Introduction

➢ Automobile engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with automobiles

and practices to propel them.

➢ Automobile is a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine and it is used for

transportation of passengers and goods on the ground.

➢ Automobile can also be defined as a vehicle which can move by itself.

• Examples : Car, jeep, bus, truck, scooter, etc.,

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 Classification of Automobile

➢ Automobiles are classified on different basis as shown below:

• On the basis of Load

• Wheels

• Fuel used

• Transmission

• Position of Engine

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 Classification of Automobile

➢ On the Basis of Load:

• Heavy transport vehicle (HTV) or heavy motor vehicle (HMV)

e.g. trucks, buses, etc.,

• Light transport vehicle (LTV) or Light motor vehicle (LMV)

e.g. pickup, station wagon, cars, jeeps etc.,

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 Classification of Automobile

➢ Number of Wheels:
• Two wheeler vehicle
e.g. Scooter, motorcycle, etc.,

• Three wheeler vehicle,

e.g. Auto rickshaw, three wheeler scooter for Specially challenged, etc.,

• Four wheeler vehicle,

e.g. Car, jeep, trucks, buses, etc.,

• Six wheeler vehicle,

e.g. Big trucks with two gear axles each having four wheels.

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 Classification of Automobile

➢ Fuel Used:

• Petrol vehicle
e.g. motorcycle, scooter, cars, etc.,
• Diesel vehicle
e.g. trucks, buses, etc.,
• Electric vehicle which use battery to drive.
e.g. Electric scooters
• Steam vehicle
e.g. an engine which uses steam engine. These engines are now obsolete.
• Gas vehicle
e.g. LPG and CNG vehicles

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 Classification of Automobile

➢ Transmission:

• Conventional vehicles with manual transmission

• Semi-automatic

• Automatic

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 Classification of Automobile

➢ Position of Engine:

• Engine in Front

Example : most of the cars, buses, trucks.

• Engine in the Rear Side, very few vehicles have engine located in the rear.

Example : Nano car.

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 Components of Automobile

➢ The major components of an Automobile are:

• Engine System

• Transmission System

• Suspension System

• Steering System

• Breaking System

• Electrical and Electronics

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Automobile

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 Transmission System

➢ The engine power is to be connected to the drive wheels with suitable modifications
of torque and speed by the transmission system.

➢ The main elements in the transmission system are :

• Clutch
• Gear Box
• Propeller Shaft
• Differential
• Drive Axles

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 Transmission System

➢ The automobile clutch is used to

disconnect the engine from the
transmission system by pressing a
pedal by the left foot and for
gradually connecting the engine to the
transmission.

➢ This ability to gradually connect the

engine to the transmission is a very
important function of the clutch and
without that the vehicle cannot be
moved from rest.

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 Transmission System

➢ The next subsystem in the transmission

system is a multi speed gear box which
modifies the torque – speed
characteristics of the engine to suite the
requirements at the wheels to move the
vehicle at various speeds (slow or fast)
on roads that are plane or with an incline
(hills).

➢ It also helps to move the vehicle in the

reverse direction. The gears are selected
by a lever which is mounted on the floor
of the vehicle.

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 Transmission System

➢ Another important subsystem in the

transmission system is the differential.

➢ The function of the differential is to provide

different speeds for the drive wheels.

➢ When the vehicle moves in a curved road

the inner wheels will run at a slightly
slower rate.

➢ In the absence of a differential, the vehicle

will lose its stability and the tyres will wear
out much faster during turns.

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 Transmission System

➢ The drive shafts connect the differential to the wheels.

➢ The power and transmission system comes in two common layouts, they are:

• Front transverse engine with front wheel drive (Cars)

• Front longitudinal engine with rear wheel drive (Heavy Vehicles)

➢ A transverse engine is one whose axis of rotation (crank shaft axis) is perpendicular
to the length of the vehicle.

➢ A longitudinal engine is one whose axis of rotation (crank shaft axis) is along the
length of the vehicle

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 Transmission System

➢ The major factor which decides whether the front wheels are to be driven or the rear
wheels is the load (weight) acting on these wheels for better traction.

➢ In cars the front wheels are loaded more and hence front wheel drive is provided.

➢ For trucks the load on the rear wheel is more and hence rear wheel drive is used. In
this case the gear box is connected to the rear axle by a long propeller shaft.

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 Steering System

➢ The direction of movement of the vehicle is controlled by turning the front wheels
with the help of the steering wheel by the driver.

➢ The steering wheel is connected to the front wheels through some gears and
linkages.

➢ Steering system may be manual or power assisted.

➢ The power assisted steering system reduces the force required to turn the steering
wheels especially while parking and on hilly roads with lots of sharp turnings.

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 Steering wheel

Steering System

Steering column
➢ The direction of movement of the vehicle is controlled by turning the front wheels
with the help of the steering wheel by the driver.

➢ The steering wheel is connected to the front wheels through

Rack andsome
piniongears and
linkages.

➢ Steering system may be manual or power assisted.

Tie rod
➢ The power assisted steering system reduces the force required to turn the steering
wheels especially while parking and on hilly roads with lots of sharp turnings.

Kingpin
 Suspension System

➢ Suspension is the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects
a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two.

➢ The rubber tyre wheels are attached to the vehicle frame through a system of
springs, shock absorbers (dampers) and links which will reduce the road shocks as
the wheel run over little pits and projections on the roads.

➢ A good suspension system is a must for a comfortable drive.

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 Suspension System

➢ Suspension is the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects
a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two.

➢ The rubber tyred wheels are attached to the vehicle frame through a system of
springs, shock absorbers (dampers) and links which will reduce the road shocks as
the wheel run over little pits and projections on the roads.

➢ A good suspension system is a must for a comfortable drive.

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 Braking System

➢ A brake is a mechanical device which inhibits motion, slowing or stopping a moving

object or preventing its motion.

➢ Most commonly brakes use friction between two surfaces pressed together to
convert the kinetic energy of the moving object into heat.

➢ To reduce the force required to push the brake pedal, power and power assisted
brakes are used, modern braking system includes antilock braking system (ABS).

➢ Anti-lock braking system (ABS) is an automobile safety system that allows

the wheels on a motor vehicle to maintain tractive contact with the road surface
according to driver inputs while braking, preventing the wheels from locking up
(ceasing rotation) and avoiding uncontrolled skidding.

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