexual desire and
functioning; receives input from the limbic system. psycho-physiological changes that characterize the
sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and
 Pituitary Gland – secretes the hormones that are interpersonal difficulty.
produced in the hypothalamus.  Emotional Factors – include interpersonal or
COMMON SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION psychological problems and can result from
depression, anxiety, past sexual trauma, sexual
 Human Sexuality – people’s sexual interest in and fears, or guild
attraction to others. - Ordinary anxiousness can cause erectile
 Capacity to have erotic or sexual feelings and dysfunction.
experiences  Physical Factors – include the use of drugs;
back injuries; enlarged prostate gland; problems
 Sexual Problems – various ways in which an with blood supply; nerve damage; diseases
individual is unable to participate in a sexual such as diabetic neuropathy, multiple sclerosis,
relationship he or she wish tumors, tertiary syphilis; hormonal deficiencies.
 Characterized in four ways: (1) Desire
Disorders, (2) Arousal Disorder, (3) orgasmic SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
disorder, (4) sexual pain disorders
 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) or Sexually
 Sexual desire disorder – takes place when there is a
Transmitted Diseases (STDs) – diseases that is
decreased libido; absence of sexual desire for sexual
passed from an already infected person during sex.
activity or of sexual fantasies.
 Transmitted through a wide variety of ways (oral
sex, vaginal sex, and anal sex)
 Sexual arousal disorder – known as frigidity in
 You can get an STD from a person who is
women and impotence in men (erectile dysfunction)
showing no signs or symptoms of the disease.
 Aversion to and avoidance of sexual contact
 Caused by microscopic organisms like bacteria
with a partner
and viruses.
 In males, there may be partial or complete
failure to attain or maintain an erection or a lack  Chlamydia – most common sexually transmitted
of sexual excitement infection in the U.S.
 In females, lack of vaginal lubrication  Caused by bacterium called Chlamydia
Trachomatis
 Orgasm Disorder – involves persistent delays or  Causes pain during urination, itching around the
absence of orgasm sexual organs, pelvic inflammatory
 This problem can lead to infertility in women
 Sexual Pain – affects women almost exclusively  Treated with antibiotics
 Dyspareunia – painful intercourse
- caused by insufficient lubrication (vaginal  Gonorrhea – infection caused by bacterium Neisseria
dryness) in females gonorrhoeae
 Poor lubrication may result from:  Burning during urination
1) Insufficient excitement and stimulation  In men, Colourful discharge from the penis
2) Hormonal changes caused by menopause, (yellow, green, or white); Causes the testicle to
pregnancy, or breast-feeding become very painful
3) irritation from contraceptive creams  In women, cause pain during urination; if left
4) fear, anxiety, or past sexual trauma untreated, can result in the inability to have
 Vaginismus – involuntary spasm of the children
muscles of the vaginal wall  an infection that can also be passed from
 Vulvodynia (vulvar vestibulitis) – women mother to child during childbirth
experience burning pain during sex; related to
 Syphilis – caused by bacterium known as Treponema
pallidum
 A.Y 2022-2023 7

 Known for painless sore (called chancre) METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

 It disappears and reappear. When it reappears,
it ends up causing everything from blindness to  Natural Family Planning (NFP) – takes into
difficulty walking to dementia consideration the natural changes in the physical body
of a woman
 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – problem
 Also known as a fertility-based awareness
that results in immune system compromise; ends up
method
causing AIDS
 Discounts the entry into the body of any
 Destroys white blood cells known as CD4+ T
chemical or foreign body
cells
 HIV/AIDS has no known cure or magic pill like  Safe Period – pregnancy is NOT possible 😛
antibiotic
 antiretroviral therapy - Combinations of  Unsafe Period – she could get pregnant 😭
different drugs used to hold-off AIDS as a result
of HIV  Periodic Abstinence (fertility awareness) method –
has three common techniques which are (1) Rhythm
 Genital Herpes – caused by a virus called herpes (calendar) method, (2) Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
simplex virus 2. method, (3) Cervical Mucus (ovulation) method.
 In the same family that causes the cold sores
 There are no cure for herpes  Calendar or Rhythm Method – most widely used
 Antivirals – they target the virus causing the periodic abstinence technique
diseases, although not always very effectively  Approach based on calculation using previous
so. menstrual cycles to predict the first and the last
 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) – linked to causing fertile day in future menstrual cycles.
wards and cervical cancer  95% effective when used correctly
 Cervical Cancer – second-most common  Advantage: one does not have to monitor the
cancer in women, after breast cancer. fertility indicators everyday
 Disadvantage: high failure rate and can be
REDUCING THE RISKS FOR SEXUALLY difficult to use especially if the woman has an
TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS irregular menstrual cycle.
 Regular Menstrual Cycle – when monthly
 Abstinence – most effective way to protect yourself bleeding happens every month or 28 days
from sexually transmitted infections  Irregular Menstrual Cycle – monthly bleeding
 Withdrawing from sex changes from month to month
 How to use the calendar method:
 Mutual Monogamy – you and your sexual partner
agree to be sexually active only with one another (1) Identify the longest and shortest cycles
recorded over six cycles
 Vaccinations – you can vaccinate yourself against a (2) Subtract 18 from the shortest cycle to
few types of STDs including HPV and hepatitis B identify the first day of fertile phase
(3) Subtract 11 from the longest cycle to identify
 Avoidance of drugs and alcohol the last day of the fertile phase
 Basal Body Temperature (BBT) method – founded
 Refrain from seeking out anonymous sex on the idea that there is a slight increase in the body
temperature of a woman at rest by about 0.3-0.5
 Do not engage in rough sex or sex without enough degrees Celsius and after ovulation brought about by
lubrication an increased level of progesterone secreted by the
corpus luteum.
 Wash yourself before and after sex
 Has no side-effects
 Make sure you get regularly tested if you think you  Provides the couple an opportunity to discuss
may be at risk of getting an STD. the family planning
 A.Y 2022-2023 8

 Disadvantage: high failure rate if the couple breastfeed, day and night
does not fully understand the method; requires (3) baby must be less than six months old
several days of abstinence  Exclusive Breastfeeding – infant receives no
 98% effective when used correctly food or fluids other than breast milk
 How to use:  Effectiveness of this method prevents
- Using a special thermometer, a woman must pregnancy for at least six months
take the temperature immediately after waking  Has no hormonal side-effects and it does not
up have to interfere with having sexual intercourse
- temperature should be recorded on a special  Provides no protection against STDs
chart of graph  98 to 99% effectiveness if used correctly
- One must wait until three successive
 Coitus Interruptus or Withdraw Method – traditional
temperatures are recorded above the normal
method of contraception; man withdraws or pulls out
basal temperature to avoid getting pregnant
his penis from his partner’s vagina
- One may decide to take her temperature either
 Prevents fertilization by discontinuing contact
vaginally or rectally for about three minutes, or
between the spermatozoa in the sperm and the
orally for four to five minutes.
ovum or egg.
 Rectal and vaginal routes provide more
 Depends on the man’s ability to withdraw before
consistent result
he ejaculates
 Cervical Mucus Method (CMM) – recognizes and  Disadvantage: excitement during sexual
interprets the changes in cervical mucus and intercourse may interrupt or may result in
sensations in the vagina. incorrect or inconsistent use of this method
 An ovulation method used by women trying to - decreases sexual pleasure for both partners
get pregnant - lack of self-control may result to a high-failure
 When is it safe to have sexual intercourse: rate
(1) dry days – after menstruation ends when - premature ejaculation by the man may leak
there is absence of cervical secretions into the vagina.
(2) from the evening of the fourth day after the - couple is not protected form STDs
peak day, up to the beginning of the next  The least effective method
menstruation.  73% effective when used correctly
 97% effectiveness when used correctly
 Symtothermal Method – combination of the BBT
 Conditions that influence the cervical mucus
method and the Cervical Mucus Method
pattern in women:
 Woman takes her temperature every morning
(1) Vaginal or cervical infection
before getting up and also takes not of any
(2) If a woman has recently had sexual
changes in her cervical mucus everyday
stimulations
(3) currently taking drugs for colds or sinusitis  Ovulation Detection – involves an over-the-counter
(4) in physical or emotional stress kit that can predict ovulation through the surge of
(5) currently breastfeeding luteinizing hormone
 Disadvantage: high failure rate  The kit is 98% to 99% accurate
 Lactational Amenorrhoea Method – breastfeeding is  Hormonal Contraception – Artificial methods involve
used as a contraceptive method. managing hormones that directly affect the normal
 Lactational – means breastfeeding menstrual cycle to prevent ovulation from occurring.
 Amenorrhoea – not having a monthly period
 Breastfeeding causes a delay in ovulation  Oral Contraceptives – commonly known as the “pill”
because of prolactin hormone  Comprised of synthetic estrogen and
 To be fully effective, the following conditions progesterone
must be met:  Estrogen – supresses the FSH and LH
(1) woman’s menstrual period must not have  Progesterone – decreases the sponginess of
returned the cervical mucus to limit the sperm’s access to
(2) baby must be exclusively and frequently the ova
 A.Y 2022-2023 9

 Side effects: nausea, weight gain, headache,  Cannot prevent sexually transmitted infections
breast tenderness, breakthrough bleeding,  Can be bought without prescription
vaginal infections, mild hypertension,  Ideal fail rate of this method is 80%
depression
 Diaphragm – circular, rubber disk that fits the cervix
 Not allowed to use this method: Women who
 Works by inhibiting the entrance of the sperm
are breastfeeding and at the age of 35 and
into the vagina
above, have cardiovascular diseases,
 Fitted by a doctor and should remain in place for
hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and cirrhosis
6 hours after coitus
 Transdermal Patch – has a combination of both  If left in place for more than 2 hours,
estrogen and progesterone but in the form of a patch inflammation or irritation may occur
 Woman should apply one patch every week for
 Cervical Cap – made of soft rubber and fitted on the
three weeks
rim of the cervix.
 On the fourth week, no patch should be applied
 Shaped like a thimble with a thin rim
as menstrual flow would then occur
 Could stay in place for not more than 48 hours.
 Vaginal Ring – silicon ring inserted into the female
reproductive organ;
 Male Condoms – latex synthetic rubber sheath that is
 releases a combination of progesterone and
estrogen that surrounds the cervix placed on the erect penis before vaginal penetration.
 remains inside the vagina for three weeks, and  Prevents STDs, and can be bought over-the-
is removed in the fourth week as menstrual flow counter without prescription.
would occur  Has a fail rate of 2% (a typical rate of 15%
caused by breakage or spilling)
 Subdermal Implants – two implants akin to a rod  Female Condoms – latex rubber sheaths that are
embedded under the skin of the woman during her specially designed for females and pre-lubricated with
menstrual period or on the 7th day of her menstruation spermicide.
 contains estonogestral, desogestral and  Has inner ring that covers the cervix and an
progestin, outer, open ring that is placed against the
 Can be used for three to five years vaginal opening.
 Hormonal Injections – progesterone-based injections  Disposable and requires no prescription
given in the arm or buttocks, that provides  Has a fail rate of 12% to 22%
contraception for 12 weeks at a time.  Surgical Methods – requires a surgical procedure
 Depo Provera – hormonal injection consists of that renders a person sterile
medroxyprogesterone and a progesterone  Vasectomy (for males) – the tubes (vas
- given once every 12 weeks intramuscularly deferens) are cut through a small incision made
- deters ovulation causes changes in the on each side of the scrotum to block the
endometrium and the cervical mucus passage of the spermWithdrawing from sex
 Almost 100% effective - 99.9% effective
 Most popular choices for birth control - Vas deferens – transports the semen
 Intrauterine Device (IUD) – small, T-shaped object  Tubal Ligation (for females) – fallopian tues
placed inside the uterus through the vagina, and is left are either cut or tied to block the passage of
there for up to five to ten years. both sperm and the ova.
 Has small strings that hang outside the cervix - 99.5% effective
that allow the doctor to check the IUD and help  Considered permanent, some can be surgically
in its removal reversed
 Prevents fertilization by impeding sperm
passage
 Chemical Barriers – used to kill sperms before they
can enter the cervix and also lower the pH level of the
vagina (i.e., spermicides, vaginal gels and creams,
glycerine)
 A.Y 2022-2023 10

 The features of the clothes we wear bring

U2 LESSON 3: ECONOMIC SELF
impressions to the body that directly influence
our attitudes and behaviour
 Consumer Culture (Frank Trentmann) – people get
 Family – our role model that seves as the closest
punished with just a special peace of pastry which
imitation of our self
could also trigger horror and shock to society
 The pursuit of material possessions endanger
 House – an outward manifestation of our experiences
the society
 Our home influences us
 It sparks off envy among the people
 Our first explorations took place inside the four
 Sets-off people to show-off and aggravate social
corners of our home
and gender hierarchies.
 We perceive our house as a mirror of our self
 Plato (in his Republic) – the quest for comfort is a (an extension of our self-image)
form of corruption that drove them to wars against
each other  Extended Self (by Russel Belk) – whatever we
possess greatly contributes to and reflects our
 Christianity – too much possessions might literally identities.
possess one’s soul, which in turn, distract them from  The object that we possess can literally extend
understanding the true life of the Holy Sprirt. “self”
 If possessions are viewed as part of the “self”, it
 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1th Century) – luxury follows that the loss of it is similar to a loss of
brings inequality to the society and slavery in the New the self
World
U2 LESSON 4: THE SPIRITUAL SELF
 Luxury – in ancient view, the “self” existed apart
from the material world
 In modern view, material things were essential  Spiritual Self – known as our inner self or our
part of the human Self psychological self using religious beliefs and practices
 The most intimate version of the self
 William James – states that self can be assessed
based on three elements:  Religion - we learn about what is moral, and what is
1. Constituents or the selves – composed of holy
four sub-categories, which are (1) the material  A belief in an all-powerful being which cannot be
self, (2) the social self, (3) spiritual self, (4) the truly defined
pure ego  Simply a cultural world view
2. Feelings and emotions they arouse or the
self-feelings  Belief in the supernatural – an inclusion of a moral
3. Actions which they prompt, that is the self- code and the carrying out of prescribed ritual acts.
seeking and self-preservation  The idea that there is something greater or
 States that we are the sum of our possessions bigger than us in the universe.
 These supernatural beings are regarded as holy
 Material Self – man’s self is the sum total of all that and sacred.
he CAN call his  Indigenous Filipinos worship Bathala and a
 Includes his body, clothing, family, and his multitude of tree and forest deities (diwatas)
house
 Moral Code – value frameworks that are meant to
 We invest too much of our self to them guide us in determining what is right and wrong
 Body – the core of one’s material self  Code of Conduct – shall be followed based on
our respective religions (e.g., Ten
 Clothes – next in the hierarchy of the material self Commandments)
 Our clothes reflect our self-image.  Taboos – a list of don’ts
 They are a form of self-expression - these actions or things are considered
 Reflect and affect our mood and overall forbidden (e.g., the belief of the Jewish that all
confidence meat from a pig is unclean)
 A.Y 2022-2023 11

- sacred or holy places can also be forbidden to

non-ordained members of the faith (e.g., In  Buddhism – they do not believe in the existence of
Jewish religion, any laymen who dared step foot gods.
into the Holy of Holies in the temple of  They do not worship Buddha (Siddhartha
Jerusalem will face the risk of being struck Gautama)
dead.)  They view Buddha as someone who has
 Rituals – ceremonial acts dictated by tradition or a attained Buddhism’s ultimate goal – spiritual
sacred order enlightenment (Nirvana)
 Sometimes stems from anxiety, which are often  Nirvana – entails freedom from the never-
motivated by the desire to please, consult and ending cycle of life and death
even manipulate the supernatural beings. (e.g.,  To attain nirvana, one shall purify one’s heart of
prayer) all the longings and physical desires
 Tripitaka (Pali Canon) – sacred text of
MAJOR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES Buddhism
 Arhat – person who has attained Nirvana
 Hinduism – oldest and third largest religion in the  Bodhisattva – person who has the ability to
world. attain Nirvana but delays it in order to help
 Based on reincarnation others
 The ultimate goal is to free oneself from the  Customs and Traditions:
cycles of life and reincarnation
1. Meditation
 Reincarnation (Samsara or rebirth) – the soul,
2. Belief in mantras (sacred sounds)
upon death of the body, comes back to earth in
3. Mudras (symbolic hand gestures)
another body or form. 4. Prayer wheels (reciting mantras)
 Karma – a person’s actions in life will determine 5. Monasticism
their fate in the next life. 6. Pilgrimage (visiting of sacred sites)
- “what goes around, comes around” 7. Veneration of buddhas and deities
 Dharma – moral force that orders the universe; 8. No not celebrate feasts under the influence
refers to the ethics and duties in life as of alcohol, merry-making, or slaughter of
exemplified in the ancient Hindu story animals
 Bhagavad Gita – a ruler is advised to kill in 9. Abstain from all evil
order to achieve a greater good.
 Christianity – founded on the life, teachings, and
 Brahman – infinitely represented by gods and
death of Jesus Christ of Nazareth
goddesses; these various deities become
incarnate within idols, temples, gurus, rivers,  Become the largest of the word’s religion
animals, etc.  Largest groups are the Roman Catholic, the
 Atman – a person’s eternal self Eastern Orthodox churches, and the Protestant
Churches.
 Customs and Traditions:
 Trinity – belief that God exists as three beings
1. Greeting each other by putting together the (the father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit)
pals of both hands while saying “Namaste”  Jesus Christ – anointed Son of God who died
or “Namaskar” on the cross to save all of us from our sin, and
2. They do not wear footwear inside their resurrected from the death.
homes, temples, other holy places  Customs and Traditions:
3. They do not enter temples after alcohol
consumption 1. Sunday worship service
4. They apply a spot or standing line of 2. Baptism – for new believers to confess their
kumkum between the eyebrows on the faith in Christ, to cleanse their soul from
forehead during worship time original sin, an unite themselves with the
5. Marriages are arranged church
6. Pictures of Hindu deities are not placed 3. Communion – drink juice/wine to
facing South (hell is located at south and remember Jesus Christ and eat bread (wine
paradise at North)
 A.Y 2022-2023 12
symbolizes the blood of Christ; bread 4. Bar Mitzvah – when Jewish boys become
symbolizes the body of Christ) 13 years old, they become accountable for
4. Devotions – praying the rosary, going to their actions
pilgrimage, devotion to the Virgin Mary and 5. Bat Mitzvah – a girl becomes accountable
the saints for their actions (12 years old according to
5. Christmas – the birth of Jesus orthodox and conservative Jews, and 13
6. Easter – Christ’s resurrection according to Reform Jews)

 Easter – monotheistic religion that believes in only  Dungan – soul of the Illongos
one God, Allah  Arises out of the body and takes on an invisible
 Muhammad – messenger of God form as in the case of a fly or a moth, or a small
 Muslims – believers of Islam animal like a lizard.
 Qur an (Koran) – the sacred scripture said to  Dungan may leave the body voluntarily
be the verbatim speech of God delivered to  Seeing yourself in your dreams indicates that
Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel your “other self” has left your physical body
 After death, a person is either rewarded or  Whatever happens in the dungan happens to
punished according to their religious devotion the physical body as well
 At death, dungan leaves the body through any
of the opening and goes with the air toward the
upper regions and there it wait until it finds
 Five religious duties or the five pillars of another body to enter.
Islam:  Witchcraft – refers to the belief and practice of magic
1. Shahadah – repeat a creed about Allah and  Can curse someone without having to use a
Muhammad (statement of faith) wand or crystal (unlike a sorcerer which
2. Salat – Recite certain prayers in Arabic five requires to use something)
times a day  Christian Europe – witchcraft is associated
3. Zakat - Give to the needy with worshipping Roman Gods or with
4. Sawm – fasting from food, drink, sex, and Worshiping of the Devil
smoking from sunrise to sunset for one  European Peasants – use of magic for good
month each year during Ramadan
and sought “cunning-folk” to cure their diseases
5. Hajj – pilgrimage once in a life time to
worship at a shrine in Mecca.  Southern Africa – has sangoma (fortune
tellers), inyanga (curer who treats magical
 Judaism – based on monotheistic belief in a single curses), Thakathi (uses magic to harm others)
God  Japan (Japanese Folklore) – witches are
 The way of life associated with the use of magical animals to
enact evil (Foxes are considered magical and
 Centred on tow writings: (1) Torah and (2)
prone to mischief)
Talmud
 Torah – made up of the first five books of the  Russia (Russian Customs) – involved the use
Bible (resembles the Old Testament) of herbs to create spells for shape-shifting,
keeping husbands faithful, and other practical
 Talmud – comprehensive collection of
needs.
interpretation of the Torah’s scriptural writings
 Rabbi – educator, counsellor, and the officiator
DISCOVERING THE MEANING OF LIFE
at life-cycle events
 Customs and Traditions:
 Logotheraphy – technique used in psychiatry that
1. Focuses far more on deeds than on beliefs. tries to help patients find meaning in life
2. Mitzvoth – consists of rituals as well as
ethical acts followed based on the principles  Dr Viktor Frankl – came up with the idea of
in the Torah Logotheraphy
3. Minhag – wearing the head covering  Lived through the horror and torture of four
(Kippah or Yarmulka) different concentration camps in Nazi, Germany.
 A.Y 2022-2023 13

 He developed a theory about the people who  “Salvation of man is through love and in love”
made it through  In Courage – suffering itself is meaningless, but our
 Ones who had a strong desire to finish response to it gives meaning
something they considered important in their
lives or who longed to see loved ones were the
ones who survived the devastations of the CLICK TO CELEBRATE:
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 “He who has a why to live for, can bear almost
any how”
 He believed that every person was born with a
specific purpose
 Philosophical Premises of Logotheraphy
 Humans have freedom of will – we all have
the ability to make choices in our life.
- If you want to be happy, you have to choose to
be happy
- we can still choose to get out of life’s darkest
times
 We all have a will to meaning – we need to be
striving for something
- We need to have goals that we can
accomplish
 There is always meaning in life – meaning
exists objectively
 Uses of Logotheraphy:
 Dereflection – used to try and help someone
who is too focused on a goal or an issue or a
problem;
- Therapist tries to help patient to focus less on
this by reflecting their attention away from
themselves
 Paradoxical Intention – can be used when
people experience a lot of fear or anxiety
- used to treat phobias
- you can use this technique to wish for or do
something you are afraid of
 Socratic Dialogue – a therapist listens to a
client’s harmful thoughts, maybe even repeats
them back in a way that affirms them, but then
tries to get the client to see alternative ways of
thinking.

SOURCES OF MEANING
Based on Dr. Viktor Frankl’s book entitled Man’s
search for Meaning (2006)

 In Work – Doing something significant gives us a goal

to work on.

 In love – caring for another person gives meaning to

our lives