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Different Types of Motor Load

This document discusses different types of motor loads including constant torque loads, variable torque loads, and constant horsepower loads. It provides details on each type, such as constant torque loads requiring the same torque throughout speed changes, variable torque loads like fans and pumps requiring higher torque at higher speeds, and constant horsepower loads maintaining a constant power level despite changing torque and speed dimensions. The document also covers induction motors and electrical braking methods like plugging to quickly stop motor rotation.

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sanjay sharma
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275 views

Different Types of Motor Load

This document discusses different types of motor loads including constant torque loads, variable torque loads, and constant horsepower loads. It provides details on each type, such as constant torque loads requiring the same torque throughout speed changes, variable torque loads like fans and pumps requiring higher torque at higher speeds, and constant horsepower loads maintaining a constant power level despite changing torque and speed dimensions. The document also covers induction motors and electrical braking methods like plugging to quickly stop motor rotation.

Uploaded by

sanjay sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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In this article, we will learn the various types of motor loads such as constant

& variable torque, and horsepower loads.

Types of Motor Loads

The type of load that a motor drives is one of the most important application
considerations when applying any type of AC drive.

For some types of loads, the application considerations may be minimal. For
other types of loads, an extensive review may be required.

Generally, loads can be grouped into three different categories:

1. Constant Torque Loads – conveyors, hoists, drill presses, extruders,


positive displacement pumps (torque of these pumps may be reduced at
low speeds).
2. Variable Torque Loads – fans, blower, propellers, centrifugal pumps.
3. Constant Horsepower Loads – grinders, turret lathes, coil winders.

Constant Torque Loads

Constant torque loads are where applications call for the same amount of


driving torque throughout the entire operating speed range.

In other words, as the speed changes, the load torque remains the same.
The chart shows speed on the bottom and torque on the left. The torque
remains the same as the speed changes. Horsepower is affected and varies
proportionately with speed.
Constant torque applications include everything that is not variable torque
applications. In fact, almost everything but centrifugal fans and pumps are
constant torque.

Variable Torque Loads

As was just mentioned, there are only two kinds of variable torque loads:
centrifugal pumps and fans.

With a variable torque load, the loading is a function of the speed. Variable


torque loads generally require low torque at low speeds and higher
torque at higher speeds.

Fans and pumps are designed to make air or water flow. As the rate of flow
increases, the water or air has a greater change in speed put into it by the fan
or pump, increasing its inertia.

In addition to the inertia change, increased flow means increased friction from
the pipes or ducts. An increase in friction requires more force (or torque) to
make the air or water flow at that rate.

The effects that reduced speed control has on a variable torque fan or pump


are summarized by a set of rules known as the Affinity Laws.

The basic interpretation of these laws is quite simple:

1. The flow produced by the device is proportional to the motor speed.


2. The pressure produced by the device is proportional to the motor speed
squared.
3. The horsepower required by the device is proportional to the motor
speed cubed.
The cube law (third item) load is at the heart of energy savings. The change in
speed is equal to the horsepower cubed.

For example, you might expect a 50% change in speed would produce a 50%
change in volume and would require 50% of the horsepower.
Luckily for us, this 50% change in speed must be cubed, representing only
12.5% of the horsepower required to run it at 100% speed.

The reduction of horsepower means that it costs less to run the motor. When
these savings are applied over yearly hours of operation, significant savings
accumulate.

This table will help show these relationships:

% Speed % Torque % HP

100 100 100

90 81 72.9

80 64 51.2

70 49 34.3

60 36 21.6

50 25 12.5

Constant Horsepower Loads

A constant horsepower load is when the motor torque required is above the
motor’s base speed (60 Hz). With a constant horsepower type of load,
the torque loading is a function of the changing physical dimensions of the
load.

These types of applications would include grinders, turret lathes, and winding
reels. Constant horsepower loads require high torque at low speeds and
low torque at high speeds.

While the torque and speed changes, the horsepower remains constant.
For example, an empty reel winding a coil will require the least amount of
torque, initially, and will be accelerated to the highest speed. As the coil builds
up on the reel, the torque required will increase and the speed will be
decreased.

In this way, we understand the various types of loads that can be connected
to a motor.

Induction motors are most widely using motors in present days for domestic and industrial
purpose.

Braking is the most important part of speed control.


Braking is two types.They are…

1-Mechanical

2- Electrical

In Mechanical braking we have disadvantages like heat dissipation,mechanical brakes also


depends on the skill of the operator.

Electric braking is easy and reliable,it can stop the induction motors very quickly. so we go
for electrical braking on induction motor.Though the motor is brought to rest electrically, to
maintain its state of rest a mechanical brake is must.

Plugging induction motor braking is applied by just reversing the supply phase sequence
by interchanging connections of any two phases of stator, we can attain plugging braking of
induction motor.Due to the reversal of phase sequence, the direction of rotating magnetic
field gets reversed. This produces a torque in the reverse direction and the motor tries to
rotate in opposite direction.

This opposite flux acts as brake and it slows down the motor.During plugging the slip is (2 -
s), if the original slip of the running motor is s.

Note : The method can be applied to both squirrel cage as well as wound rotor induction
motors.

Advantages…

It is the quickest way.

Disadvantages…
 During the plugging operation very high I²R losses occur in the form of
heat.This heat is more than produced when rotor is normally locked.
 So we can't apply plugging frequently as due to high heat produced rotor
which can damage or melt the rotor bars and even may over heat the stator
as well.
Use…

 In some industrial applications where quick stop of motor and its load is
necessary, the plugging method is used.
Image source-Google

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