PUMP

 A MACHINE WHICH IS USED TO ADD

ENERGY TO A LIQUID IN ORDER TO
TRANSFER THE LIQUID FROM ONE POINT
TO ANOTHER POINT OF HIGHER ENERGY
LEVEL.
 A pump is a device used to move gases,
liquids or slurries. A pump moves liquids or
gases from lower pressure to higher
pressure, and overcomes this difference in
pressure by adding energy to the system
(such as a water system).
PUMP
 Pumps work by using mechanical
forces to push the material, either by
physically lifting, or by the force of
compression.
TYPICAL PUMPING INSTALLATION:
Discharge Upper
Pipe Pool

Pressure
Gauge Check
Valve
Suction Pipe Pump

Lower Gate
Valve
Pool
Foot Valve or
Strainer
TYPES OF PUMPS:
TYPES OF PUMPS
TYPES OF PUMPS:
A. Positive Displacement Pump
 causes a fluid to move by trapping a
fixed amount of it then forcing (displacing)
that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
The periodic fluid displacement results in a
direct increase in pressure.
(a rotary-type , roots-type pump,
reciprocating pumps)
B. Kinetic/Dynamic Pumps
 Continuous energy addition
 Conversion of added energy to increase
in kinetic energy (increase in velocity)
 Conversion of increased velocity to
increase in pressure
 Conversion of Kinetic head to Pressure
Head.
 Meet all heads like Kinetic , Potential, and
Pressure
BASIC CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS:
1. RECIPROCATING PUMP
 low discharge, high head, low speed,
self-priming
 Reciprocating-type pumps use a piston
and cylinder arrangement with suction
and discharge valves integrated into the
pump.
 Pumps in this category range from
having "simplex" one cylinder, to in some
cases "quad" four cylinders or more. Most
reciprocating-type pumps are "duplex" (two)
or "triplex" (three) cylinder.
 The pumps can be powered by air,
steam or through a belt drive from an engine
or motor.
2. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 high discharge, low head, high speed,
not self-priming
 A centrifugal pump works by the
conversion of the rotational kinetic
energy, typically from an electric motor or
turbine, to an increased static fluid
pressure.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Warman centrifugal pump in a Coal Handling
and Preparation Plant (CHPP) application
3. ROTARY PUMP
 low discharge, low head
 used for pumping viscous liquids, like oil.
A. Gear Pump
B. Screw Pump
C. Vane Pump
Gear Pump
As the gears rotate they separate on the
intake side of the pump, creating a void
and suction which is filled by fluid. The
fluid is carried by the gears to the
discharge side of the pump, where the
meshing of the gears displace the fluid.
 GEAR PUMP

Internal gear
External gear pump Internal gear
(Gerotor) pump
design for (Gerotor) pump
design for
hydraulic power design for high
automotive oil
applications. viscosity fluids.
pumps.
4. TURBINE PUMP
 for pumping
water with high
suction lift
 for pumping
condensate
5. JET PUMP
 for pumping boiler feedwater
 used as accessory of centrifugal
pump

Jet
EXAMPLE NO. 1 (ME BD. APR 2005)
If the highest water surface is below the pump
centerline, what is the static head?
A. Negative C. Positive
B. Zero D. None of these

ANS. A
EXAMPLE NO. 2 (ME BD. OCT 2004)

Given 10” x 8” pump, what is the diameter?

A. 8” C. 18”
B. 10” D. 8” or 10”

ANS. B
EXAMPLE NO. 3 (ME BD. OCT 2004)
What will happen to the fluid-energy from the
suction flange to the energy input of the
impeller?
A. Increase C. Decrease
B. Does not change D. Remains constant

ANS. A
EXAMPLE NO. 4 (ME BD. OCT 2004)
Low head, high discharge pump
A. Centrifugal pump C. Air pump
B. Submersible pump D. Reciprocating pump

ANS. A
EXAMPLE NO. 5 (ME BD. OCT 2004)

Pipe that connects fluid source and suction of

pump:
A. Suction pipe C. Static pipe
B. Discharge pipe D. Compound pipe

ANS. A
EXAMPLE NO. 6
Fluids that are pumped in processing work are frequently
more viscous than water. Which of the following
statements is correct?
A. Reynolds number varies directly as the viscosity
B. Efficiency of a pump increases as the viscosity
increases
C. Increased fluid friction between the pump parts and
the passing fluid increases useful work
D. Working head increases as the viscosity increases.

ANS. C
EXAMPLE NO. 7
A reciprocating pump is considered positive
displacement pump because:
A. displacement of the liquid is affected by the
displacement of the piston
B. positive pressure is given to the liquid
C. liquid is discharge with positive pressure
D. liquid is lifted due to the vacuum created inside
the cylinder

ANS. A
EXAMPLE NO. 8
The component of a rotary pump:
A. gears C. impeller
B. piston D. propeller

ANS. A
EXAMPLE NO. 9
What is a check valve?
A. a valve designed to allow a fluid to pass
through in one direction only
B. a valve designed to release the excess pressure
C. a valve which allows flow of fluid in either
direction
D. a valve used for checking the pressure of fluid

ANS. A
EXAMPLE NO. 10 (ME Bd. Apr 2000)
Mr. De la Cruz wanted to buy a pump for his farm.
What is the suitable deep well installation?
A. Reciprocating C. hand lift
B. air lift D. centrifugal

ANS. D
EXAMPLE NO. 11 (ME Bd. Oct 2000)
What is the part of an oil pressure governor that is
used to continuously draw oil for as long as the
turbine is working?
A. speed governor C. governing device
B. servomotor D. gear pump

ANS. D
EXAMPLE NO. 12 (ME Bd. Oct 2000)
Which of the following components of a pump
converts mechanical energy to pressure energy?
A. impeller C. shaft
B. valve D. delivery pipe

ANS. A
HEAD AND POWER CALCULATIONS:
Q

Pd
Vd

Zd

Pump

Zs Vs

Ps
Basic Principles:
A. General Flow Equation:
Q = Area x Velocity = Av

B. Pressure Head, Z:
P = Z or Z = P/

C. Velocity Head, hv:

V 2gh v or hv = V2/2g
Q  discharge, m3/sec or GPM
 volume flow rate of liquid handled by
the pump

H  Head, m or ft of liquid
 total energy developed by the pump
TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD (TDH)
H = total head or total dynamic head
H = static head + pressure head + friction
head + velocity head
Pd  Ps Vd 2  Vs 2
H ( Zd  Zs )  ( hfs  hfd ) 
 2g

where:
Zs  is negative if source is below pump
centerline
Ps  is negative if it is vacuum
Total head without friction:
Pd  Ps Vd 2  Vs 2
H ( Zd  Zs )  
 2g

Total head without pressure head and friction

head:
Vd 2  Vs 2
H ( Zd  Zs ) 
2g

Total head without friction head and velocity

head: Pd  Ps
H ( Zd  Zs ) 

Friction Head Calculations

fLV 2 Darcy Equation

hf 
2gD

2fLV 2 Morse Equation

hf 
gD

(Friction head loss is usually expressed as a

percentage of the gross head).
where:
f = coefficient of friction
L = total length of pipe, in meters
V = velocity, m/sec
g = 9.81 m/sec2
D = inside diameter, meters
WATER POWER = QH  kw

where:
Q = discharge, m3/sec
 = density, (kN/m3)
= 9.81 kN/m3 for water
= 62.4 lb/ft3 for water
H = total head, m
WATER POWER = Q  H kw

m3/sec m

9.81 kN/m3

QH
WaterPower  hp
550
ft
ft3/sec
62.4 lb/ft3
Brake Power or Motor Power
= Power input to the pump

Water Power QH

BrakePower  
Pump Eff p
Typical Installation of a Centrifugal Pump
Vd
Pd Discharge

Z
Ps

Drive
Vs Motor
Pd  Ps Vd 2  Vs 2
H Z
 2g Suction

Ps  is negative if it is vacuum
EXAMPLE NO. 13 (ME Bd. Oct 02)
If D is the height between elevation in feet, Q is
the volume of fluid in gallons and m is the weight
of fluid in lb per gallon. What is the energy E
required to raised the given volume from a lower
to a higher elevation?
A. E = Q/md C. E = QmD
B. E = D/Qm D. E = mQ/D

ANS. C
EXAMPLE NO. 14 (ME Bd. Apr 03)
If the total head at a pipe entry is H and the head
loss due to friction if Hf, then what is the available
head at the pipe outlet? Neglect minor losses.
A. Hf – H C. H x Hf
B. H – Hf D. HHf

ANS. B
EXAMPLE NO. 15 (ME Bd. Oct 03)
If R is the delivery rate of the pump, H is the total
pumping head and e is the efficiency of the pump,
then compute the power required to drive the
pump.
A. R/H x e C. 1 – (R + H)/e
B. (R x H)/e D. (H – R)/e
EXAMPLE NO. 16 (ME Bd. Oct 02)
Water is to be raised to a height of 25 m at 20
kg/s. Inlet diameter is 16 cm, exit diameter is 12
cm and heat loss is 2 kw. Determine the power
input to the pump.
A. 6.9 kw C. 7.5 kw
B. 3.4 kw D. 9.7 kw
EXAMPLE NO. 17 (ME Bd. Oct 2000)
Water flow through a pipe at 15 li/sec. The inlet
diameter of pipe is 12 cm and its exit diameter is 15
cm. If H20 is to be pumped from H20 source which
is 8.2 m below pump centerline and heat losses is 2
kw, determine the power input to the pump.
A. 2.2 Kw C. 1.2 Kw
B. 3.2 Kw D. 4.2 Kw
EXAMPLE NO. 18 (ME Bd. Apr 99)
Water is extracted from underground water source
whose free surface is 20 m below the ground level.
The diameter of the pipe is 10 cm inlet and 30 cm
at the exit. What is the necessary power of the
pump for a steady flow of water at the rate of 80
kg/sec in kw?
A. 11.6 kw C. 21.1 kw
B. 16.1 kw D. 26.7 kw
EXAMPLE NO. 19 (ME Bd. Apr 98)
A pump discharges 150 liters per second of water
to a height of 75 meters. If the efficiency is 75%
and the speed of the pump is 1800 rpm, what is
the torque in N-m to which the drive shaft is
subjected?
A. 771 C. 791
B. 781 D. 681
EXAMPLE NO. 20 (ME Bd. Apr 98)
A fuel pump is delivering 10 gallons per minute of
oil with a specific gravity of 0.83. The total head is
9.14 meters, find how much energy does the
pump consumes in kJ per hour.
A. 169 C. 189
B. 199 D. 179
EXAMPLE NO. 21 (ME Bd. Apr 98)

A pump receives 8 kg/s of water at 220 kPa and

110 degree C and discharges it at 1100 kPa.
Compute for the power required in kilowatts.
A. 8.126 C. 7.041
B. 5.082 D. 6.104
EXAMPLE NO. 22 (ME Bd. Apr 98)
A pump lifts water at a rate of 283 lps from a lake
and force it into a tank 8 meters above the level of
the water at a pressure of 137 kPa. What is the
power required in kilowatts?
A. 71 C. 61
B. 41 D. 51
EXAMPLE NO. 23 (ME Bd. Oct 97)
A centrifugal pump delivers 300,000 liters per hour
of water to a pressurized tank whose pressure is
280 kPa. The source of water is 5 meter below the
pump. The diameter of the suction pipe is 300
mm and the discharge pipe is 250 mm. Calculate
the KW rating of the driving motor assuming the
pump efficiency to be 72%.
A. 41.75 kw C. 43.28 kw
B. 35.75 kw D. 38.16 kw
Characteristics of Reciprocating Pumps:

Double-Acting
Discharge
Q
Piston
Piston
Rod

D VD
d

L
Cylinder
Suction
Characteristics of Reciprocating Pumps:

1. Piston Displacement where:

D = bore
d = diameter of
A. If piston rod neglected: piston rod
N = speed
 2
VD  2  D LN
4
B. If piston rod considered:
 2  2
VD    D LN   ( D  d 2 )LN
4 4
2. Actual Discharge, Q

Q = Area x vel = Av

3. Slip = VD - Q
VD  Q
%Slip 
VD

4. Volumetric Efficiency, v
Q
v 
VD
EXAMPLE NO. 24 (ME Bd. Oct 03)
If Ev is the volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating
pump, then determine SLIP which represents all
loses of capacity given in percentage of the
displacement.
A. 1/Ev C. 1 – 1/Ev
B. 1 – Ev D. Ev + 1

ANS. B
 EXAMPLE NO. 25 (ME Bd. Oct 02)
A steam reciprocating pump has a nameplate of 8
in x 6 in x 10 in. What is the steam bore equal to:
A. 6 in C. 48 in
B. 8 in D. 10 in

ANS. B
EXAMPLE NO. 26 (ME Bd. Oct 04)
Find the percent slip of a reciprocating plant if the
volumetric efficiency is 96%.
A. 4% C. 96%
B. 6% D. 100%
EXAMPLE NO. 27 (ME Bd. Apr 02)

If Qa is the actual discharge flow and Qb is the

theoretical discharge flow, what will the
coefficient of discharge be equal to during positive
displacement slip?
A. Qa x Qb C. Qa/Qb
B. Qb/Qa D. 1 – Qa/Qb

ANS. C
EXAMPLE NO. 28 (ME Bd. Oct 03)

A single-acting reciprocating pump has a diameter

of 0.12 meter and a stroke of 0.25 meter. Compute
the theoretical discharge if the pump delivers
water at 60 revolutions per minute.
A. 0.5965 m3/min C. 0.1698 m3/min
B. 0.05965 m3/min D. 0.01698 m3/min
EXAMPLE NO. 29 (ME Bd. Apr 2000)
A 30 cm x 40 cm double-acting reciprocating pump
running at 250 rpm discharges 210 li/s of water.
Find the percentage slippage of the pump.
A. 3.4% C. 6.7%
B. 8.2% D. 10.7%
EXAMPLE NO. 30 (ME Bd. Apr 03)
The size of reciprocating pump is stamped on the
builder’s plate 3” x 4” x 6”. The diameter of the
liquid cylinder is:
A. 5” C. 6”
B. 3” D. 4”

ANS. D
EXAMPLE NO. 31 (ME Bd. Apr 03)

In a power driven pump, each piston stroke is

displaced by 360 degrees divided by the
________.
A. revolution per minute C. bore
B. length of stroke D. number of cylinders

ANS. A
EXAMPLE NO. 32 (ME Bd. Oct 03)

A single-acting reciprocating pump, with a

diameter of 0.18 meter and stroke of 0.30 meter,
delivers water at a rate of 0.18 cubic meter per
minute. What is the percentage slip it delivers at
25 revolutions per minute?
A. 5.3% C. 10.5%
B. 8.4% D. 1.6%
Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps:
1. Specific Speed
 the speed at which a geometrically
similar impeller of a pump would run to
discharge 1 gpm at 1 foot head.

N Q
Ns 
3/ 4
H
where:
Ns = specific speed, rpm
N = speed, rpm
Q = discharge, gpm or m3/sec
H = head, ft or m
2. Similar Pumps

a. N1 Q1 N2 Q2

H13 / 4 H 23 / 4

Q1 Q2
b. 
N1D13 N 2D2 3
where:
D = impeller diameter
3. Same Pump
A. Constant Impeller Diameter (D1 = D2),
Variable Speed
Q1 N1 2 3
 N1   N1 
 H1
   P1
  
Q2 N2  
H2  2
N P2  2
N

B. Constant Speed (N1 = N2), Variable

Impeller Diameter
2 3
Q1 D1 H1  D1  P1  D1 
      
Q2 D2 H 2  D2  P2  D 2 

EXAMPLE NO. 33
How do you increase the output of a
centrifugal pump?
A. speed up rotation
B. install circulation line
C. increase the suction pipe area
D. increase the discharge pipe area

ANS. A
EXAMPLE NO. 34 (ME Bd. Oct 03)
What is the relationship of the capacity of a
centrifugal pump, Q, to impeller diameter, D,
when there are two impeller diameters in the
same pump?
A. Q is directly proportional to the square of
the ratio D
B. Q is inversely proportional to the ratio of D
C. Q is directly proportional to the ratio of D
D. Q is inversely proportional to the square of
the ratio of D
ANS. C
EXAMPLE NO. 35 (ME Bd. Oct 03)
Regardless of its rotative speed, the value
of the specific speed of a given impeller of
centrifugal pump is:
A. varying C. constant
B. unity D. increasing

ANS. C
EXAMPLE NO. 36 (ME Bd. Apr 2006)
A 6-stage centrifugal pump discharges 1500
gpm of water at 1750 rpm with pressure
drop of 700 psi. Find the specific speed.
A. 1300 rpm C. 1020 rpm
B. 1200 rpm D. 1150 rpm
EXAMPLE NO. 37 (ME Bd. Oct 04)
A 6-stage centrifugal pump discharges 1200
gpm of water at 1500 rpm with pressure
drop of 600 psi. Find the specific speed.
A. 166.7 rpm C. 600 rpm
B. 367.2 rpm D. 877.6 rpm
EXAMPLE NO. 38 (ME Bd. Apr 03)
A centrifugal pump has a constant speed of
1800 revolutions per minute and has a head
of 50 meters. What is the effect on the head
of the pump if the impeller diameter is
reduced from 254 mm to 203.2 mm?
A. 62 m C. 32 m
B. 78 m D. 40 m
EXAMPLE NO. 39 (ME Bd. Apr 2000)
A pump is delivering 160 liters per sec of
water using an impeller diameter of 254 mm
and operating at a speed of 1800 rpm. If the
speed is held constant and the impeller
diameter is changed to 203.2 mm, what is the
new discharged of the pump in liters per
second?
A. 130 C. 180
B. 128 D. 145
EXAMPLE NO. 40 (ME BD. OCT 2004)
What is the relation of head and speed of
the pump?
A. Directly proportional to N2
B. Inversely proportional to N2
C. Directly proportional to N
D. Inversely proportional to N

ANS. A
EXAMPLE NO. 41 (ME Bd. Apr 99)
A pump operating at 1800 rpm delivers 600
gpm against a total head of 200 ft. Changes
in the piping system have increased the
total head to 260 ft. At what rpm should the
pump be operated to achieve this new head
at the same efficiency.
A. 2052 C. 2072
B. 2062 D. 2082
EXAMPLE NO. 42 (ME Bd. Apr 97)
A pump delivers 500 gpm of water against a
total head of 200 ft and operating at 1770
rpm. Changes have increased the total head
to 375 ft. At what rpm should the pump be
operated to achieve the new head at the
same efficiency?
A. 2800 rpm C. 3434 rpm
B. 3600 rpm D. 2424 rpm
EXAMPLE NO. 43 (ME Bd. Oct 95)
It is desired to deliver 5 m3/s at a head of
640 m in a single stage pump having
specific speed not to exceed 40. If the
speed is not to exceed 1352 rpm, how many
stages are required?
A. 3 C. 5
B. 4 D. 2
SPECIAL CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS:
1. SHALLOW WELL PUMP
 an ordinary centrifugal pump
 for suction lift up to 25 ft

2. Deep Well Pump

 centrifugal pump with injector
 for suction lift up to 120 ft
SPECIAL CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS:

3. Turbine Pump
 multi-stage pump
 for suction lift up to300 ft

4. Submersible Pump
 multi-stage pump, driven by
submersible motor
SPECIAL CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS:
SPECIAL CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS:
CAVITATION
 the formation of cavities of water vapor
in the suction side of a pump due to low
suction pressure
Causes of Cavitation:
1. Low suction pressure
2. low atmospheric pressure
3. high liquid temperature
4. high velocity
5. rough surfaces and edges
6. sharp bends
Bad Effects of Cavitation:
1. Drop in capacity and efficiency
2. Noise and vibration
3. Corrosion and pitting
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)
NPSH
 difference between actual suction
pressure and saturation vapor pressure
of the liquid.

 in order that cavitation will not take

place in the suction line of the pump the
available NPSH is equal or greater than
the required NPSH of the pump.

NPSHavailable > NPSHrequired

NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)
NPSH = ±Hs + Hp – Hf

where:
Hs  static level above(+) or below(-) the
pump centerline
Hp  absolute pressure on the liquid
surface of the pump suction supply
Hf  total friction head loss in the pump
suction pipe and fittings
NPSH  total suction lift
 SERIES AND PARALLEL PUMPS:
PUMPS IN PARALLEL:
Q
 Performance is
obtained by adding the
capacities at the same
head. This is done by Pump 1 Pump 2
having two pumps
discharging into a
common header. Q1 Q2
PUMPS IN PARALLEL:

Q = Q1 + Q2
Q

H = H1 = H2

P = P1 + P2 Pump 1 Pump 2

Where:
Q = pump capacity Q1 Q2
H = pump head
P = power
PUMPS IN SERIES:
 Performance is Q
obtained by adding
the heads at the same
capacity. This is done Pump 2
by having the pump 1 Q2
discharge into the
suction of pump 2. Pump 1
Pumps in series is Q1
used to increase the
discharge head at
same capacity.
PUMPS IN SERIES:
Q
Q = Q 1 = Q2

H = H1 + H2 Pump 2
Q2
P = P1 + P 2
Pump 1
Q1
EXAMPLE NO. 44
In a deepwell installation or operation, the
difference between static water level and
operating water level is called:
A. suction lift C. priming level
B. drawdown D. clogging

ANS. B
EXAMPLE NO. 45 (ME Bd. Oct 2000)
In order that cavitation will not take place in
the suction line of a pump, what should be the
sum of the velocity head and pressure head at
suction compared to the vapor pressure of the
liquid?
A. sufficiently lower C. adequately greater
B. constant D. equal

ANS. C
EXAMPLE NO. 46 (ME Bd. Oct 2000)
In order to avoid cavitation, the NPSH of an
installation should be at least ______ than
the NPSH of the pump.
A. equal or greater C. greater
B. equal or lower D. lower

ANS. A
EXAMPLE NO. 47 (ME BD. OCT 2004)
Given the net positive suction head (Hg) and
the total suction head (Ha), what is the vapor
pressure at suction?
A. Ha + Hg C. Hg/Ha
B. Ha/Hg D. Ha - Hg

ANS. D
EXAMPLE NO. 48 (ME Bd. Oct 03)
If Hs is the total suction head of the pump,
Hp is its suction surface pressure, and Hf is
its suction friction head, then calculate the
total suction head, Ht.
A. Ht = Hs – Hp – Hf C. Ht = Hs + Hp – Hf
B. Ht = Hs + Hp + Hf D. Ht = Hs – Hp + Hf

ANS. C
EXAMPLE NO. 49 (ME Bd. Oct 03)
What must be the value of the available Net
Positive Suction Head (NPSH) of a centrifugal
pump compared to its required NPSH to avoid
losing priming?
A. available NPSH lesser than required NPSH
B. available NPSH equal than required NPSH
C. available NPSH greater than required NPSH
D. available NPSH constant at all times

ANS. C
EXAMPLE NO. 50 (ME Bd. Oct 03)
The pump will not cavitate if the available Net
Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is:
A. less than the required NPSH
B. equal or lesser than the required NPSH
C. equal or greater than the required NPSH
D. zero compared to the required NPSH of 1

ANS. C
EXAMPLE NO. 51 (ME Bd. Oct 02)
Pumps installed in parallel. What is the
head?
A. Either h1 or h2
B. the difference of the pumps heads only
C. head of pump 1 only
D. sum of the pump heads

ANS. A
EXAMPLE NO. 52 (ME Bd. Apr 02)
Two pumps are connected in series, if Q1 is
the discharge of pump 1 and Q2 is the
discharge of pump 2, where Q2 < Q1, what is
the discharge?
A. Q2 C. Q1 + Q2
B. Q1 D. Q1/Q2

ANS. A
EXAMPLE NO. 53 (ME Bd. Oct 01)
What is the head developed if the pump that
has a capacity of Q1 and head H1 connected
in series with another pump with a capacity
of Q2 and H2, if Q2 is less than Q1?
A. H1 + H2 C. H1 = H2
B. H1 – H2 D. H1/H2

ANS. A
EXAMPLE NO. 54 (ME BD. OCT 2004)
Two pumps are connected in parallel. If
capacity of each pump is Q, its discharge
will be:
A. Single C. Triple
B. Double D. Quadruple

ANS. B