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Chapter Five PDF

The document summarizes how electric power is generated and transmitted to homes and businesses. It discusses how power plants generate electricity and how transmission and distribution systems deliver power through high voltage lines. It describes some key components of these systems like substations, transformers, and the different voltage levels used. Safety considerations for working with high voltage transmission lines are also outlined.

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Adelu Bellete
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114 views

Chapter Five PDF

The document summarizes how electric power is generated and transmitted to homes and businesses. It discusses how power plants generate electricity and how transmission and distribution systems deliver power through high voltage lines. It describes some key components of these systems like substations, transformers, and the different voltage levels used. Safety considerations for working with high voltage transmission lines are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Adelu Bellete
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

Transmission of Electric power


Electrical power
• Electrical power, in our homes and in industry, is
really the life blood of our existence

• Used for heating, cooling, cooking, refrigeration,


light, sound, computation, entertainment

• How is it provided to us?

• How secure is it?


Power

Plants

• Electrical power starts at the power plant. No matter


what you use as “fuel”, the heart of the power plant
is the spinning electrical generator

• In most cases, the spinning generator is a turbine


Transmission & distribution system planning

 In most cases power plants are located in remote areas and


inside gorges which demands high cost of for transmission
of electric power to the load centers.

A design criterion of transmission lines considers:


 The maximum allowable voltage variation from no load to full load

 The maximum economic power loss

 Protection from lightning and other damages

 Structural stability in high winds (or, in temperate areas, in ice and


snow)

 Safety for people living and working near the lines


MINIMUM 10'
Distance
5
 Transmission can be Underground or over ground:
 Over ground lines are used most often because, by using air as the
cable insulator, the cable is less expensive. Insulation can be
cheap and simple. In most developing countries, un insulated
cable is more readily available than underground.

 Un insulated cables are exposed to lightning and to falling trees.


The land close to the lines has to be cleared of trees, and this has
to be carried out periodically.

 The poles may also have a finite life, and so may need replacing,
perhaps every 15 years.
 Further, overhead lines are less efficient than
underground for a given conductor size because the
wide spacing of the conductors gives rise to inductive
losses.

• Underground lines have to be insulated, and protected


against ground movement.

• Once installed, however, the line should run without


maintenance until the insulting material deteriorates.
The Distribution Grid

• Once the power lines have reached the city, the first
step in the distribution grid is to connect to the high
voltage lines, and step-down to a lower voltage for
distribution
System Layout

Generation Different Technologies

Transmission Extra High Voltage

Distribution Medium and Low voltage

Customer Service
System Components

• What are the main component of a power system?

Generation plants

HV Substations

Transmission Lines

Bulk power Substations

Distribution system
Single Line Diagram
Voltage levels

• EHV Transmission: 500kV-765kV

• HV Transmission: 230kV-345kV

• Sub transmission system: 69kV-169kV

• Distribution system: 120V-35kV


High Voltage Network

• High-voltage networks, consist of transmission lines,


connects the power plants and high-voltage substations
in parallel.
• This network permits load sharing among power plants
• The high-voltage substations are located near the load
centers.
Distribution Network
• The distribution system has two parts, primary and
secondary.
• The primary distribution system consists of overhead
lines or underground cables, which are called feeders.
• The feeders supply the distribution transformers that
step the voltage down to the secondary level.
• The secondary distribution system contains overhead
lines or underground cables supplying the consumers
directly by single- or three-phase power.
Design philosophy of overhead lines

 The main parts of a power


line are:

- the conductors

- the supports (towers or poles)


which hold the bare
conductors

- insulators needed between the


conductors and the support

- shield wires attached to tower


extensions.
Basic Principles of Transmission
Line Design
• Ideal route between the point of power
production and the point of consumption
is a straight line

• Design Parameters and regional


constraints affect the location of power
lines
Design Parameters

• Height of Poles or Towers

• Span Length

• Foundations
Height of Poles or Towers

– minimum height of transmission lines above the


ground, for road crossings is required

– more height have the tendency to:

• increases cost of pole or tower

• increases depth of pole, or

• increases foundation costs of tower


• Span Length

– The aim is to have as few poles per kilometre

– poles should be placed to maximise span


length, while maintaining the minimum
clearance

Foundations: location of poles or towers may affect


the type of foundations required.
Constraints
• Built up areas
• topography
– mountains, forests, rivers, swamps,
flood zones
• recreational areas
– national parks, development areas
Safety while working with transmission
lines

 Whenever you work with power tools or electrical


circuits there is a risk of electrical hazards, especially
electrical shock.
 Risks are increased at construction sites because many
jobs involve electric power tools.

 Electrical trades workers must pay special attention to


electrical hazards because they work on electrical
circuits.
• Fact: An electrical arc
generates temperatures in
excess of 35,000 degrees F.

• This is hot enough to


vaporize steel.

27
Electrical Shock Injury

• These accidents can be


prevented with improved
supervisor and worker safety
training and better
coordination of work with all
utilities involved. 28
Electrical Shock
An electrical shock is received when electrical
current passes through the body.
You will get an electrical shock if a part of your
body completes an electrical circuit by…
• Touching a live wire & an electrical ground, or
• Touching a live wire and another wire at a
different voltage.
29
PATH: Harm is related to the path by
which current passes through the body.

Creating contact with an


electrical voltage can cause
current to flow through the body,
resulting in electrical shock and
burns. Serious injury or death
may occur.

30
Birds on power lines
Fact:
• Birds sitting on overhead electrical wires are at
the same electrical potential as long as they
touch only one wire.

• If a bird makes contact with a grounded object or


another wire at a different electrical potential,
current will flow and a electrical shock will occur.

31
The end!!!

32

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